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Casado N, Berenguer CV, Câmara JS, Pereira JAM. What Are We Eating? Surveying the Presence of Toxic Molecules in the Food Supply Chain Using Chromatographic Approaches. Molecules 2024; 29:579. [PMID: 38338324 PMCID: PMC10856495 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Consumers in developed and Western European countries are becoming more aware of the impact of food on their health, and they demand clear, transparent, and reliable information from the food industry about the products they consume. They recognise that food safety risks are often due to the unexpected presence of contaminants throughout the food supply chain. Among these, mycotoxins produced by food-infecting fungi, endogenous toxins from certain plants and organisms, pesticides, and other drugs used excessively during farming and food production, which lead to their contamination and accumulation in foodstuffs, are the main causes of concern. In this context, the goals of this review are to provide a comprehensive overview of the presence of toxic molecules reported in foodstuffs since 2020 through the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) portal and use chromatography to address this challenge. Overall, natural toxins, environmental pollutants, and food-processing contaminants are the most frequently reported toxic molecules, and liquid chromatography and gas chromatography are the most reliable approaches for their control. However, faster, simpler, and more powerful analytical procedures are necessary to cope with the growing pressures on the food chain supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Casado
- Departamento de Tecnología Química y Ambiental, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina V. Berenguer
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (C.V.B.); (J.S.C.)
| | - José S. Câmara
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (C.V.B.); (J.S.C.)
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e da Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Jorge A. M. Pereira
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (C.V.B.); (J.S.C.)
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2
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Liao W, Winship D, Lara-Ibeas I, Zhao X, Xu Q, Lu HT, Qian T, Gordenker R, Qin Y, Gianchandani YB. Highly Integrated μGC Based on a Multisensing Progressive Cellular Architecture with a Valveless Sample Inlet. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2157-2167. [PMID: 36637876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Microscale gas chromatographs (μGCs) promise in-field analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in environmental and industrial monitoring, healthcare, and homeland security applications. As a step toward addressing challenges with performance and manufacturability, this study reports a highly integrated monolithic chip implementing a multisensing progressive cellular architecture. This architecture incorporates three μGC cells that are customized for different ranges of analyte volatility; each cell includes a preconcentrator and separation column, two complementary capacitive detectors, and a photoionization detector (PID). An on-chip carrier gas filter scrubs ambient air for the analysis. The monolithic chip, with all 16 components, is 40.3 × 55.7 mm2 in footprint. To accommodate surface adsorptive and low-volatility analytes, the architecture eliminates the commonly used inlet valve, eliminating the need for chemically inactive surfaces in the valves and pumps, allowing the use of standard parts. Representative analysis is demonstrated from a nonpolar 14-analyte mixture, a polar 12-analyte mixture, and a 3-phosphonate ester mixture, covering a wide vapor pressure range (0.005-68.5 kPa) and dielectric constant range (1.8-23.2). The three types of detectors show highly complementary responses. Quantitative analysis is shown in the tens to hundreds ppb range. With 200 mL samples, the projected detection limits reach 0.12-4.7 ppb. Limited tests performed at 80% humidity showed that the analytes with vapor pressures <12 kPa were unaffected. A typical full run takes 28 min and consumes 2.3 kJ energy for the fluidic elements (excluding electronics). By eliminating chip-to-chip fluidic interconnections and requiring just one custom-fabricated element, this work presents a path toward high-performance and highly manufacturable μGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Liao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Declan Winship
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Irene Lara-Ibeas
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xiangyu Zhao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Qu Xu
- Department of Integrative Systems + Design, Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hsueh-Tsung Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Tao Qian
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Robert Gordenker
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yutao Qin
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yogesh B Gianchandani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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3
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Research progress in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and its combination with olfactometry systems in the flavor analysis field. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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4
