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Hannah TJ, Chitnis SS. Ligand-enforced geometric constraints and associated reactivity in p-block compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:764-792. [PMID: 38099873 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00765k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The geometry at an element centre can generally be predicted based on the number of electron pairs around it using valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory. Strategies to distort p-block compounds away from these predicted geometries have gained considerable interest due to the unique structural outcomes, spectroscopic properties or reactivity patterns engendered by such distortion. This review presents an up-to-date group-wise summary of this exciting and rapidly growing field with a focus on understanding how the ligand employed unlocks structural features, which in turn influences the associated reactivity. Relevant geometrically constrained compounds from groups 13-16 are discussed, along with selected stoichiometric and catalytic reactions. Several areas for advancement in this field are also discussed. Collectively, this review advances the notion of geometric tuning as an important lever, alongside electronic and steric tuning, in controlling bonding and reactivity at p-block centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Hannah
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Saurabh S Chitnis
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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2
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Hegde V, O SC, Kulkarni NV, Mathew J. Synthesis and Characterization of Cobalt (II) Pincer Complexes and their Application as Dyes in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
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3
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King RP, Herniman JM, Levason W, Reid G. Structural Diversity in Divalent Group 14 Triflate Complexes Involving Endocyclic Thia-Macrocyclic Coordination. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:853-862. [PMID: 36602470 PMCID: PMC9846692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A highly unusual series of M(II) (M = Ge, Sn, Pb) complexes with endocyclic thioether macrocyclic coordination and with coordination numbers ranging from three to nine have been prepared by the reaction of [9]aneS3 (1,4,7-trithiacyclononane), [12]aneS4 (1,4,7,10-tetrathiacyclododecane), or [24]aneS8 (1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22-octathiacyclotetracosane) with M(OTf)2 (M = Sn and Pb; OTf = CF3SO3-) or with GeCl2·dioxane and 2 mol equiv of TMSOTf (Me3SiO3SCF3) in a mixture of anhydrous CH2Cl2 and MeCN. The isolated bulk products are characterized by 1H, 13C{1H}, 19F{1H}, and 119Sn{1H} NMR and IR spectroscopy, high-resolution ESI+ MS, and microanalytical data. Crystal structures are also reported for [M(L)][OTf]2 (M = Ge, Sn, Pb; L = [9]aneS3, [12]aneS4) and for [M([24]aneS8)][OTf]2 (M = Sn, Pb). In all cases, the ligand is bound in an endocyclic fashion, but the coordination environment and number are highly dependent on the group 14 ion, the macrocyclic ring size, and the number of S-donor atoms it presents. Solution NMR spectroscopic data suggest that the metal-macrocycle coordination is retained in solution but that the triflate anions are extensively dissociated on the NMR timescale. Density functional theory calculations on the [M([9]aneS3)]2+ and [M([12]aneS4)]2+ (M = Ge, Sn, Pb) dications reveal that the HOMO is centered on the group 14 atom as a directional "lone pair"; it also retains a significant amount of positive charge.
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Momeni BZ, Hosseini SF, Janczak J. New supramolecular architectures of 4′-(4-quinolinyl)-2,2′:6′,2′'-terpyridine based tin complexes: Design, structural variations and thermal properties. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Köse A, Bal M. SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURE AND PHOTOLUMINESCENCE PROPERTIES OF A Cd2+ COMPLEX OF A PYRIDINE-BIS-BENZIMIDAZOLE LIGAND. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476622120095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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6
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Deubner HL, Graubner T, Buchner MR, Weigend F, Ivlev SI, Karttunen AJ, Kraus F. Surprises in the Solvent-Induced Self-Ionization in the Uranium Tetrahalide UX 4 (X = Cl, Br, I)/Ethyl Acetate System. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:11995-12003. [PMID: 35449913 PMCID: PMC9016826 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of the uranium(IV) halides UCl4, UBr4, or UI4 with ethyl acetate (EtOAc) leads to the formation of the complexes [UX3(EtOAc)4][UX5(EtOAc)] (X = Cl, Br) or [UI4(EtOAc)3]. Thus, both UCl4 and UBr4 show self-ionization in ethyl acetate to a distorted pentagonal bipyramidal [UX3(EtOAc)4]+ cation and a distorted octahedral [UX5(EtOAc)]- anion. Surprisingly, the chloride and bromide compounds are not isotypic. While [UCl3(EtOAc)4][UCl5(EtOAc)] crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system, space group P212121 at 250 K, the bromide compound crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system, P121/n1 at 100 K. Unexpectedly, UI4 does not show self-ionization but forms [UI4(EtOAc)3] molecules, which crystallize in the monoclinic crystal system, P21/c, at 100 K. The compounds were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, IR, Raman, and NMR spectroscopy, as well as molecular quantum chemical calculations using solvent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Lars Deubner
- Philipps-Universität
Marburg, Fachbereich Chemie, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, Marburg, Hessen 35032, Germany
| | - Tim Graubner
- Philipps-Universität
Marburg, Fachbereich Chemie, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, Marburg, Hessen 35032, Germany
| | - Magnus R. Buchner
- Philipps-Universität
Marburg, Fachbereich Chemie, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, Marburg, Hessen 35032, Germany
| | - Florian Weigend
- Philipps-Universität
Marburg, Fachbereich Chemie, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, Marburg, Hessen 35032, Germany
| | - Sergei I. Ivlev
- Philipps-Universität
Marburg, Fachbereich Chemie, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, Marburg, Hessen 35032, Germany
