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Wang H, Abou-Fayssal CJ, Fliedel C, Manoury E, Poli R. Phosphine-Functionalized Core-Crosslinked Micelles and Nanogels with an Anionic Poly(styrenesulfonate) Shell: Synthesis, Rhodium(I) Coordination and Aqueous Biphasic Hydrogenation Catalysis. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4937. [PMID: 36433063 PMCID: PMC9697678 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable latexes containing unimolecular amphiphilic core-shell star-block polymers with a triphenylphosphine(TPP)-functionalized hydrophobic core and an outer hydrophilic shell based on anionic styrenesulfonate monomers have been synthesized in a convergent three-step strategy by reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization, loaded with [RhCl(COD)]2 and applied to the aqueous biphasic hydrogenation of styrene. When the outer shell contains sodium styrenesulfonate homopolymer blocks, treatment with a toluene solution of [RhCl(COD)]2 led to undesired polymer coagulation. Investigation of the interactions of [RhCl(COD)]2 and [RhCl(COD)(PPh3)] with smaller structural models of the polymer shell functions, namely sodium p-toluenesulfonate, sodium styrenesulfonate, and a poly(sodium styrenesulfonate) homopolymer in a biphasic toluene/water medium points to the presence of equilibrated Rh-sulfonate interactions as the cause of coagulation by inter-particle cross-linking. Modification of the hydrophilic shell to a statistical copolymer of sodium styrenesulfonate and poly(ethylene oxide) methyl ether methacrylate (PEOMA) in a 20:80 ratio allowed particle loading with the generation of core-anchored [RhCl(COD)TPP] complexes. These Rh-loaded latexes efficiently catalyze the aqueous biphasic hydrogenation of neat styrene as a benchmark reaction. The catalytic phase could be recovered and recycled, although the performances in terms of catalyst leaching and activity evolution during recycles are inferior to those of equivalent nanoreactors based on neutral or polycationic outer shells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France
| | - Chantal J. Abou-Fayssal
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France
- Centre for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 207, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christophe Fliedel
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France
| | - Eric Manoury
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France
| | - Rinaldo Poli
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1, Rue Descartes, 75231 Paris CEDEX 05, France
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Wu H, Yang J, Peters BBC, Massaro L, Zheng J, Andersson PG. Asymmetric Full Saturation of Vinylarenes with Cooperative Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Rhodium Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20377-20383. [PMID: 34807592 PMCID: PMC8662739 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
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Homogeneous and heterogeneous
catalyzed reactions can seldom operate
synergistically under the same conditions. Here we communicate the
use of a single rhodium precursor that acts in both the homogeneous
and heterogeneous phases for the asymmetric full saturation of vinylarenes
that, to date, constitute an unmet bottleneck in the field. A simple
asymmetric hydrogenation of a styrenic olefin, enabled by a ligand
accelerated effect, accounted for the facial selectivity in the consecutive
arene hydrogenation. Tuning the ratio between the phosphine ligand
and the rhodium precursor controlled the formation of homogeneous
and heterogeneous catalytic species that operate without interference
from each other. The system is flexible in terms of both the chiral
ligand and the nature of the external olefin. We anticipate that our
findings will promote the development of asymmetric arene hydrogenations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jianping Yang
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bram B C Peters
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luca Massaro
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jia Zheng
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pher G Andersson