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Huang X, Li MWH, Zang W, Huang X, Sivakumar AD, Sharma R, Fan X. Portable comprehensive two-dimensional micro-gas chromatography using an integrated flow-restricted pneumatic modulator. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:115. [PMID: 36329696 PMCID: PMC9622416 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00452-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) gas chromatography (GC) provides enhanced vapor separation capabilities in contrast to conventional one-dimensional GC and is useful for the analysis of highly complex chemical samples. We developed a microfabricated flow-restricted pneumatic modulator (FRPM) for portable comprehensive 2D micro-GC (μGC), which enables rapid 2D injection and separation without compromising the 1D separation speed and eluent peak profiles. 2D injection characteristics such as injection peak width and peak height were fully characterized by using flow-through micro-photoionization detectors (μPIDs) at the FRPM inlet and outlet. A 2D injection peak width of ~25 ms could be achieved with a 2D/1D flow rate ratio over 10. The FRPM was further integrated with a 0.5-m long 2D μcolumn on the same chip, and its performance was characterized. Finally, we developed an automated portable comprehensive 2D μGC consisting of a 10 m OV-1 1D μcolumn, an integrated FRPM with a built-in 0.5 m polyethylene glycol 2D μcolumn, and two μPIDs. Rapid separation of 40 volatile organic compounds in ~5 min was demonstrated. A hybrid 2D contour plot was constructed by using both 1D and 2D chromatograms obtained with the two μPIDs at the end of the 1D and 2D μcolumns, which was enabled by the presence of the flow resistor in the FRPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaheng Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Max Harry Weil Institute for Critical Care Research and InnovationUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Maxwell Wei-hao Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Max Harry Weil Institute for Critical Care Research and InnovationUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Wenzhe Zang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Xiaolu Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Max Harry Weil Institute for Critical Care Research and InnovationUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Anjali Devi Sivakumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Max Harry Weil Institute for Critical Care Research and InnovationUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Ruchi Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Max Harry Weil Institute for Critical Care Research and InnovationUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Xudong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Max Harry Weil Institute for Critical Care Research and InnovationUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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5
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Chromatographic-Based Platforms as New Avenues for Scientific Progress and Sustainability. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165267. [PMID: 36014506 PMCID: PMC9412595 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatography was born approximately one century ago and has undergone outstanding technological improvements in innovation, research, and development since then that has made it fundamental to advances in knowledge at different levels, with a relevant impact on the well-being and health of individuals. Chromatography boosted a comprehensive and deeper understanding of the complexity and diversity of human–environment interactions and systems, how these interactions affect our life, and the several societal challenges we are currently facing, namely those related to the sustainability of our planet and the future generations. From the life sciences, which allowed us to identify endogenous metabolites relevant to disease mechanisms, to the OMICS field, nanotechnology, clinical and forensic analysis, drug discovery, environment, and “foodprint”, among others, the wide range of applications of today’s chromatographic techniques is impressive. This is fueled by a great variability of powerful chromatographic instruments currently available, with very high sensitivity, resolution, and identification capacity, that provide a strong basis for an analytical platform able to support the challenging demands of the postgenomic and post COVID-19 eras. Within this context, this review aims to address the great utility of chromatography in helping to cope with several societal-based challenges, such as the characterization of disease and/or physiological status, and the response to current agri-food industry challenges of food safety and sustainability, or the monitoring of environmental contamination. These are increasingly important challenges considering the climate changes, the tons of food waste produced every day, and the exponential growth of the human population. In this context, the principles governing the separation mechanisms in chromatography as well the different types and chromatographic techniques will be described. In addition, the major achievements and the most important technological advances will be also highlighted. Finally, a set of studies was selected in order to evince the importance of different chromatographic analyses to understand processes or create fundamental information in the response to current societal challenges.
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6
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Marriott PJ, Wong YF, Hill JE. Whither Gas Chromatography? New Tools ~ New Solutions. LCGC NORTH AMERICA 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.na.sb8579x8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
We might well ask “Where is gas chromatography (GC) heading?” For many analysts, the answer may be just “more of the same,” reflecting that GC is mature and that most analysis tasks and sample types have been tried and tested. In this scenario, any changes to the basic method may be marginal—sample introduction, and maybe a new detector? But beneath this status quo is an undercurrent of passion, excitement, and power.
