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Yang Y, Wu C, Xing J, Dou X. Developing Biarylhemiboronic Esters for Biaryl Atropisomer Synthesis via Dynamic Kinetic Atroposelective Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6283-6293. [PMID: 38381856 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
We herein introduce biarylhemiboronic esters as a new type of bridged biaryl reagent for asymmetric synthesis of axially chiral biaryl structures, and the palladium-catalyzed asymmetric Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of biarylhemiboronic esters is developed. This dynamic kinetic atroposelective coupling reaction exhibits high enantioselectivity, good functional group tolerance, and a broad substrate scope. The synthetic application of the current method was demonstrated by transformations of the product and a programmed synthesis of chiral polyarene. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggested that the reaction proceeded via an enantio-determining dynamic kinetic atroposelective transmetalation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Yang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Changhui Wu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Junhao Xing
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Dou
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
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2
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Xie X, Zhang J, Song XQ, Li W, Cao F, Zhou C, Zhu H, Li L. Unveiling Pre-Transmetalation Intermediates in Base-Free Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Couplings: A Computational Study. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:2606-2615. [PMID: 38267390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The pre-transmetalation intermediates are critically important in Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling (SMC) reactions and have become a hot spot of the current research. However, the pre-transmetalation intermediates under base-free conditions have not been clear. Herein, a comprehensive theoretical study is performed on the base-free Pd-catalyzed desulfonative SMC reaction. The fragile coordination feature and the acceleration role of the RuPhos chelate ligand are revealed. The hydrogen-bond complex between the Pd-F complex and aryl boronic acid is identified as an important pre-transmetalation intermediate, which increases the energy span to 32.5 kcal/mol. The controlling factor for the formation of the hydrogen-bond complexes is attributed to the electronegativities of halogen atoms in the metal halide complexes. What is more, other reported SMC reaction systems involving metal halide complexes and aryl boronic acids are reconsidered and suggest that the hydrogen-bond complexes widely exist as stable pre-transmetalation intermediates with influencing the catalytic activities. The earth-abundant Ni-catalyzed desulfonative SMC reaction is further designed and predicted to have a higher activity than the original Pd-catalyzed SMC reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Xie
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P. R. China
| | - Jiejing Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Qing Song
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P. R. China
| | - Wan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P. R. China
| | - Fei Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P. R. China
| | - Chengyan Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P. R. China
| | - Huajie Zhu
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050018, P. R. China
| | - Longfei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P. R. China
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3
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Schmidt AF, Kurokhtina AA, Larina EV, Lagoda NA. Active Pd intermediates of the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction with low reactive aryl chlorides under “ligand-free” conditions. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2023.113101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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Hoff LV, Chesnokov GA, Linden A, Gademann K. Mechanistic Studies and Data Science-Guided Exploration of Bromotetrazine Cross-Coupling. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas V. Hoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gleb A. Chesnokov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Linden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karl Gademann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Fey N, Lynam JM. Computational mechanistic study in organometallic catalysis: Why prediction is still a challenge. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Fey
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol, Cantock's Close Bristol UK
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Rajalakshmi C, Krishnan A, Saranya S, Anilkumar G, Thomas VI. A detailed theoretical investigation to unravel the molecular mechanism of the ligand-free copper-catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:4539-4552. [PMID: 35388388 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00371f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Suzuki-Miyaura coupling (SMC) represents a very efficacious method for constructing C-C bonds in organic synthesis. The ligand-free variants of SMC have been grabbing attention these days. Despite this momentousness, the mechanistic details of the ligand-free variants are scant in the literature. Herein, we have carried out a detailed mechanistic investigation into the ligand-free Cu-catalyzed SMC of unsaturated organic halides with aryl boronic acid with the aid of density functional theory (DFT) calculations employing the conductor-like polarizable continuum model (CPCM) method. The present study elucidates that in the absence of ancillary ligands on the metal, the substrates, base, and solvent molecules could act as pseudo-ancillary ligands to facilitate the cross-coupling reaction. The investigation further revealed that unsaturated halides like alkynyl halides/vinyl halides could act as good ancillary ligands for copper by forming a Cu-π intermediate and promoting a facile transmetalation process. However, regarding the oxidative addition and reductive elimination steps, a concerted pathway is observed contrary to Pd catalyzed Suzuki coupling, owing to the instability of Cu(III) species and the favourability of Csp2-Csp bond formation. In the whole set of mechanisms explored, oxidative addition/oxidative nucleophilic substitution was the rate-determining step in all the cases. A thermodynamically stable π-coordinated intermediate species where the substrate and base molecule are coordinated to the metal center is identified as the rate-determining species for the ligand-free Suzuki cross-coupling reaction. The presence of the aforesaid intermediate increases the energy span and consequently the activation barrier for the rate-determining step. This study unveiled a theoretical rationale for the high-temperature requirement in the ligand-free Cu-catalyzed SMC reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rajalakshmi
- Department of Chemistry, CMS College Kottayam (Autonomous), Kottayam, Kerala, 686001, India.