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.,School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Wang H, Fiore AM, Fliedel C, Manoury E, Philippot K, Dell'Anna MM, Mastrorilli P, Poli R. Rhodium nanoparticles inside well-defined unimolecular amphiphilic polymeric nanoreactors: synthesis and biphasic hydrogenation catalysis. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:2554-2566. [PMID: 36134168 PMCID: PMC9419193 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00028d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rhodium nanoparticles (Rh NPs) embedded in different amphiphilic core-crosslinked micelle (CCM) latexes (RhNP@CCM) have been synthesized by [RhCl(COD)(TPP@CCM)] reduction with H2 (TPP@CCM = core-anchored triphenylphosphine). The reduction rate depends on temperature, on the presence of base (NEt3) and on the P/Rh ratio. For CCMs with outer shells made of neutral P(MAA-co-PEOMA) copolymer chains (RhNP@CCM-N), the core-generated Rh NPs tend to migrate toward the hydrophilic shell and to agglomerate depending on the P/Rh ratio and core TPP density, whereas the MAA protonation state has a negligible effect. Conversely, CCMs with outer shells made of polycationic P(4VPMe+I-) chains (RhNP@CCM-C) maintain core-confined and well dispersed Rh NPs. All RhNP@CCMs were used as catalytic nanoreactors under aqueous biphasic conditions for acetophenone, styrene and 1-octene hydrogenation. Styrene was efficiently hydrogenated by all systems with high selectivity for vinyl reduction. For acetophenone, competition between benzene ring and carbonyl reduction was observed as well as a limited access to the catalytic sites when using CCM-C. Neat 1-octene was also converted, but the activity increased when the substrate was diluted in 1-nonanol, which is a better core-swelling solvent. Whereas the molecular RhI center was more active than the Rh0 NPs in 1-octene hydrogenation, the opposite trend was observed for styrene hydrogenation. Although Rh NP migration and agglomeration occurred for RhNP@CCM-N, even at high P/Rh, the NPs remained core-confined for RhNP@CCM-C, but only when toluene rather than diethyl ether was used for product extraction before recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Ambra Maria Fiore
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
- DICATECh, Politecnico di Bari via Orabona, 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Christophe Fliedel
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Eric Manoury
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Karine Philippot
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | | | | | - Rinaldo Poli
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
- Institut Universitaire de France 1 rue Descartes 75231 Paris Cedex 05 France
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Khan S, Sharifi M, Hasan A, Attar F, Edis Z, Bai Q, Derakhshankhah H, Falahati M. Magnetic nanocatalysts as multifunctional platforms in cancer therapy through the synthesis of anticancer drugs and facilitated Fenton reaction. J Adv Res 2021; 30:171-184. [PMID: 34026294 PMCID: PMC8132204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heterocyclic compounds have always been used as a core portion in the development of anticancer drugs. However, there is a pressing need for developing inexpensive and simple alternatives to high-cost and complex chemical agents-based catalysts for large-scale production of heterocyclic compounds. Also, development of some smart platforms for cancer treatment based on nanoparticles (NPs) which facilitate Fenton reaction have been widely explored by different scientists. Magnetic NPs not only can serve as catalysts in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds with potential anticancer properties, but also are widely used as smart agents in targeting cancer cells and inducing Fenton reactions. Aim of Review Therefore, in this review we aim to present an updated summary of the reports related to the main clinical or basic application and research progress of magnetic NPs in cancer as well as their application in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds as potential anticancer drugs. Afterwards, specific tumor microenvironment (TME)-responsive magnetic nanocatalysts for cancer treatment through triggering Fenton-like reactions were surveyed. Finally, some ignored factors in the design of magnetic nanocatalysts- triggered Fenton-like reaction, challenges and future perspective of magnetic nanocatalysts-assisted synthesis of heterocyclic compounds and selective cancer therapy were discussed.Key Scientific Concepts of Review:This review may pave the way for well-organized translation of magnetic nanocatalysts in cancer therapy from the bench to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suliman Khan
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Majid Sharifi
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Farnoosh Attar
- Department of Food Toxicology, Research Center of Food Technology and Agricultural Products, Standard Research Institute (SRI), Karaj, Iran
| | - Zehra Edis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, PO Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Qian Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Hossein Derakhshankhah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Falahati
