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Maeda Y, Akita S, Suzuki M, Yamada M, Akasaka T, Kobayashi K, Nagase S. Controlling the reactivity of La@C 82 by reduction: reaction of the La@C 82 anion with alkyl halide with high regioselectivity. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1858-1866. [PMID: 38116242 PMCID: PMC10729119 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Endohedral metallofullerenes have excellent redox properties, which can be used to vary their reactivity to certain classes of molecules, such as alkyl halides. In this study, the thermal reaction of the La@C2v-C82 anion with benzyl bromide derivatives 1 at 110 °C afforded single-bonded adducts 2-5 with high regioselectivity. The products were characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and visible-near infrared spectroscopy. The reaction of La@C2v-C82 with alkyl halides using the same conditions showed no consumption of La@C2v-C82, indicating that the reactivity of La@C2v-C82 toward alkyl halides was effectively increased by one-electron reduction. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the single-bonded adduct 3a revealed the addition site of the p-methoxybenzyl group on La@C2v-C82. Theoretical calculations indicated that the addition site carbons in neutral La@C2v-C82 have high spin density, whereas those in the La@C2v-C82 anion do not have high charge densities. Thus, the reaction is believed to occur via electron transfer, followed by the radical coupling of La@C2v-C82 and benzyl radicals, rather than by bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction of La@C2v-C82 anion with 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan
| | - Saeka Akita
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Michio Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Akasaka
- Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kobayashi
- Department of Theoretical Studies, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- Department of Theoretical Studies, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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Xu LJ, Yang WW, Han FS, Gao X. Transition-metal-mediated benzylation of C 60 with benzyl chlorides. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:2331-2336. [PMID: 36815307 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00039g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Benzyl bromides have been widely used for fullerene functionalization. However, the use of benzyl chlorides, a more affordable but less reactive counterpart of benzyl bromides, has been rarely reported. Herein, a new metal-mediated benzylation of C60 with benzyl chlorides is presented. In this method, with the combinatorial use of Mn powder and Cu(OAc)2, various benzyl chloride derivatives could react with C60 to afford 1,4-dibenzylated products in 12-53% yields. A mechanistic study by in situ visible near infrared (vis-NIR) spectroscopy and various control experiments suggests that, unlike the conventional anionic pathway that uses benzyl bromides, the transition-metal-mediated benzylation of C60 with benzyl chlorides proceeds via a metal-mediated iterative single electron transfer process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Xu
- Jilin Province Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Process, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China. .,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Wei-Wei Yang
- Jilin Province Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Process, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.
| | - Fu-She Han
- Jilin Province Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Process, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China. .,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Jilin Province Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Process, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China. .,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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Sumino S, Matsumoto F, Iwai T, Ito T. Methanofullerene Synthesis via Photogenerated Fullerene Radical Anion Intermediates. J Org Chem 2021; 86:8500-8507. [PMID: 34096302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the synthesis of PCBM ([6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester) derivatives and other methanofullerene derivatives via generation of fullerene radical anions under photoirradiation and controlled by photoswitching, without preparation, a strong reducing agent, or precise control of the reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Sumino
- Research Division of Organic Materials, Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (ORIST), 1-6-50, Morinomiya, Osaka 536-8553, Japan
| | - Fukashi Matsumoto
- Research Division of Organic Materials, Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (ORIST), 1-6-50, Morinomiya, Osaka 536-8553, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Iwai
- Research Division of Organic Materials, Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (ORIST), 1-6-50, Morinomiya, Osaka 536-8553, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Ito
- Research Division of Organic Materials, Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (ORIST), 1-6-50, Morinomiya, Osaka 536-8553, Japan
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