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7
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Cai H, Stearns SD. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography using direct flow modulation to extend the secondary dimension separation time. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1669:462930. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Yan X, Qu H, Chang Y, Duan X. Application of Metal-Organic Frameworks in Gas Pre-concentration, Pre-separation and Detection. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a22030134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Kingsborough RP, Wrobel AT, Kunz RR. Colourimetry for the sensitive detection of vapour-phase chemicals: State of the art and future trends. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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10
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Alonso Sobrado L, Loriau M, Junca S, Tremaudant C, Puget P, Colinet E, Randon J. Characterization of Nano-Gravimetric-Detector Response and Application to Petroleum Fluids up to C 34. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15845-15853. [PMID: 33232125 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A nano-gravimetric detector (NGD) for gas chromatography is based on a nanoelectromechanical array of adsorbent-coated resonating double clamped beams. NGD is a concentration-sensitive detector and its sensitivity is analyte-dependent based on the affinity of the analyte with the porous layer coated on the NEMS surface. This affinity is also strongly related to the NGD temperature (NGD working temperature can be dynamically set up from 40 to 220 °C), so the sensitivity can be tuned through temperature detector control. An adsorption-desorption model was set up to characterize the NGD response on a large set of n-alkanes from C10 to C22 at different NGD temperatures. For fast identification of petroleum mixture based on chromatogram fingerprint, a general strategy for NGD temperature program design was developed leading to a constant relative response factor between 0.96 and 1.03 for all the alkanes, and then chromatograms are very similar to those obtained with a flame ionization detector (FID). The analysis of a real petroleum fluid was also performed and compared to FID results: quantitative results obtained for all the analytes were satisfactory according to precision (<5%) and accuracy (average relative error = 4.3%). Based on such temperature control strategy, NGD sensitivity and the dynamic linear range can be adjusted and detection limits at a picogram level can be easily achieved for all n-alkanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Alonso Sobrado
- APIX Analytics, Miniparc Polytec, Immeuble Tramontane, 60 rue des Berges, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Matthieu Loriau
- Total S.A., Centre Scientifique et Technique Jean Féger (CSTJF), Avenue Larribau, 64000 Pau, France
| | - Serge Junca
- nCx Instrumentation, 7 rue de la porte du Béarn, 64330 Garlin, France
| | - Christophe Tremaudant
- Total S.A., Centre Scientifique et Technique Jean Féger (CSTJF), Avenue Larribau, 64000 Pau, France
| | - Pierre Puget
- APIX Analytics, Miniparc Polytec, Immeuble Tramontane, 60 rue des Berges, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Colinet
- APIX Analytics, Miniparc Polytec, Immeuble Tramontane, 60 rue des Berges, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jérôme Randon
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
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11
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Zhan C, Akbar M, Hower R, Nuñovero N, Potkay JA, Zellers ET. A micro passive preconcentrator for micro gas chromatography. Analyst 2020; 145:7582-7594. [PMID: 32966357 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01485k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe a microfabricated passive preconcentrator (μPP) intended for integration into gas chromatographic microsystems (μGC) for analyzing volatile/semi-volatile organic compounds (S/VOC). Devices (8 × 8 mm) were made from a silicon-on-insulator top layer and a glass bottom layer. The top layer has 237 apertures (47 × 47 μm) distributed around the periphery of a circular region (5.2 mm o.d.) through which ambient vapors diffuse at predictable rates. Two internal annular cavities offset from the apertures are packed with ∼800 μg each of commercial carbon adsorbents. Thin-film heaters thermally desorb captured vapors, which are drawn by a pump through a central exit port to a micro injector for analysis with a bench scale GC. The 15 test compounds spanned a vapor pressure range of 0.033 to 1.1 kPa. Effective (diffusional) μPP sampling rates ranged from 0.16 to 0.78 mL min-1 for short-duration exposures to ∼mg m-3 vapor concentrations. Observed and modeled sampling rates generally agreed within 15%. Sampling rates for two representative compounds declined by ≤30% between 0.25 and 24 h of continuous exposure. For one of these, the sampling rate declined by only 8% over a ∼2300-fold concentration range (0.25 h samples). Desorption (transfer) efficiencies were >95% for most compounds (250-275 °C, 60 s, 5 mL min-1). Sampling rates for mixtures matched those for the individual compounds. Dissipating no energy while sampling, additional advantages of this novel device include short- or long-term sampling, high capacity and transfer efficiency for a diverse set of S/VOCs, low transfer flow rate, and a robust fabrication process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhua Zhan
- Department of Environental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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12
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Hsieh HC, Kim H. Isomer separation enabled by a micro circulatory gas chromatography system. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1629:461484. [PMID: 32889297 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Isomers, holding similar chemical and physical properties, are difficult to separate especially by utilizing a microfabricated gas chromatography system due to limited column lengths mainly imposed by low-pressure (<20 kPa) micropump capability. In this paper, we demonstrated the separation of a pair of structural isomers, isopentane and pentane, in a micro-scale gas chromatography system with a circulatory loop of two 25-cm micro open tubular columns, while operating under a minimal pressure requirement of <10 kPa. The developed micro circulatory gas chromatography (MCGC) system achieved an effective column length of 12.5 meters by circulating the isomer gases for 25 cycles, the longest micro open tubular column length ever reported by any microfabricated GC systems yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Chieh Hsieh
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 United States
| | - Hanseup Kim
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 United States.