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Wang H, Vendrame L, Fliedel C, Chen S, Gayet F, D'Agosto F, Lansalot M, Manoury E, Poli R. Triphenylphosphine-Functionalized Core-Cross-Linked Micelles and Nanogels with a Polycationic Outer Shell: Synthesis and Application in Rhodium-Catalyzed Biphasic Hydrogenations. Chemistry 2021; 27:5205-5214. [PMID: 33325110 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Unimolecular amphiphilic nanoreactors with a poly(4-vinyl-N-methylpyridinium iodide) (P4VPMe+ I- ) polycationic outer shell and two different architectures (core-cross-linked micelles, CCM, and nanogels, NG), with narrow size distributions around 130-150 nm in diameter, were synthesized by RAFT polymerization from an R0 -4VPMe+ I- 140 -b-S50 -SC(S)SPr macroRAFT agent by either chain extension with a long (300 monomer units) hydrophobic polystyrene-based block followed by cross-linking with diethylene glycol dimethacrylate (DEGDMA) for the CCM particles, or by simultaneous chain extension and cross-linking for the NG particles. A core-anchored triphenylphosphine (TPP) ligand functionality was introduced by using 4-diphenylphosphinostyrene (DPPS) as a comonomer (5-20 % mol mol-1 ) in the chain extension (for CCM) or chain extension/cross-linking (for NG) step. The products were directly obtained as stable colloidal dispersions in water (latexes). After loading with [RhCl(COD)]2 to yield [RhCl(COD)(TPP@CCM)] or [RhCl(COD)(TPP@NG)], respectively, the polymers were used as polymeric nanoreactors in Rh-catalyzed aqueous biphasic hydrogenation of the model substrates styrene and 1-octene, either neat (for styrene) or in an organic solvent (toluene or 1-nonanol). All hydrogenations were rapid (TOF up to 300 h-1 ) at 25 °C and 20 bar of H2 pressure, the biphasic mixture rapidly decanted at the end of the reaction (<2 min), the Rh loss was negligible (<0.1 ppm in the recovered organic phase), and the catalyst phase could be recycled 10 times without significant loss of catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Lorenzo Vendrame
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Christophe Fliedel
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Si Chen
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Florence Gayet
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Franck D'Agosto
- Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2), CNRS, UMR 5265, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Muriel Lansalot
- Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2), CNRS, UMR 5265, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Eric Manoury
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Rinaldo Poli
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
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6
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Galushko AS, Gordeev EG, Kashin AS, Zubavichus YV, Ananikov VP. Visualization of catalyst dynamics and development of a practical procedure to study complex "cocktail"-type catalytic systems. Faraday Discuss 2021; 229:458-474. [PMID: 33682864 DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00125e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability to distinguish molecular catalysis from nanoscale catalysis provides a key to success in the field of catalyst development, particularly for the transition to sustainable economies. Complex evolution of catalyst precursors, facilitated by dynamic interconversions and leaching, makes the identification of catalytically active forms an important task, which is sometimes very difficult. We propose a simple method for in situ capturing of nanoparticles with carbon-coated grids directly from reaction mixtures. Application of this method to the Mizoroki-Heck reaction allowed visualization of dynamic changes of the dominant form of palladium particles in the reaction mixtures with homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyst precursors. Changes in the size and shape of the palladium particles reflecting the progress of the catalytic chemical reaction were demonstrated. Detailed computational modeling was carried out to confirm the generality of this approach and its feasibility for different catalytic systems. The computational models revealed strong binding of metal particles to the carbon coating comprising efficient binding sites. The approach was tested for trapping Cr, Co, Ag, Ni, Cu, Pd, Cd, Ir, Ru and Rh nanoparticles from solutions containing micromolar starting concentrations of the metal precursors. The developed approach provides a unique tool for studying intrinsic properties of catalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey S Galushko
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect, 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Evgeniy G Gordeev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect, 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Alexey S Kashin
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect, 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Yan V Zubavichus
