1
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Zhu ZY, Wang YD, Wang XW, Dai GL, Ma SJ, Liu X, Li JH, Jin L, Lin ZX. Pd/MIL-100(Fe) as hydrogen activator for Fe III/Fe II cycle: Fenton removal of sulfamethazine. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:3504-3517. [PMID: 35389329 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2064237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Masses of iron sludge generated from engineering practice of classic Fenton reaction constraints its further promotion. Accelerating the FeIII/FeII cycle may be conducive to reducing the initial ferrous slat dosage and the final iron sludge. Based on the reduction of Pd/MIL-100(Fe)-activated hydrogen, an improved Fenton system named MHACF-MIL-100(Fe) was developed at ambient temperature and pressure. 97.8% of sulfamethazine, the target pollutant in this work, could be degraded in 5 min under the conditions of 20 mM H2O2, 25 μM ferrous chloride, initial pH 3.0, 2 g·L-1 composite catalyst Pd/MIL-100(Fe) and hydrogen gas 60 mL·min-1. Combining density functional theory (DFT) calculation and intermediate detection, the degradation of this antibiotic was inferred to start from the cleavage of N-S bond. The catalytic of Pd/MIL-100(Fe), demonstrated by the removal efficiency of SMT and the catalyst morphology, remained intact after six reaction cycles. The present study provides an insight into the promotion of Fenton reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yan Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Institute of Environmental Protection Application Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Dong Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Institute of Environmental Protection Application Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Wen Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Institute of Environmental Protection Application Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Liang Dai
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - San-Jian Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Institute of Environmental Protection Application Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
- Suzhou Cott Environmental Protection Co., Ltd., Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Institute of Environmental Protection Application Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
- Suzhou Cott Environmental Protection Co., Ltd., Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan-Hong Li
- Changzhou Vocational Institute of Engineering, Changzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Jin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Institute of Environmental Protection Application Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Xia Lin
- Testing Center, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
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2
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Deng F, Olvera-Vargas H, Zhou M, Qiu S, Sirés I, Brillas E. Critical Review on the Mechanisms of Fe 2+ Regeneration in the Electro-Fenton Process: Fundamentals and Boosting Strategies. Chem Rev 2023; 123:4635-4662. [PMID: 36917618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
This review presents an exhaustive overview on the mechanisms of Fe3+ cathodic reduction within the context of the electro-Fenton (EF) process. Different strategies developed to improve the reduction rate are discussed, dividing them into two categories that regard the mechanistic feature that is promoted: electron transfer control and mass transport control. Boosting the Fe3+ conversion to Fe2+ via electron transfer control includes: (i) the formation of a series of active sites in both carbon- and metal-based materials and (ii) the use of other emerging strategies such as single-atom catalysis or confinement effects. Concerning the enhancement of Fe2+ regeneration by mass transport control, the main routes involve the application of magnetic fields, pulse electrolysis, interfacial Joule heating effects, and photoirradiation. Finally, challenges are singled out, and future prospects are described. This review aims to clarify the Fe3+/Fe2+ cycling process in the EF process, eventually providing essential ideas for smart design of highly effective systems for wastewater treatment and valorization at an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxia Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China.,Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Secció de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hugo Olvera-Vargas
- Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (IER-UNAM), Priv. Xochicalco S/N, Col. Centro, Temixco, Morelos CP 62580, México
| | - Minghua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Shan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
| | - Ignasi Sirés
- Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Secció de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Brillas
- Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Secció de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Pham XN, Vu VT, Nguyen HVT, Nguyen TTB, Doan HV. Designing a novel heterostructure AgInS 2@MIL-101(Cr) photocatalyst from PET plastic waste for tetracycline degradation. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:3600-3608. [PMID: 36134359 PMCID: PMC9400168 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00371f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor-containing porous materials with a well-defined structure could be unique scaffolds for carrying out selective organic transformations driven by visible light. We herein introduce for the first time a heterostructure of silver indium sulfide (AgInS2) ternary chalcogenide and a highly porous MIL-101(Cr) metal-organic framework (MOF) synthesised from polyethylene terephthalate plastic waste. Our results demonstrate that AgInS2 nanoparticles were uniformly attached to each lattice plane of the octahedral MIL-101(Cr) structure, resulting in a nanocomposite with a high distribution of semiconductors in a porous media. We also demonstrate that the nanocomposite with up to 40% of AgInS2 doping exhibited excellent catalytic activity for tetracycline degradation under visible light irradiation (∼99% tetracycline degraded after 4 h) and predominantly maintained its performance after five cycles. These results could promote a new material circularity pathway to develop new semiconductors that can be used to protect water from further pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan N Pham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology 18 Pho Vien, Duc Thang, Bac Tu Liem Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Van-Tai Vu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology 18 Pho Vien, Duc Thang, Bac Tu Liem Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Hong Van T Nguyen
