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Evans MJ, Jones C. Low oxidation state and hydrido group 2 complexes: synthesis and applications in the activation of gaseous substrates. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5054-5082. [PMID: 38595211 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00097h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Numerous industrial processes utilise gaseous chemical feedstocks to produce useful chemical products. Atmospheric and other small molecule gases, including anthropogenic waste products (e.g. carbon dioxide), can be viewed as sustainable building blocks to access value-added chemical commodities and materials. While transition metal complexes have been well documented in the reduction and transformation of these substrates, molecular complexes of the terrestrially abundant alkaline earth metals have also demonstrated promise with remarkable reactivity reported towards an array of industrially relevant gases over the past two decades. This review covers low oxidation state and hydrido group 2 complexes and their role in the reduction and transformation of a selection of important gaseous substrates towards value-added chemical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Evans
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
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Obi AD, Freeman LA, Coates SJ, Alexis AJH, Frey NC, Dickie DA, Webster CE, Gilliard RJ. Carbene–Calcium Silylamides and Amidoboranes. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akachukwu D. Obi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Lucas A. Freeman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Samuel J. Coates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Andrew J. H. Alexis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Nathan C. Frey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Charles Edwin Webster
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Box 9573, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Robert J. Gilliard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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3
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Obi AD, Frey NC, Dickie DA, Webster CE, Gilliard RJ. N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Assisted Reversible Migratory Coupling of Aminoborane at Magnesium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202211496. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akachukwu D. Obi
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia 409 McCormick Road, PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
| | - Nathan C. Frey
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia 409 McCormick Road, PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia 409 McCormick Road, PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
| | - Charles Edwin Webster
- Department of Chemistry Mississippi State University PO Box 9573 Mississippi State MS 39762 USA
| | - Robert J. Gilliard
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia 409 McCormick Road, PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
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Obi A, Frey N, Dickie D, Webster CE, Gilliard RJ. N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Assisted Reversible Migratory Coupling of Aminoborane at Magnesium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202211496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan Frey
- University of Virginia Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | | | | | - Robert J Gilliard
- University of Virginia Chemistry Department of Chemistry409 McCormick RdPO 400319 22904 Charlottesville UNITED STATES
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Pollard VA, Fuentes MA, Robertson SD, Weetman C, Kennedy AR, Brownlie J, Angus FJ, Smylie C, Mulvey RE. Reactivity studies and structural outcomes of a bulky dialkylaluminium amide in the presence of the N-heterocyclic carbene, ItBu. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Roy MMD, Omaña AA, Wilson ASS, Hill MS, Aldridge S, Rivard E. Molecular Main Group Metal Hydrides. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12784-12965. [PMID: 34450005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review serves to document advances in the synthesis, versatile bonding, and reactivity of molecular main group metal hydrides within Groups 1, 2, and 12-16. Particular attention will be given to the emerging use of said hydrides in the rapidly expanding field of Main Group element-mediated catalysis. While this review is comprehensive in nature, focus will be given to research appearing in the open literature since 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Alvaro A Omaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Andrew S S Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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Yuvaraj K, Carpentier A, Smith CD, Maron L, Jones C. C-N and C-H Activation of an N-Heterocyclic Carbene by Magnesium(II) Hydride and Magnesium(I) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:6065-6072. [PMID: 33793217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Reactions of the hindered N-heterocyclic carbene, :C{(MesNCH)2} (IMes; Mes = mesityl), with a series of β-diketiminatomagnesium(II) hydride and dimagnesium(I) complexes were carried out at 80 °C. The reactions involving the magnesium hydrides, [{(ArNacnac)Mg(μ-H)}2] [ArNacnac = [(ArNCMe)2CH]-, where Ar = 2,6-diethylphenyl (Dep) or 2,6-diisopropylphenyl (Dip)], proceeded via activation of an exocyclic C-N bond of IMes, giving magnesium imidazolyl compounds [(ArNacnac)Mg(μ-H)(μ-Imid)Mg(ArNacnac)] (Imid = [NC2H2N(Mes)C]-) and mesitylene. A low-yield IMes methyl C-H activation product, [(DepNacnac)Mg(IMes-H)], was also obtained, via H2 elimination, from the reaction between IMes and [{(DepNacnac)Mg(μ-H)}2]. Reactions between IMes and dimagnesium(I) compounds [{(ArNacnac)Mg}2] [Ar = 2,6-dimethylphenyl (Xyl) or Mes] afforded isostructural C-H activation products [(ArNacnac)Mg(IMes-H)] but in higher yields. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the reactions do not progress via stable adduct complex intermediates, which are sterically inaccessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yuvaraj
