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Trojanowicz M. Impact of nanotechnology on progress of flow methods in chemical analysis: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1276:341643. [PMID: 37573121 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
In evolution of instrumentation for analytical chemistry as crucial technological breakthroughs should be considered a common introduction of electronics with all its progress in integration, and then microprocessors which was followed by a widespread computerization. It is seems that a similar role can be attributed to the introduction of various elements of modern nanotechnology, observed with a fast progress since beginning of this century. It concerns all areas of the applications of analytical chemistry, including also progress in flow analysis, which are being developed since the middle of 20th century. Obviously, it should not be omitted the developed earlier and analytically applied planar structures like lipid membranes or self-assembled monolayers They had essential impact prior to discoveries of numerous extraordinary nanoparticles such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphene, or nanocrystalline semiconductors (quantum dots). Mostly, due to catalytic effects, significantly developed surface and the possibility of easy functionalization, their application in various stages of flow analytical procedures can significantly improve them. The application of new nanomaterials may be used for the development of new detection methods for flow analytical systems in macro-flow setups as well as in microfluidics and lateral flow immunoassay tests. It is also advantageous that quick flow conditions of measurements may be helpful in preventing unfavorable agglomeration of nanoparticles. A vast literature published already on this subject (e.g. almost 1000 papers about carbon nanotubes and flow-injection analytical systems) implies that for this reviews it was necessary to make an arbitrary selection of reported examples of this trend, focused mainly on achievements reported in the recent decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Trojanowicz
- Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Techniques, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Poland.
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2
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Kazoe Y, Ikeda K, Mino K, Morikawa K, Mawatari K, Kitamori T. Quantitative characterization of liquids flowing in geometrically controlled sub-100 nm nanofluidic channels. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:779-784. [PMID: 36884162 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00311-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
With development of nanotechnologies, applications exploiting nanospaces such as single-molecule analysis and high-efficiency separation have been reported, and understanding properties of fluid flows in 101 nm to 102 nm scale spaces becomes important. Nanofluidics has provided a platform of nanochannels with defined size and geometry, and revealed various unique liquid properties including higher water viscosity with dominant surface effects in 102 nm spaces. However, experimental investigation of fluid flows in 101 nm spaces is still difficult owing to lack of fabrication procedure for 101 nm nanochannels with smooth walls and precisely controlled geometry. In the present study, we established a top-down fabrication process to realize fused-silica nanochannels with 101 nm scale size, 100 nm roughness and rectangular cross-sectional shape with an aspect ratio of 1. Utilizing a method of mass flowmetry developed by our group, accurate measurements of ultra-low flow rates in sub-100 nm nanochannels with sizes of 70 nm and 100 nm were demonstrated. The results suggested that the viscosity of water in these sub-100 nm nanochannels was approximately 5 times higher than that in the bulk, while that of dimethyl sulfoxide was similar to the bulk value. The obtained liquid permeability in the nanochannels can be explained by a hypothesis of loosely structured liquid phase near the wall generated by interactions between the surface silanol groups and protic solvent molecules. The present results suggest the importance of considering the species of solvent, the surface chemical groups, and the size and geometry of nanospaces when designing nanofluidic devices and membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Kazoe
- Department of System Design Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Ikeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kensuke Mino
- Department of System Design Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kyojiro Morikawa
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
- Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kazuma Mawatari
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takehiko Kitamori
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
- Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
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Sahin MA, Werner H, Udani S, Di Carlo D, Destgeer G. Flow lithography for structured microparticles: fundamentals, methods and applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:4007-4042. [PMID: 35920614 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00421f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Structured microparticles, with unique shapes, customizable sizes, multiple materials, and spatially-defined chemistries, are leading the way for emerging 'lab on a particle' technologies. These microparticles with engineered designs find applications in multiplexed diagnostics, drug delivery, single-cell secretion assays, single-molecule detection assays, high throughput cytometry, micro-robotics, self-assembly, and tissue engineering. In this article we review state-of-the-art particle manufacturing technologies based on flow-assisted photolithography performed inside microfluidic channels. Important physicochemical concepts are discussed to provide a basis for understanding the fabrication technologies. These photolithography technologies are compared based on the structural as well as compositional complexity of the fabricated particles. Particles are categorized, from 1D to 3D particles, based on the number of dimensions that can be independently controlled during the fabrication process. After discussing the advantages of the individual techniques, important applications of the fabricated particles are reviewed. Lastly, a future perspective is provided with potential directions to improve the throughput of particle fabrication, realize new particle shapes, measure particles in an automated manner, and adopt the 'lab on a particle' technologies to other areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Akif Sahin
- Control and Manipulation of Microscale Living Objects, Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Einsteinstraße 25, Munich 81675, Germany.
| | - Helen Werner
- Control and Manipulation of Microscale Living Objects, Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Einsteinstraße 25, Munich 81675, Germany.
| | - Shreya Udani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, California NanoSystems Institute and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Ghulam Destgeer
- Control and Manipulation of Microscale Living Objects, Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Einsteinstraße 25, Munich 81675, Germany.