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Hanoi Vietnam
- Institute of Environment, Vietnam Maritime University 484 Lach Tray, Le Chan Haiphong Vietnam
| | - T-Thanh-Bao Nguyen
- Institute of Physics, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18C Hoang Quoc Viet Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Huan V Doan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology 18 Pho Vien, Duc Thang, Bac Tu Liem Hanoi Vietnam
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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4
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Wu JH, Li Y, Liu X, Liu F, Ma SJ, You JJ, Zhu XQ, Zhong XX, Lin ZX. Destruction of 4-chlorophenol by the hydrogen-accelerated catalytic Fenton system enhanced by Pd/NH 2-MIL-101(Cr). ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 43:1561-1572. [PMID: 33115346 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1841831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
4-chlorophenol (4-CP) could be rapidly mineralized by using Fenton reaction. However, massive iron sludge will be generated because of the excessive consumption of iron salt and poor recycling of FeIII back to FeII. In this paper, by introducing hydrogen gas and solid catalyst Pd/NH2-MIL-101(Cr) to classic Fenton reactor, the novel system named MHACF-NH2-MIL-101(Cr) was constructed. Much less FeII was needed in this system because the hydrogen could significantly accelerate the regeneration of FeII. The catalyst improved the utilization of H2. The degradation reaction of 4-CP could be driven by using only trace amount of FeII. It could be rapidly degraded by the hydroxyl radical detected by the 4-Hydroxy-benzoicacid which is the oxidative product of benzoic acid and hydroxyl radical. The effects of dosage of ferrous salt, H2O2 and catalyst, H2 flow, Pd content, and initial pH of and concentration of 4-CP aqueous solution were investigated. The robustness and morphology changes of this catalytic material were also systematically analysed. By clarifying the role of this solid MOFs material in this hydrogen-mediated Fenton reaction system, it will provide a new direction for the research and development of advanced oxidation processes with high efficiency and low sludge generation in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Protection Application Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianping College of Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Protection Application Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianping College of Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Protection Application Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianping College of Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
- Suzhou Mengli Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Protection Application Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianping College of Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - San-Jian Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Protection Application Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianping College of Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
- Suzhou Cott Environmental Protection Co., Ltd., Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan-Juan You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Protection Application Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianping College of Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qian Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Protection Application Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianping College of Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xin Zhong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Protection Application Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianping College of Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Xia Lin
- Testing Center, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
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5
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Fu Y, Yin Z, Qin L, Huang D, Yi H, Liu X, Liu S, Zhang M, Li B, Li L, Wang W, Zhou X, Li Y, Zeng G, Lai C. Recent progress of noble metals with tailored features in catalytic oxidation for organic pollutants degradation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 422:126950. [PMID: 34449327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing serious water pollutions, an increasing interest has given for the nanocomposites as environmental catalysts. To date, noble metals-based nanocomposites have been extensively studied by researchers in environmental catalysis. In detail, serving as key functional parts, noble metals are usually combined with other nanomaterials for rationally designing nanocomposites, which exhibit enhanced catalytic properties in pollutants removal. Noble metals in the nanocomposites possess tailored properties, thus playing different important roles in catalytic oxidation reactions for pollutants removal. To motivate the research and elaborate the progress of noble metals, this review (i) summarizes advanced characterization techniques and rising technology of theoretical calculation for evaluating noble metal, and (ii) classifies the roles according to their disparate mechanism in different catalytic oxidation reactions. Meanwhile, the enhanced mechanism and influence factors are discussed. (iii) The conclusions, facing challenges and perspectives are proposed for further development of noble metals-based nanocomposites as environmental catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukui Fu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Zhuo Yin
- Department of Urology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Lei Qin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Danlian Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Huan Yi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Xigui Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Shiyu Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Bisheng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Ling Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Xuerong Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Yixia Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Department of Urology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, PR China.
| | - Cui Lai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China.