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, P.O. Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ambre Carpentier
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, Toulouse F-31077, France
| | - Cory D Smith
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, P.O. Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Laurent Maron
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, Toulouse F-31077, France
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, P.O. Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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de Bruin-Dickason CN, Rosengarten CA, Deacon GB, Jones C. Enantiopure dimagnesium(i) and magnesium(ii) hydride complexes incorporating chiral amidinate or β-diketiminate ligands. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:1599-1602. [PMID: 33459330 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07947b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A known chiral β-diketiminate, [HC{MeCN-(S)-(-)-CHMePh}(MeCNDip)]- (Dip = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl) L1, and a new chiral amidinate, [ButC(NAr*){N-(S)-(-)-CHMePh}]- L2 (Ar* = C6H2{C(H)Ph2}2Me-2,6,4) have been utilised in the synthesis of the first examples of enantiopure, dinuclear magnesium(i), [(L1)Mg-Mg(L1)], and magnesium(ii) hydride complexes, [(L2)Mg(μ-H)2Mg(L2)] and [(L2)(THF)Mg(μ-H)2Mg(THF)(L2)]. A related enantiopure β-diketiminato magnesium hydride cluster compound, [(L1)4Mg5H6], has also been synthesised, presumably forming via a partial redistribution of in situ generated [(L1)Mg(μ-H)2Mg(L1)].
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Obi AD, Freeman LA, Dickie DA, Gilliard RJ. N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Mediated Ring Opening of Reduced Diazamagnesacycles. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akachukwu D. Obi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Lucas A. Freeman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Robert J. Gilliard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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Obi AD, Walley JE, Frey NC, Wong YO, Dickie DA, Webster CE, Gilliard RJ. Tris(carbene) Stabilization of Monomeric Magnesium Cations: A Neutral, Nontethered Ligand Approach. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akachukwu D. Obi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Jacob E. Walley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Nathan C. Frey
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Box 9573, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Yuen Onn Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Charles Edwin Webster
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Box 9573, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Robert J. Gilliard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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Shi X, Liu Z, Cheng J. Barium tetraalkylaluminate complexes supported by the super-bulky hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borate ligand. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:17919-17924. [PMID: 31782451 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04182f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A heteroleptic barium aminobenzyl complex [(TpAd,iPr)Ba(o-CH2C6H4-NMe2)] (1) was obtained in excellent yield from a simple one-pot reaction. Treatment of [(TpAd,iPr)Ba(o-CH2C6H4-NMe2)] (1) with two equivalents of AlR3 (R = Me, Et) led to the formation of barium tetraalkylaluminate complexes [(TpAd,iPr)Ba(AlR4)]n (R = Me, n = 2, 2; R = Et, n = 1, 3) as dimers or monomers in the solid state. The TpAd,iPr ligand-free peralkylated barium complex [Ba(AlEt4)2]n was isolated by the addition of ten equivalents of AlEt3 under the same conditions. The donor-induced aluminate cleavage is not applicable when donor solvents are added to complexes 2 and 3. In the solution of complexes 2 and 3, the alkylaluminate moieties and TpAd,iPr ligands show a rapid fluxional behavior in [D8]toluene solution over the temperature range of -70 to 25 °C, without any significant decoalescence of the corresponding proton signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 5625, Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Zhizhou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 5625, Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China. and University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| | - Jianhua Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 5625, Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China. and University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
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