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Read DH, Sillerud CH, Whiting JJ, Achyuthan KE. Metal-Organic Framework Stationary Phases for One- and Two-Dimensional Micro-Gas Chromatographic Separations of Light Alkanes and Polar Toxic Industrial Chemicals. J Chromatogr Sci 2020; 58:389-400. [PMID: 32291439 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite promising advances with metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as stationary phases for chromatography, the application of MOFs for one- and two-dimensional micro-gas chromatography (μGC and μGC × μGC) applications has yet to be shown. We demonstrate for the first time, μGC columns coated with two different MOFs, HKUST-1 and ZIF-8, for the rapid separation of high volatility light alkane hydrocarbons (natural gas) and determined the partition coefficients for toxic industrial chemicals, using μGC and μGC × μGC systems. Complete separation of natural gas components, methane through pentane, was completed within 1 min, with sufficient resolution to discriminate n-butane from i-butane. Layer-by-layer controlled deposition cycles of the MOFs were accomplished to establish the optimal film thickness, which was validated using GC (sorption thermodynamics), quartz-crystal microbalance gravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Complete surface coverage was not observed until after ~17 deposition cycles. Propane retention factors with HKUST-1-coated μGC and a state-of-the-art polar, porous-layer open-tubular (PLOT) stationary phase were approximately the same at ~7.5. However, with polar methanol, retention factors with these two stationary phases were 748 and 59, respectively, yielding methanol-to-propane selectivity factors of ~100 and ~8, respectively, a 13-fold increase in polarity with HKUST-1. These studies advance the applications of MOFs as μGC stationary phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas H Read
- FENG and Tube Lifecycle Engineering Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | | | - Joshua J Whiting
- Nano and Microsensors Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - Komandoor E Achyuthan
- Nano and Microsensors Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
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14
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Amaral MSS, Nolvachai Y, Marriott PJ. Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Advances in Technology and Applications: Biennial Update. Anal Chem 2019; 92:85-104. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S. S. Amaral
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Yada Nolvachai
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Philip J. Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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15
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Chemical Profiling of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Headspace of Algal Cultures as Early Biomarkers of Algal Pond Crashes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13866. [PMID: 31554867 PMCID: PMC6761164 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Algae ponds used in industrial biomass production are susceptible to pathogen or grazer infestation, resulting in pond crashes with high economic costs. Current methods to monitor and mitigate unhealthy ponds are hindered by a lack of early indicators that precede culture crash. We used solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify volatiles emitted from healthy and rotifer infested cultures of Microchloropsis salina. After 48 hours of algal growth, marine rotifers, Brachionus plicatilis, were added to the algae cultures and volatile organic compounds (VOC) were sampled from the headspace using SPME fibers. A GC-MS approach was used in an untargeted analysis of VOCs, followed by preliminary identification. The addition of B. plicatilis to healthy cultures of M. salina resulted in decreased algal cell numbers, relative to uninfected controls, and generated trans-β-ionone and β-cyclocitral, which were attributed to carotenoid degradation. The abundances of the carotenoid-derived VOCs increased with rotifer consumption of algae. Our results indicate that specific VOCs released by infected algae cultures may be early indicators for impending pond crashes, providing a useful tool to monitor algal biomass production and pond crash prevention.
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