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Ishraaq R, Pial TH, Das S. Interplay of Local Heating, Nanoconfinement, and Tunable Liquid-Wall Interactions Drive Rapid Imbibition and Pronounced Mixing Between Two Immiscible Liquids. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:5137-5142. [PMID: 35657710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Designing novel and energy-efficient strategies for disturbing stable interfaces between two immiscible liquids hold the key for a myriad of applications. In this Letter, we propose a highly effective strategy where localized heating (costing less energy) of an interface between two immiscible liquids confined in a nanochannel enable rapid imbibition and mixing between these two liquids. The exact dynamics (imbibition or mixing) depend on the relative wettability of these two liquids to the nanochannel wall. For the case where one liquid is philic and the other is phobic to the nanochannel wall, local heating makes a particular liquid imbibe into the zone occupied by the other liquid with the philic liquid occupying near-wall locations and the phobic liquid occupying the bulk (far wall) positions. The extent of imbibition is quantified in terms of the interfacial thickness between the two liquids, which is found to be larger than the case where the entire system is heated (costing greater energy). We further show that this interfacial thickness can be enhanced by changing the position (along the nanochannel) of localized heating. Finally, we demonstrate that for the immiscible two liquid systems having identical wetting interactions with the wall, the lack of preference of occupying the near wall location by any of the liquids lead to their enhanced mixing in the presence of the localized heating (that imparts additional energy to the liquids enforcing them to cross over to the side of the other liquid).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raashiq Ishraaq
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Turash Haque Pial
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Siddhartha Das
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Guo L, Liu Y, Ran P, Wang G, Shan J, Li X, Liu C, Li J. A bioinspired bubble removal method in microchannels based on angiosperm xylem embolism repair. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:34. [PMID: 35402001 PMCID: PMC8940964 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00367-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
It is difficult to remove and eliminate bubbles in microchannels in many devices used in various biomedical fields, such as those needed for microfluidic immunoassays, point-of-care testing, and cell biology evaluations. Accumulated bubbles are associated with a number of negative outcomes, including a decrease in device sensitivity, inaccuracy of analysis results, and even functional failure. Xylem conduits of angiosperm have the ability to remove bubbles in obstructed conduits. Inspired by such an embolism repair mechanism, this paper proposes a bioinspired bubble removal method, which exhibits a prominent ability to dissolve bubbles continuously within a large range of flow rates (2 µL/min-850 µL/min) while retaining the stability and continuity of the flow without auxiliary equipment. Such a method also shows significant bubble removal stability in dealing with Newtonian liquids and non-Newtonian fluids, especially with high viscosity (6.76 Pa s) and low velocity (152 nL/min). Such advantages associated with the proposed bioinspired method reveal promising application prospects in macro/microfluidic fields ranging from 3D printing, implantable devices, virus detection, and biomedical fluid processing to microscale reactor operation and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Guo
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yuanchang Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE UK
| | - Penghui Ran
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Jie Shan
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xudong Li
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Jingmin Li
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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Sano H, Kazoe Y, Kitamori T. Stable Formation of Aqueous/Organic Parallel Two-phase Flow in Nanochannels with Partial Surface Modification. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:1611-1616. [PMID: 34054008 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21p138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In microfluidics, various chemical processes can be integrated utilizing parallel multiphase flows. Our group has extended this research to nanofluidics, and recently performed the extraction of lipids using parallel two-phase flow in nanochannels. Although this was achieved in surface-modified nanochannels, a stable condition of parallel two-phase flow remains unknown due to difficulties in device fabrication, for a suitable method of bonding surface-modified substrates is lacking. Therefore, research on parallel two-phase flow in nanochannels has been limited. Herein, a new bonding method which improves the wash process for the substrates and increases the bonding rate to ∼100% is described. The conditions to achieve parallel organic/aqueous two-phase flow were then studied. It was revealed that in nanochannels, higher capillary numbers for the organic phase flow were required compared to that in microchannels. The newly developed fabrication process and flow regimes will contribute to realize integrated nanofluidic devices capable of analyzing single molecules/cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Sano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yutaka Kazoe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo.,Department of System Design Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University
| | - Takehiko Kitamori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo.,Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices, The University of Tokyo.,Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University
