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Ballari MS, O J Porta E, Zalazar EA, Etichetti CMB, Padrón JM, Girardini JE, Labadie GR. Lipophilic modification of salirasib modulates the antiproliferative and antimigratory activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 92:117417. [PMID: 37531922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Salirasib, or farnesylthiosalicylic acid (FTS), is a salicylic acid derivative with demonstrated antineoplastic activity. While designed as a competitor of the substrate S-farnesyl cysteine on Ras, it is a potent competitive inhibitor of isoprenylcysteine carboxymethyl transferase. In this study, the antiproliferative activity on six different solid tumor cell lines was evaluated with a series of lipophilic thioether modified salirasib analogues, including those with or without a 1,2,3-triazole linker. A combination of bioassay, cheminformatics, docking, and in silico ADME-Tox was also performed. SAR analysis that analogues with three or more isoprene units or a long aliphatic chain exhibited the most potent activity. Furthermore, three compounds display superior antiproliferative activity than salirasib and similar potency compared to control anticancer drugs across all tested solid tumor cell lines. In addition, the behavior of the collection on migration and invasion, a key process in tumor metastasis, was also studied. Three analogues with specific antimigratory activity were identified with differential structural features being interesting starting points on the development of new antimetastatic agents. The antiproliferative and antimigratory effects observed suggest that modifying the thiol aliphatic/prenyl substituents can modulate the activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sol Ballari
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR), Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET, Suipacha 531 S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Exequiel O J Porta
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR), Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET, Suipacha 531 S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Evelyn Arel Zalazar
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario (IDICER), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Suipacha 590 S2000LRJ, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Carla M Borini Etichetti
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental de Rosario (IFISE-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - José M Padrón
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna, Apartado 456 E-38071, La Laguna, Spain.
| | - Javier E Girardini
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario (IDICER), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Suipacha 590 S2000LRJ, Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Guillermo R Labadie
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR), Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET, Suipacha 531 S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina; Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina.
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2
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Porta EOJ, Kalesh K, Steel PG. Navigating drug repurposing for Chagas disease: advances, challenges, and opportunities. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1233253. [PMID: 37576826 PMCID: PMC10416112 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1233253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a vector-borne illness caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi). It poses a significant public health burden, particularly in the poorest regions of Latin America. Currently, there is no available vaccine, and chemotherapy has been the traditional treatment for Chagas disease. However, the treatment options are limited to just two outdated medicines, nifurtimox and benznidazole, which have serious side effects and low efficacy, especially during the chronic phase of the disease. Collectively, this has led the World Health Organization to classify it as a neglected disease. To address this problem, new drug regimens are urgently needed. Drug repurposing, which involves the use of existing drugs already approved for the treatment of other diseases, represents an increasingly important option. This approach offers potential cost reduction in new drug discovery processes and can address pharmaceutical bottlenecks in the development of drugs for Chagas disease. In this review, we discuss the state-of-the-art of drug repurposing approaches, including combination therapy with existing drugs, to overcome the formidable challenges associated with treating Chagas disease. Organized by original therapeutic area, we describe significant recent advances, as well as the challenges in this field. In particular, we identify candidates that exhibit potential for heightened efficacy and reduced toxicity profiles with the ultimate objective of accelerating the development of new, safe, and effective treatments for Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karunakaran Kalesh
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
- National Horizons Centre, Darlington, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick G. Steel
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
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3
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Porta EOJ, Ballari MS, Carlucci R, Wilkinson S, Ma G, Tekwani BL, Labadie GR. Systematic study of 1,2,3-triazolyl sterols for the development of new drugs against parasitic Neglected Tropical Diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 254:115378. [PMID: 37084599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
A series of thirty 1,2,3-triazolylsterols, inspired by azasterols with proven antiparasitic activity, were prepared by a stereocontrolled synthesis. Ten of these compounds constitute chimeras/hybrids of 22,26-azasterol (AZA) and 1,2,3-triazolyl azasterols. The entire library was assayed against the kinetoplastid parasites Leishmania donovani, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Trypanosoma brucei, the causatives agents for visceral leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and sleeping sickness, respectively. Most of the compounds were active at submicromolar/nanomolar concentrations with high selectivity index, when compared to their cytotoxicity against mammalian cells. Analysis of in silico physicochemical properties were conducted to rationalize the activities against the neglected tropical disease pathogens. The analogs with selective activity against L. donovani (E4, IC50 0.78 μM), T brucei (E1, IC50 0.12 μM) and T. cruzi (B1- IC50 0.33 μM), and the analogs with broad-spectrum antiparasitic activities against the three kinetoplastid parasites (B1 and B3), may be promising leads for further development as selective or broad-spectrum antiparasitic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Exequiel O J Porta
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María Sol Ballari
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Renzo Carlucci
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Shane Wilkinson
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Guoyi Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Scientific Platforms, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, 35205, USA
| | - Babu L Tekwani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Scientific Platforms, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, 35205, USA
| | - Guillermo R Labadie
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina; Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina.