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6
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Jin L, Liu F, Wu JH, Ma SJ, Li JH, Tian YJ, Liu X, Lin ZX. The construction of a palladium–hydrogen accelerated catalytic Fenton system enhanced by UiO-66(Zr). NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04550d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of H2 and Pd/UiO-66(Zr) accelerated the FeII/FeIII cycle and led to higher contaminant degradation using only a trace level of FeII in several reaction cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Jin
- Institute of Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Institute of Environmental Protection Application Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215009, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Institute of Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Institute of Environmental Protection Application Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215009, China
| | - Jian-hua Wu
- Institute of Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Institute of Environmental Protection Application Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215009, China
| | - San-Jian Ma
- Institute of Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Institute of Environmental Protection Application Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215009, China
- Suzhou Cott Environmental Protection Co., Ltd, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215156, China
| | - Juan-Hong Li
- Changzhou Vocational Institute of Engineering, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province 213164, China
| | - Yong-Jing Tian
- Institute of Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Institute of Environmental Protection Application Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215009, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Institute of Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Institute of Environmental Protection Application Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215009, China
| | - Zi-Xia Lin
- Testing Center, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
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7
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Qiu W, Gao M, Chen Q, Zheng A, Shi Y, Liu X, Li J, Dai G, Hu Y, Lin Z. Acceleration of Fe
III
/Fe
II
cycle enhanced by Pd/MOF‐808(Zr) composite in hydrogen promotion Fenton system for sulfamethazine elimination. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen‐Jing Qiu
- Tianping College of Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou China
| | - Ming‐Wu Gao
- Tianping College of Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou China
| | - Qi Chen
- Tianping College of Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou China
| | - Ao Zheng
- Tianping College of Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou China
| | - Yi‐Jia Shi
- Tianping College of Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou China
| | - Xin Liu
- Tianping College of Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou China
- Institute of Environmental Protection Application Technology, Institute of Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou China
| | - Juan‐Hong Li
- Changzhou Vocational Institute of Engineering Changzhou China
| | - Guo‐Liang Dai
- School of Chemistry and Life Science Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou China
| | - Yang Hu
- Suzhou Cott Environmental Protection Co., Ltd. Suzhou China
| | - Zi‐Xia Lin
- Testing Center Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
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8
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Moinfar S, Khodayari A, Abdulrahman SS, Aghaei A, Sohrabnezhad S, Jamil LA. Development of a SPE/GC-MS method for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in food samples using syringe filters packed by GNP/MIL-101(Cr) nanocomposite. Food Chem 2021; 371:130997. [PMID: 34537611 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report the synthesis and application of a nanocomposite comprising metal-organic framework MIL-101(Cr) and graphene nanopowder (GNP) as a promising sorbent for the extraction of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in juices, water, vegetables and honey samples. A syringe filter, for the first time, was used to host the synthesized nanocomposite and extract the OPPs followed by GC-MS analysis. Different characterization methods including XRD, FTIR, TGA, BET and SEM were employed to confirm the formation of studied nanocomposite. The results indicated that the GNP/MIL-101(Cr) could provide higher capacity for adsorption of OPPs and lower detection limit compared to pristine MIL-101(Cr). The detection limits were 0.005 to 15.0 µg/Kg and the linear range found between 0.05 and 400 µg/Kg. The proposed method showed very good repeatability with the RSD values ranging from 2.9% to 7.1%. The recoveries were between 84% -110% with the spiked levels of 2.0-100.0 µg/Kg.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Khodayari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, P.O. Box 1914, Rasht, Iran; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, 56199-11367 Ardabil, Iran
| | | | - Ali Aghaei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq
| | - Shabnam Sohrabnezhad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, P.O. Box 1914, Rasht, Iran
| | - Lazgin Abdi Jamil
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq
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