| | - Anandhu Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry, CMS College Kottayam (Autonomous), Kottayam, Kerala, 686001, India.
| | - Salim Saranya
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P.O, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India.
| | - Gopinathan Anilkumar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P.O, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India. .,Institute for Integrated Programmes and Research in Basic Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P.O, Kottayam, Kerala, India 686560
| | - Vibin Ipe Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, CMS College Kottayam (Autonomous), Kottayam, Kerala, 686001, India. .,Institute for Integrated Programmes and Research in Basic Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P.O, Kottayam, Kerala, India 686560
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7
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Joshi C, Macharia JM, Izzo JA, Wambua V, Kim S, Hirschi JS, Vetticatt MJ. Isotope Effects Reveal the Catalytic Mechanism of the Archetypical Suzuki-Miyaura Reaction. ACS Catal 2022; 12:2959-2966. [PMID: 37168650 PMCID: PMC10168682 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Experimental and theoretical 13C kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) are utilized to obtain atomistic insight into the catalytic mechanism of the Pd(PPh3)4-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura reaction of aryl halides and aryl boronic acids. Under catalytic conditions, we establish that oxidative addition of aryl bromides occurs to a 12-electron monoligated palladium complex (Pd-(PPh3)). This is based on the congruence of the experimental KIE for the carbon attached to bromine (KIEC-Br = 1.020) and predicted KIEC-Br for the transition state for oxidative addition to the Pd(PPh3) complex (1.021). For aryl iodides, the near-unity KIEC-I of ~1.003 suggests that the first irreversible step in the catalytic cycle precedes oxidative addition and is likely the binding of the iodoarene to Pd(PPh3). Our results suggest that the commonly proposed oxidative addition to the 14-electron Pd(PPh3)2 complex can occur only in the presence of excess added ligand or under stoichiometric conditions; in both cases, experimental KIEC-Br of 1.031 is measured, which is identical to the predicted KIEC-Br for the transition state for oxidative addition to the Pd(PPh3)2 complex (1.031). The transmetalation step, under catalytic conditions, is shown to proceed via a tetracoordinate boronate (8B4) intermediate with a Pd-O-B linkage based on the agreement between an experimental KIE for the carbon atom involved in transmetalation (KIEC-Boron = 1.035) and a predicted KIEC-Boron for the 8B4 transmetalation transition state (1.034).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Vestal, New York 13850, United States
| | - Juliet M. Macharia
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Vestal, New York 13850, United States
| | - Joseph A. Izzo
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Vestal, New York 13850, United States
| | - Victor Wambua
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Vestal, New York 13850, United States
| | - Sungjin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Vestal, New York 13850, United States
| | - Jennifer S. Hirschi
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Vestal, New York 13850, United States
| | - Mathew J. Vetticatt
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Vestal, New York 13850, United States
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8
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Xu X, Feng H, Zhang X, Song L, Van Meervelt L, Van der Eycken J, Harvey JN, Van der Eycken EV. Pd-Catalyzed Ring Restructuring of Oxazolidines with Alkenes Leading to Fused Polycyclic Indolizines. Org Lett 2022; 24:1232-1236. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianjun Xu
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
| | - Huangdi Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Textile Chemistry and Cleaner Production, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liangliang Song
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
| | - Luc Van Meervelt
- Biomolecular Architecture, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
| | - Johan Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic and Bio-Organic Synthesis, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, KriJgslaan 281 (S.4), B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jeremy N. Harvey
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
| | - Erik V. Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
- Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Street 6, Moscow 117198, Russia
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Zhao X, Zhang D, Wang X. Unraveling the Mechanism of Palladium-Catalyzed Base-Free Cross-Coupling of Vinyl Carboxylates: Dual Role of Arylboronic Acids as a Reducing Agent and a Coupling Partner. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhao
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, 7098 Liuxian Boulevard, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
- College of Medical Engineering and the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, P. R. China
| | - Dongju Zhang
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Xiaotai Wang
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, 7098 Liuxian Boulevard, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Campus Box 194, P. O. Box 173364, Denver, Colorado 80217-3364, United States
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Zhao Y, Zhang L, Li Z, Pu M, Lei M. Theoretical study on the mechanism of C N and C C coupling to form indole catalyzed by Pd(OAc)2. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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11
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Payard PA, Bohn A, Tocqueville D, Jaouadi K, Escoude E, Ajig S, Dethoor A, Gontard G, Perego LA, Vitale M, Ciofini I, Wagschal S, Grimaud L. Role of dppf Monoxide in the Transmetalation Step of the Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reaction. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Adrien Payard
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Antoine Bohn
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Damien Tocqueville
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Khaoula Jaouadi
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Emile Escoude
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sanaa Ajig
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Annie Dethoor
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Geoffrey Gontard
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 8232, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Luca Alessandro Perego
- Discovery Product Development and Supply, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Hochstrasse 201, 8200 Schaffhausen, Switzerland
| | - Maxime Vitale
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ilaria Ciofini
- PSL University, Institute of Chemistry for Health and Life Sciences, I-CLeHS, CNRS-Chimie ParisTech, 11 rue P. et M. Curie, F-75005 Paris 05 (France)
| | - Simon Wagschal
- Discovery Product Development and Supply, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Hochstrasse 201, 8200 Schaffhausen, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Grimaud
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
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12
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Mechanistic investigation of Rh(i)-catalysed asymmetric Suzuki–Miyaura coupling with racemic allyl halides. Nat Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-021-00589-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Microwave-Assisted Regioselective Suzuki Coupling of 2,4-Dichloropyrimidines with Aryl and Heteroaryl Boronic Acids. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11040439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Suzuki coupling reaction has been often used for the preparation of a diverse set of substituted pyrimidines. In this study, the Suzuki coupling of 2,4-dichloropyrimidines with aryl and heteroaryl boronic acids was investigated. A thorough screening of reaction conditions and the use of microwave irradiation led to a very efficient and straightforward synthetic procedure providing C4-substituted pyrimidines in good to excellent yields. Short reaction time (15 min) and extremely low catalyst loading (0.5 mol%) are the main advantages of our tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) catalyzed microwave-assisted procedure, which could be used for quick and low-cost regioselective preparation of substituted pyrimidine rings.