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4
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Verdaguer IB, Crispim M, Hernández A, Katzin AM. The Biomedical Importance of the Missing Pathway for Farnesol and Geranylgeraniol Salvage. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27248691. [PMID: 36557825 PMCID: PMC9782597 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoprenoids are the output of the polymerization of five-carbon, branched isoprenic chains derived from isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and its isomer, dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP). Isoprene units are consecutively condensed to form longer structures such as farnesyl and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (FPP and GGPP, respectively), necessary for the biosynthesis of several metabolites. Polyprenyl transferases and synthases use polyprenyl pyrophosphates as their natural substrates; however, it is known that free polyprenols, such as farnesol (FOH), and geranylgeraniol (GGOH) can be incorporated into prenylated proteins, ubiquinone, cholesterol, and dolichols. Furthermore, FOH and GGOH have been shown to block the effects of isoprenoid biosynthesis inhibitors such as fosmidomycin, bisphosphonates, or statins in several organisms. This phenomenon is the consequence of a short pathway, which was observed for the first time more than 25 years ago: the polyprenol salvage pathway, which works via the phosphorylation of FOH and GGOH. Biochemical studies in bacteria, animals, and plants suggest that this pathway can be carried out by two enzymes: a polyprenol kinase and a polyprenyl-phosphate kinase. However, to date, only a few genes have been unequivocally identified to encode these enzymes in photosynthetic organisms. Nevertheless, pieces of evidence for the importance of this pathway abound in studies related to infectious diseases, cancer, dyslipidemias, and nutrition, and to the mitigation of the secondary effects of several drugs. Furthermore, nowadays it is known that both FOH and GGOH can be incorporated via dietary sources that produce various biological effects. This review presents, in a simplified but comprehensive manner, the most important data on the FOH and GGOH salvage pathway, stressing its biomedical importance The main objective of this review is to bring to light the need to discover and characterize the kinases associated with the isoprenoid salvage pathway in animals and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Bofill Verdaguer
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the University of São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 1374, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Marcell Crispim
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the University of São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 1374, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Agustín Hernández
- Integrated Unit for Research in Biodiversity (BIOTROP-CCBS), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Miguel Katzin
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the University of São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 1374, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-3091-7330; Fax: +55-11-3091-7417
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5
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Bassanini I, Parapini S, Basilico N, Taramelli D, Romeo S. From DC18 to MR07: A Metabolically Stable 4,4'-Oxybisbenzoyl Amide as a Low-Nanomolar Growth Inhibitor of P. falciparum. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200355. [PMID: 36089546 PMCID: PMC9827966 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To improve the metabolic stability of a 4,4'-oxybisbenzoyl-based novel and potent (nanomolar-range IC50 ) antiplasmodial agent previously described by us, in silico-guided structure-activity relationship (SAR) campaigns have been conducted to substitute its peptide decorations with more metabolically stable residues. The effects of the various structural modifications were then correlated with the antiplasmodial activity in vitro in phenotypic assays. Among the several derivatives synthetized and compared with the 3D-pharmacophoric map of the original lead, a novel compound, characterized by a western tert-butyl glycine residue and an eastern 1S,2S-aminoacyclohexanol, showed low-nanomolar-range antiplasmodial activity, no signs of cross-resistance and, most importantly, 47-fold improved Phase I metabolic stability when incubated with human liver microsomes. These results highlight the efficacy of in silico-guided SAR campaigns which will allow us to further optimize the structure of the new lead aiming at testing its efficacy in vivo using different routes of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Bassanini
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheVia Mario Bianco 920131MilanoItaly,Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulla Malaria-Italian Malaria NetworkVia Festa del Perdono 720122MilanoItaly
| | - Silvia Parapini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la SaluteUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia Pascal 3620133MilanoItaly,Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulla Malaria-Italian Malaria NetworkVia Festa del Perdono 720122MilanoItaly
| | - Nicoletta Basilico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e OdontoiatricheUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia Pascal 3620133MilanoItaly,Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulla Malaria-Italian Malaria NetworkVia Festa del Perdono 720122MilanoItaly
| | - Donatella Taramelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e BiomolecolariUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia Pascal 3620133MilanoItaly,Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulla Malaria-Italian Malaria NetworkVia Festa del Perdono 720122MilanoItaly
| | - Sergio Romeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze FarmaceuticheUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia Mangiagalli 2520133MilanoItaly,Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulla Malaria-Italian Malaria NetworkVia Festa del Perdono 720122MilanoItaly
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6
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S-phase arrest and apoptosis in human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells via mitochondrial dependent pathway induced by tricyclohexylphosphine gold (I) n-mercaptobenzoate complexes. Life Sci 2022; 311:121161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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7
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Design, Synthesis, Molecular Docking and Antimicrobial Activities of Novel Triazole-ferulic acid ester Hybrid Carbohydrates. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Synthesis, in-vitro biological evaluation, and molecular docking study of novel spiro-β-lactam-isatin hybrids. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02898-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Pillaiyar T, Meenakshisundaram S, Manickam M, Sankaranarayanan M. A medicinal chemistry perspective of drug repositioning: Recent advances and challenges in drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 195:112275. [PMID: 32283298 PMCID: PMC7156148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug repurposing is a strategy consisting of finding new indications for already known marketed drugs used in various clinical settings or highly characterized compounds despite they can be failed drugs. Recently, it emerges as an alternative approach for the rapid identification and development of new pharmaceuticals for various rare and complex diseases for which lack the effective drug treatments. The success rate of drugs repurposing approach accounts for approximately 30% of new FDA approved drugs and vaccines in recent years. This review focuses on the status of drugs repurposing approach for various diseases including skin diseases, infective, inflammatory, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Efforts have been made to provide structural features and mode of actions of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121, Bonn, Germany.
