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Hecko S, Schiefer A, Badenhorst CPS, Fink MJ, Mihovilovic MD, Bornscheuer UT, Rudroff F. Enlightening the Path to Protein Engineering: Chemoselective Turn-On Probes for High-Throughput Screening of Enzymatic Activity. Chem Rev 2023; 123:2832-2901. [PMID: 36853077 PMCID: PMC10037340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Many successful stories in enzyme engineering are based on the creation of randomized diversity in large mutant libraries, containing millions to billions of enzyme variants. Methods that enabled their evaluation with high throughput are dominated by spectroscopic techniques due to their high speed and sensitivity. A large proportion of studies relies on fluorogenic substrates that mimic the chemical properties of the target or coupled enzymatic assays with an optical read-out that assesses the desired catalytic efficiency indirectly. The most reliable hits, however, are achieved by screening for conversions of the starting material to the desired product. For this purpose, functional group assays offer a general approach to achieve a fast, optical read-out. They use the chemoselectivity, differences in electronic and steric properties of various functional groups, to reduce the number of false-positive results and the analytical noise stemming from enzymatic background activities. This review summarizes the developments and use of functional group probes for chemoselective derivatizations, with a clear focus on screening for enzymatic activity in protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hecko
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, OC-163, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Schiefer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, OC-163, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoffel P S Badenhorst
- Institute of Biochemistry, Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael J Fink
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Marko D Mihovilovic
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, OC-163, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Florian Rudroff
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, OC-163, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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2
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Kaushik R, Nehra N, Novakova V, Zimcik P. Near-Infrared Probes for Biothiols (Cysteine, Homocysteine, and Glutathione): A Comprehensive Review. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:98-126. [PMID: 36643462 PMCID: PMC9835641 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Biothiols (cysteine, homocysteine, and glutathione) are an important class of compounds with a free thiol group. These biothiols plays an important role in several metabolic processes in living bodies when present in optimum concentration. Researchers have developed several probes for the detection and quantification of biothiols that can absorb in UV, visible, and near-infrared (NIR) regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Among them, NIR organic probes have attracted significant attention due to their application in in vivo and in vitro imaging. In this review, we have summarized probes for these biothiols, which could work in the NIR region, and discussed their sensing mechanism and potential applications. Along with focusing on the pros and cons of the reported probes we have classified them according to the fluorophore used and summarized their photophysical and sensing properties (emission, response time, limit of detection).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kaushik
- Chemical
Oceanography Division, CSIR National Institute
of Oceanography, Dona Paula 403004, Goa, India
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Univerzita Karlova v Praze Farmaceuticka fakulta v
Hradci Kralove, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec
Králové 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Nidhi Nehra
- School
of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association
for the Cultivation of Science, 2A&2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Veronika Novakova
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Univerzita Karlova v Praze Farmaceuticka fakulta v
Hradci Kralove, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec
Králové 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Zimcik
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Univerzita Karlova v Praze Farmaceuticka fakulta v
Hradci Kralove, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec
Králové 50005, Czech Republic
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Qiao L, Yang Y, Cai J, Lv X, Hao J, Li Y. Long wavelength emission fluorescent probe for highly selective detection of cysteine in living cells. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 264:120247. [PMID: 34399295 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We developed a fluorescent probe, named 2-(4-(acryloyloxy) phenyl)-4-(2-carboxyphenyl)-7-(diethylamino) chromenylium (PA-A), for detecting Cys using the -OH protection/deprotection strategy, which can react with Cys to form a red-emitting anthocyanidin derivative fluorophore. The probe has high selectivity to Cys over Hcy and GSH in phosphate buffer solution (PBS, 10 mM, pH = 7.4), high sensitivity, a low detection limit of 4.48 × 10-8 mol/L, and it can be recognized with the naked eye. Fluorescence imaging experiment of Cys with PA-A at the cellular successfully showed excellent tissue penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuqi Qiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Wucheng Road 92, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Yongxing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Wucheng Road 92, Taiyuan 030006, PR China.
| | - Jianhua Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Wucheng Road 92, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Xin Lv
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Wucheng Road 92, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Junsheng Hao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Wucheng Road 92, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Yaping Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Wucheng Road 92, Taiyuan 030006, PR China.
