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Ackley BJ, Martin KL, Key TS, Clarkson CM, Bowen JJ, Posey ND, Ponder JF, Apostolov ZD, Cinibulk MK, Pruyn TL, Dickerson MB. Advances in the Synthesis of Preceramic Polymers for the Formation of Silicon-Based and Ultrahigh-Temperature Non-Oxide Ceramics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:4188-4236. [PMID: 37015056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Preceramic polymers (PCPs) are a group of specialty macromolecules that serve as precursors for generating inorganics, including ceramic carbides, nitrides, and borides. PCPs represent interesting synthetic challenges for chemists due to the elements incorporated into their structure. This group of polymers is also of interest to engineers as PCPs enable the processing of polymer-derived ceramic products including high-performance ceramic fibers and composites. These finished ceramic materials are of growing significance for applications that experience extreme operating environments (e.g., aerospace propulsion and high-speed atmospheric flight). This Review provides an overview of advances in the synthesis and postpolymerization modification of macromolecules forming nonoxide ceramics. These PCPs include polycarbosilanes, polysilanes, polysilazanes, and precursors for ultrahigh-temperature ceramics. Following our review of PCP synthetic chemistry, we provide examples of the application and processing of these polymers, including their use in fiber spinning, composite fabrication, and additive manufacturing. The principal objective of this Review is to provide a resource that bridges the disciplines of synthetic chemistry and ceramic engineering while providing both insights and inspiration for future collaborative work that will ultimately drive the PCP field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Ackley
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- ARCTOS Technology Solutions, 1270 N. Fairfield Road, Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Kara L Martin
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton-Xenia Road, Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Thomas S Key
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton-Xenia Road, Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Caitlyn M Clarkson
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- NRC Research Associateship Programs, The National Academies, Washington, District of Columbia 20001, United States
| | - John J Bowen
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton-Xenia Road, Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Nicholas D Posey
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton-Xenia Road, Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - James F Ponder
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton-Xenia Road, Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Zlatomir D Apostolov
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Michael K Cinibulk
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Timothy L Pruyn
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Matthew B Dickerson
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
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Gittens AF, Jiang Q, Siegler MA, Klausen RS. Conjugation in Isomeric Cyclosilane Thioethers. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra F. Gittens
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Qifeng Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Maxime A. Siegler
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Rebekka S. Klausen
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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Ballestero‐Martínez E, Ferguson JT, Siegler MA, Klausen RS. Isolation of a Cyclopentasilane from Magnesium Reduction of a Linear Hexasilane. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Ballestero‐Martínez
- Department of Chemistry Johns Hopkins University 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore MD 21218 USA
- Escuela de Química and Centro de Investigación en Ciencia e Ingeniería de Materiales Universidad de Costa Rica San José 11501-2060 Costa Rica
| | - John T. Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry Johns Hopkins University 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore MD 21218 USA
| | - Maxime A. Siegler
- Department of Chemistry Johns Hopkins University 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore MD 21218 USA
| | - Rebekka S. Klausen
- Department of Chemistry Johns Hopkins University 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore MD 21218 USA
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Ferguson JT, Jiang Q, Marro EA, Siegler MA, Klausen RS. Long-range coupling in cyclic silanes. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:14951-14961. [PMID: 33079122 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03163a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a mixed methyl- and hydro-substituted cyclosilane (1) possessing cis/trans stereoisomerism. Each diastereomer of 1 possesses distinct symmetry elements (cis-1: Cs-symmetric; trans-1: C2-symmetric). Cyclosilane 1 is a model system to probe configuration- and conformation-dependent long-range proton-proton coupling. Extensive NMR spectroscopic characterization is reported, including one-dimensional 1H NMR and 29Si DEPT and INEPT+ spectra and two-dimensional 1H-29Si and 1H-1H correlated spectroscopy (HSQC, HMBC, COSY). On the basis of these experiments, molecular connectivity consistent with four-bond 1H-1H coupling is confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Ferguson
- Deprtment of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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