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Kazoe Y, Shibata K, Kitamori T. Super-Resolution Defocusing Nanoparticle Image Velocimetry Utilizing Spherical Aberration for Nanochannel Flows. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13260-13267. [PMID: 34559530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding fluid flows and mass transport in nanospaces is becoming important with recent advances in nanofluidic analytical devices utilizing nanopores and nanochannels. In the present study, we developed a super-resolution and fast particle tracking method utilizing defocusing images with spherical aberration and demonstrated the measurement of nanochannel flow. Since the spherical aberration generates the defocusing nanoparticle image with diffraction rings, the position of fluorescent nanoparticles was determined from the radius of the diffraction ring. Effects of components of an optical system on the diffraction ring of the defocusing image were investigated and optimized to achieve the spatial resolution exceeding the optical diffraction limit. We found that there is an optimal magnitude of spherical aberration to enhance the spatial resolution. Furthermore, we confirmed that nanoparticles with diameters in the order of 101 nm, which is much smaller than the light wavelength, do not affect the defocusing images and the spatial resolution because such nanoparticles can be regarded as point light sources. At optimized conditions, we achieved a spatial resolution of 19 nm and a temporal resolution of 160 μs, which are sufficient for the nanochannel flow measurements. We succeeded in the measurement of pressure-driven flow in a nanochannel with a depth of 370 nm using 67 nm fluorescent nanoparticles. The measured nanoparticle velocities exhibited a parabolic flow profile with a slip velocity even at the hydrophilic glass surface but with an average velocity similar to the Hagen-Poiseuille law. The method will accelerate researches in the nanofluidics and other related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Kazoe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Department of System Design Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kazuki Shibata
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takehiko Kitamori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan, ROC
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Yamamoto K, Ota N, Tanaka Y. Nanofluidic Devices and Applications for Biological Analyses. Anal Chem 2021; 93:332-349. [PMID: 33125221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koki Yamamoto
- Laboratory for Integrated Biodevice, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Ota
- Laboratory for Integrated Biodevice, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yo Tanaka
- Laboratory for Integrated Biodevice, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Shoda K, Tanaka M, Mino K, Kazoe Y. A Simple Low-Temperature Glass Bonding Process with Surface Activation by Oxygen Plasma for Micro/Nanofluidic Devices. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E804. [PMID: 32854246 PMCID: PMC7570177 DOI: 10.3390/mi11090804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The bonding of glass substrates is necessary when constructing micro/nanofluidic devices for sealing micro- and nanochannels. Recently, a low-temperature glass bonding method utilizing surface activation with plasma was developed to realize micro/nanofluidic devices for various applications, but it still has issues for general use. Here, we propose a simple process of low-temperature glass bonding utilizing typical facilities available in clean rooms and applied it to the fabrication of micro/nanofluidic devices made of different glasses. In the process, the substrate surface was activated with oxygen plasma, and the glass substrates were placed in contact in a class ISO 5 clean room. The pre-bonded substrates were heated for annealing. We found an optimal concentration of oxygen plasma and achieved a bonding energy of 0.33-0.48 J/m2 in fused-silica/fused-silica glass bonding. The process was applied to the bonding of fused-silica glass and borosilicate glass, which is generally used in optical microscopy, and revealed higher bonding energy than fused-silica/fused-silica glass bonding. An annealing temperature lower than 200 °C was necessary to avoid crack generation by thermal stress due to the different thermal properties of the glasses. A fabricated micro/nanofluidic device exhibited a pressure resistance higher than 600 kPa. This work will contribute to the advancement of micro/nanofluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yutaka Kazoe
- Department of System Design Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan; (K.S.); (M.T.); (K.M.)
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Start-Up Electroosmotic Flow of Multi-Layer Immiscible Maxwell Fluids in a Slit Microchannel. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11080757. [PMID: 32764332 PMCID: PMC7463615 DOI: 10.3390/mi11080757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this investigation, the transient electroosmotic flow of multi-layer immiscible viscoelastic fluids in a slit microchannel is studied. Through an appropriate combination of the momentum equation with the rheological model for Maxwell fluids, an hyperbolic partial differential equation is obtained and semi-analytically solved by using the Laplace transform method to describe the velocity field. In the solution process, different electrostatic conditions and electro-viscous stresses have to be considered in the liquid-liquid interfaces due to the transported fluids content buffer solutions based on symmetrical electrolytes. By adopting a dimensionless mathematical model for the governing and constitutive equations, certain dimensionless parameters that control the start-up of electroosmotic flow appear, as the viscosity ratios, dielectric permittivity ratios, the density ratios, the relaxation times, the electrokinetic parameters and the potential differences. In the results, it is shown that the velocity exhibits an oscillatory behavior in the transient regime as a consequence of the competition between the viscous and elastic forces; also, the flow field is affected by the electrostatic conditions at the liquid-liquid interfaces, producing steep velocity gradients, and finally, the time to reach the steady-state is strongly dependent on the relaxation times, viscosity ratios and the number of fluid layers.
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