| | | | - Manoj Manickam
- Department of Chemistry, PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugesan Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India
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10
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Khalaf HS, Tolan HEM, Radwan MAA, Mohamed AM, Awad HM, El-Sayed WA. Design, synthesis and anticancer activity of novel pyrimidine and pyrimidine-thiadiazole hybrid glycosides. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 39:1036-1056. [PMID: 32312171 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2020.1748649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
New 1,3,4-thiadiazole thioglycosides linked to substituted pyrimidines were synthesized via glycosylation of 1,3,4-thiadiazole thiol compounds. Also, novel 1,2,3-triazole derivatives linked to carbohydrate units were prepared using the standard click chemistry conditions employing the Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition of substituted-aryl-azides with a selection of alkyne-functionalized sugars. The chemical structures of the new derivatives were verified using various spectroscopic techniques, such as IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and elemental analyses. The cytotoxic activities of the prepared compounds were investigated in vitro against human liver cancer (HepG-2) and human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7) cell lines. In addition, the biological evaluation of the new compounds involved the investigation of their effects on a human normal retinal pigmented epithelial cell line (RPE1) using the MTT assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemat S Khalaf
- Chemistry Department, College of Science and Arts-Qurayat, Jouf University, Saudi Arabia.,Photochemistry Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hala E M Tolan
- Photochemistry Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A A Radwan
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.,Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf M Mohamed
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hanem M Awad
- Department of Tanning Materials and Leather Technology, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Wael A El-Sayed
- Photochemistry Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.,Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
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11
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El Malah T, Nour HF, Satti AAE, Hemdan BA, El-Sayed WA. Design, Synthesis, and Antimicrobial Activities of 1,2,3-Triazole Glycoside Clickamers. Molecules 2020; 25:E790. [PMID: 32059480 PMCID: PMC7071105 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial resistance remains a significant threat and a leading cause of death worldwide, despite massive attempts to control infections. In an effort to develop biologically active antibacterial and antifungal agents, six novel aryl-substituted-1,2,3-triazoles linked to carbohydrate units were synthesized through the Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition CuAAC of substituted-arylazides with a selection of alkyne-functionalized sugars. The chemical structures of the new derivatives were verified using different spectroscopic techniques. The novel clicked 1,2,3-triazoles were evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the obtained results were compared with the activity of the reference antibiotic "Ampicillin". Likewise, in vitro antifungal activity of the new 1,2,3-triazoles was investigated against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger using "Nystatin" as a reference drug. The results of the biological evaluation pointed out that Staphylococcus aureus was more susceptible to all of the tested compounds than other examined microbes. In addition, some tested compounds exhibited promising antifungal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer El Malah
- Photochemistry Department, Chemical Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth Street, P.O. Box 12622 Cairo, Egypt;
| | - Hany F. Nour
- Photochemistry Department, Chemical Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth Street, P.O. Box 12622 Cairo, Egypt;
| | - Amira A. E. Satti
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Arts in Qurayat, Jouf University, P.O. Box 77425 Qurayat, Saudi Arabia;
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 11116 Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Bahaa A. Hemdan
- Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth Street, P.O. Box 12622 Cairo, Egypt;
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, P.O. Box 781039 Assam, India
| | - Wael A. El-Sayed
- Photochemistry Department, Chemical Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth Street, P.O. Box 12622 Cairo, Egypt;
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, P.O. Box 51452 Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Sharma M, Prasher P. An epigrammatic status of the ' azole'-based antimalarial drugs. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:184-211. [PMID: 33479627 PMCID: PMC7536834 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00479c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of multidrug resistance in the malarial parasite has sabotaged majority of the eradication efforts by restraining the inhibition profile of first line as well as second line antimalarial drugs, thus necessitating the development of novel pharmaceutics constructed on appropriate scaffolds with superior potency against the drug-resistant and drug-susceptible Plasmodium parasite. Over the past decades, the infectious malarial parasite has developed resistance against most of the contemporary therapeutics, thus necessitating the rational development of novel approaches principally focused on MDR malaria. This review presents an epigrammatic collation of the epidemiology and the contemporary antimalarial therapeutics based on the 'azole' motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousmee Sharma
- Department of Chemistry , Uttaranchal University , Dehradun 248007 , India
- UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies , Department of Chemistry , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar 143005 , India
| | - Parteek Prasher
- Department of Chemistry , University of Petroleum & Energy Studies , Dehradun 248007 , India . ;
- UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies , Department of Chemistry , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar 143005 , India
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