| | - Antti J. Karttunen
- Aalto
University, Department of Chemistry
and Materials Science, Kemistintie 1, Aalto 00076, Finland
| | - Florian Kraus
- Philipps-Universität
Marburg, Fachbereich Chemie, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, Marburg, Hessen 35032, Germany
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7
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Erdmann P, Greb L. What Distinguishes the Strength and the Effect of a Lewis Acid: Analysis of the Gutmann-Beckett Method. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202114550. [PMID: 34757692 PMCID: PMC9299668 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
IUPAC defines Lewis acidity as the thermodynamic tendency for Lewis pair formation. This strength property was recently specified as global Lewis acidity (gLA), and is gauged for example by the fluoride ion affinity. Experimentally, Lewis acidity is usually evaluated by the effect on a bound molecule, such as the induced 31 P NMR shift of triethylphosphine oxide in the Gutmann-Beckett (GB) method. This type of scaling was called effective Lewis acidity (eLA). Unfortunately, gLA and eLA often correlate poorly, but a reason for this is unknown. Hence, the strength and the effect of a Lewis acid are two distinct properties, but they are often granted interchangeably. The present work analyzes thermodynamic, NMR specific, and London dispersion effects on GB numbers for 130 Lewis acids by theory and experiment. The deformation energy of a Lewis acid is identified as the prime cause for the critical deviation between gLA and eLA but its correction allows a unification for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Erdmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry—Inorganic ChemistryFreie Universität BerlinFabeckstr. 34/3614195BerlinGermany
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Erdmann P, Greb L. What Distinguishes the Strength and the Effect of a Lewis Acid: Analysis of the Gutmann–Beckett Method. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Erdmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry—Inorganic Chemistry Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstr. 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
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Cui J, Dietz M, Härterich M, Fantuzzi F, Lu W, Dewhurst RD, Braunschweig H. Diphosphino-Functionalized 1,8-Naphthyridines: a Multifaceted Ligand Platform for Boranes and Diboranes. Chemistry 2021; 27:15751-15756. [PMID: 34545966 PMCID: PMC9292315 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A 1,8-naphthyridine diphosphine (NDP) reacts with boron-containing Lewis acids to generate complexes featuring a number of different naphthyridine bonding modes. When exposed to diborane B2 Br4 , NDP underwent self-deprotonation to afford [NDP-B2 Br3 ]Br, an unsymmetrical diborane comprised of four fused rings. The reaction of two equivalents of monoborane BBr3 and NDP in a non-polar solvent provided the simple phosphine-borane adduct [NDP(BBr3 )2 ], which then underwent intramolecular halide abstraction to furnish the salt [NDP-BBr2 ][BBr4 ], featuring a different coordination mode from that of [NDP-B2 Br3 ]Br. Direct deprotonation of NDP by KHMDS or PhCH2 K generates mono- and dipotassium reagents, respectively. The monopotassium reagent reacts with one or half an equivalent of B2 (NMe2 )2 Cl2 to afford NDP-based diboranes with three or four amino substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Cui
- School of Chemistry and Environmental EngineeringWuhan Institute of TechnologyWuhan430205P. R. China
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Maximilian Dietz
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Marcel Härterich
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Felipe Fantuzzi
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgEmil-Fischer-Str. 4297074WürzburgGermany
| | - Wei Lu
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Rian D. Dewhurst
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
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Bankiewicz B, Kupfer S, Matczak P. Tuning the metal-ligand bond in the σ-complexes of stannylenes and azabenzenes. J Comput Chem 2021; 42:2103-2115. [PMID: 34420225 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The metal-ligand bond in a set of 60 σ-complexes has been investigated by electronic structure computations. These σ-complexes originate from the unique combination of 12 stannylenes (SnX2 ) with five azabenzene ligands (pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, and s-triazine), where the nitrogen center of the ligand acts as σ-donor and the tin(II) center as σ-acceptor in a 1:1 fashion. The Sn ← N bond and the total interaction between the stannylene and azabenzene moieties of the σ-complexes are characterized in depth to relate the Sn ← N strength to the substitution pattern at SnX2 and to the number and the positioning of N atoms in the azabenzenes. Such X substituents as (iso)cyano and trifluoromethyl groups enhance the interaction strength, while the presence of alkyl, phenyl, and silyl substituents in SnX2 diminishes the stability of σ-complexes. A gradual weakening of the total interaction is associated with the growing number of N atoms in the azabenzenes, while the N-atom positioning in pyridazine is particularly effective in strengthening the interaction with stannylenes. Variations in the Sn ← N bond strength usually follow those in the total interaction between the moieties but the interacting quantum atoms picture of Sn ← N reveals certain intriguing exceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Piotr Matczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Lodz, Poland
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Ivanov SM, Mironovich LM, Daeva ED. Synthesis and structure of 6-tert-butyl-5-triphenylgermyl-1,2,4-triazines. Russ Chem Bull 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-021-3229-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Schröder J, Böttcher T. 2,6‐Bis(diazaboryl)pyridine – A Ligand with Hemilabile Donor and Lewis Acid Functionalities. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201901164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schröder
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 19 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Tobias Böttcher
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 19 79104 Freiburg Germany
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