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Yang D, Wang S, Dan T, Gao D, Au C, Zhang W, Zhang Y. Palladium supported on structurally stable phenanthroline-based polymer nanotubes as a high-performance catalyst for the aqueous Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04864j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
One-dimensional Pd-supported catalyst exhibits excellent catalytic activity since its TOF value is 3077 h−1 for the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction of bromobenzene and phenylboronic acid under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didi Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang 438000
- China
| | - Shuhui Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang 438000
- China
| | - Ting Dan
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang 438000
- China
| | - Dashuang Gao
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang 438000
- China
| | - Chaktong Au
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang 438000
- China
| | - Wanju Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang 438000
- China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang 438000
- China
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Takeda Y, Sameera WMC, Minakata S. Palladium-Catalyzed Regioselective and Stereospecific Ring-Opening Cross-Coupling of Aziridines: Experimental and Computational Studies. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1686-1702. [PMID: 32786337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Aziridines, i.e., the smallest saturated N-heterocycles, serve as useful building blocks in synthetic organic chemistry. Because of the release of the large ring strain energy accommodated in the small ring, (ca. 27 kcal/mol), aziridines undergo ring-opening reactions with a variety of nucleophiles. Therefore, among the synthetic reactions utilizing aziridines, regioselective ring-opening substitutions of aziridines with nucleophiles, such as heteroatomic nucleophiles (e.g., amines, alcohols, and thiols) and carbonaceous nucleophiles (e.g., carbanions, organometallic reagents, and electron-rich arenes), constitute a useful synthetic methodology to synthesize biologically relevant β-functionalized alkylamines. However, the regioselection in such traditional ring-opening substitutions of aziridines is highly dependent on the substrate combination, and stereochemical control is challenging to achieve, especially in the case of Lewis acid-promoted variants. Therefore, the development of robust catalytic ring-opening functionalization methods that enable precise prediction of regioselectivity and stereochemistry is desirable. In this direction, our group focused on the highly regioselective and stereospecific nature of the stoichiometric oxidative addition elementary step of 2-substituted aziridines into Pd(0) complexes in an SN2 fashion. In conjunction with the recent advancements in transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of alkyl pseudohalides containing a C(sp3)-Q (Q = O, N, S, etc.) bond, aziridines can be used as nonclassical alkyl pseudohalides in regioselective and stereospecific cross-couplings.In this Account, starting from the background of transition-metal-catalyzed ring-opening functionalization of aziridines, our contributions to the palladium-catalyzed regioselective and stereoinvertive cross-couplings of aziridines with organoboron reagents to form C(sp3)-C, C(sp3)-B, and C(sp3)-Si bonds have been compiled. The developed methods allow the syntheses of medicinally important amine compounds, e.g., enantioenriched β-phenethylamines, β-amino acids, and their boron and silyl surrogates, from readily available enantiopure aziridine substrates. Notably, the regioselectivity of the ring opening can be switched by appropriate selection of the catalyst (i.e., Pd/NHC vs Pd/PR3 systems). Computational studies rationalized the detailed mechanisms of the full catalytic cycle and the regioselectivity and stereospecificity of the reactions. The computational results suggested that the interactions operating between the Pd catalyst and aziridine substrate play important roles in determining the regioselection of the aziridine ring-opening event (i.e., oxidative addition). Also, the computational results rationalized the role of water molecules in promoting the transmetalation step through the formation of a Pd-hydroxide active intermediate. This Account evidences the benefits of synergistic collaborations between experimental and computational methods in developing novel transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhei Takeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - W. M. C. Sameera
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, North 19 West 8, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0819, Japan
| | - Satoshi Minakata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Fuentes-Rivera JJ, Zick ME, Düfert MA, Milner PJ. Overcoming Halide Inhibition of Suzuki–Miyaura Couplings with Biaryl Monophosphine-Based Catalysts. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José J. Fuentes-Rivera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Mary E. Zick
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | | | - Phillip J. Milner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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