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave., 5, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect, 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Varmužová V, Horký F, Štěpnička P. Synthesis and coordination of a hybrid phosphinoferrocene sulfonamide ligand. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00080b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A hybrid, phosphinoferrocene sulfonamide ligand was synthesised and studied as a ligand in Pd(ii) complexes, which were structurally characterised. Selected compounds were studied by cyclic voltammetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Věra Varmužová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Charles University
- Hlavova 2030
- Czech Republic
| | - Filip Horký
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Charles University
- Hlavova 2030
- Czech Republic
| | - Petr Štěpnička
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Charles University
- Hlavova 2030
- Czech Republic
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Sultana S, Alzahrani N, Alzahrani R, Alshamrani W, Aloufi W, Ali A, Najib S, Siddiqui NA. Stability issues and approaches to stabilised nanoparticles based drug delivery system. J Drug Target 2020; 28:468-486. [PMID: 31984810 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1722137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles form the fundamental building blocks for many exciting applications in various scientific disciplines due to its unique features such as large surface to mass ratio, targeting potential, ability to adsorbed and carry other compound which makes them suitable for biomedical applications. However, the problem of the large-scale synthesis of nanoparticles remains challenging due to physical instability associated with nanoparticles which lead to generation of aggregates particles with high polydispersity index (PDI) indicating low particle homogeneity and eventually loss of their special nanoscale properties. The stabilisation concept can be generated by repulsive electrostatic force, which nanoparticles experience, when they are surrounded by a double layer of electric charges. Selection of proper stabiliser will govern the stability of NPs and ultimately development of optimised drug delivery system. This review summarises mechanism of physical instability issues likely to be encountered during the development of nanoformulations. It also discusses potential stabilising agents used so far and their mechanism in achieving stable nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Waad Aloufi
- Pharmaceutics, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amena Ali
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shehla Najib
- Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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Sadjadi S, Malmir M, Léger B, Monflier E, Heravi MM. Palladium nanoparticles supported on nitrogen doped porous carbon material derived from cyclodextrin, glucose and melamine based polymer: promising catalysts for hydrogenation reactions. PURE APPL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2019-1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Melamine based polymer (MT) was prepared and then reacted with a mixture of glucose (Glu) and β-cyclodextrin (CD) under hydrothermal conditions to afford, MT/Glu-CD. Then, the adsorption of Pd salt was realized on MT/Glu-CD. The resulting compound was subsequently carbonized to furnish Pd/MT/C that exhibited high catalytic activity for the hydrogenation of nitroarenes in aqueous media. To elucidate the roles of CD, Glu, the molar ratio of Glu:CD and the carbonization in the catalytic activity, several control catalysts have been prepared and their performances for a model hydrogenation reaction were compared with that of Pd/MT/C. The results confirmed the importance of the carbonization as well as the presence of CD for achieving high catalytic activity. Moreover, it was found that the molar ratio of Glu:CD could affect the catalytic activity of the final catalyst and the optimum molar ratio of Glu:CD was 30:70. The recycling test as well as measurement of Pd leaching demonstrated high recyclability and low Pd leaching of Pd/MT/C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samahe Sadjadi
- Gas Conversion Department, Faculty of Petrochemicals , Iran Polymer and Petrochemicals Institute , PO Box 14975-112 , Tehran , Iran , Tel.: +98 2148666, Fax: +98 2144787021-3
| | - Masoumeh Malmir
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , Alzahra University , PO Box 1993891176, Vanak , Tehran , Iran
| | - Bastien Léger
- Université Artois, CNRS, Centrale Lille , ENSCL, Univ. Lille, UMR 8181, Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide (UCCS) , F-62300 Lens , France
| | - Eric Monflier
- Université Artois, CNRS, Centrale Lille , ENSCL, Univ. Lille, UMR 8181, Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide (UCCS) , F-62300 Lens , France
| | - Majid M. Heravi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , Alzahra University , PO Box 1993891176, Vanak , Tehran , Iran
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