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Gao C, Zhang Q, Ma L, Song P, Xia LX. Nanoscaled Fe‐MIL‐88NH
2
as a Turn‐On Platform for Detecting and Bioimaging Cysteine. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ce Gao
- College of Chemistry Liaoning University Shenyang 110036 China
| | - Qijia Zhang
- College of Chemistry Liaoning University Shenyang 110036 China
| | - Liping Ma
- College of Chemistry Liaoning University Shenyang 110036 China
| | - P. Song
- College of Physics Liaoning University Shenyang 110036 China
| | - L. X. Xia
- College of Chemistry Liaoning University Shenyang 110036 China
- Yingkou Institute of Technology Yingkou 115014 China
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Liu Y, Yu Y, Zhao Q, Tang C, Zhang H, Qin Y, Feng X, Zhang J. Fluorescent probes based on nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions for reactive sulfur and selenium species: Recent progress, applications, and design strategies. Coord Chem Rev 2021; 427:213601. [PMID: 33024340 PMCID: PMC7529596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reactive sulfur species (RSS) and reactive selenium species (RSeS) are important substances for the maintenance of physiological balance. Imbalance of RSS and RSeS is closely related to a series of human diseases, so it is considered to be an important biomarker in early diagnosis, treatment, and stage monitoring. Fast and accurate quantitative analysis of different RSS and RSeS in complex biological systems may promote the development of personalized diagnosis and treatment in the future. One way to explore the physiological function of various types of RSS and RSeS in vivo is to detect them at the molecular level, and one of the most effective methods for this is to use fluorescent probes. Nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reactions are commonly exploited as a detection mechanism for RSS and RSeS in fluorescent probes. In this review, we cover recent progress in fluorescent probes for RSS and RSeS based on SNAr reactions, and discuss their response mechanisms, properties, and applications. Benzenesulfonate, phenyl-O ether, phenyl-S ether, phenyl-Se ether, 7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD), benzoate, and selenium-nitrogen bonds are all good detection groups. Moreover, based on an integration of different reports, we propose the design and synthesis of RSS- and RSeS-selective probes based on SNAr reactions, current challenges, and future research directions, considering the selection of active sites, the effect of substituents on the benzene ring, and the introduction of other functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qingyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chaohua Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huiyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuchang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaohui Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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6
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Chao J, Duan Y, Zhang Y, Huo F, Yin C. “Turn-on” fluorescence probe for selective recognition of endogenous and exogenous cysteine in cells. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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7
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Recent advances in the development of responsive probes for selective detection of cysteine. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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8
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Yang CF, Zeng LY, Ning BK, Wang JY, Zhang H, Zhang ZH. Development of a fast-responsive and turn on fluorescent probe with large Stokes shift for specific detection of cysteine in vivo. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 225:117482. [PMID: 31472424 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine has a great effect on the physiological and pathological processes, which could bring out various diseases such as skin lesions, edema, hair depigmentation, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and liver damage due to the abnormal concentrations of cysteine. Therefore, it is of great impoatance to develop a method for imaging Cys. Herein, a novel fluorescent probe was developed for imaging Cys in vivo specially. This turn-on probe exhibited favorable advantages including large Stokes shift (90 nm), fast response (10 min), good selectivity, low cytotoxicity and so on. Furthermore, the probe could be applied to monitoring cysteine in living HeLa cells, which indicates that this turn-on probe could penetrate viable cell membranes and image Cys over other analystes especially HCy and GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals & Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Li-Yuan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals & Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Bin-Ke Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals & Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Jian-Yong Wang
- School of Light Industry and Engineering, Qi Lu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Haitao Zhang
- School of Light Industry and Engineering, Qi Lu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Zhang
- School of Light Industry and Engineering, Qi Lu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
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9
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Benzothiazole derived ratiometric fluorescent probe for selective detection of Pd(0) based on Tsuji-Trost reaction. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.119000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Rong Y, Wang C, Chuai P, Song Y, Zhou S, Hou P, Liu X, Wei L, Song X. A naphthalimide-indole fused chromophore-based fluorescent probe for the detection of biothiol with red emission and a large Stokes shift. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj02709b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This probe exhibited red emission (λmax = 590 nm) and a large Stokes shift (143 nm) for the detection of biothiols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Rong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Chen Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Panfeng Chuai
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Yunfan Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Peng Hou
- College of Pharmacy
- Qiqihar Medical University
- Qiqihar
- P. R. China
| | - Xingjiang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Liuhe Wei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Xiangzhi Song
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Central South University
- Changsha
- China
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