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Kumar A, Vigato C, Boschi D, Lolli ML, Kumar D. Phenothiazines as anti-cancer agents: SAR overview and synthetic strategies. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 254:115337. [PMID: 37060756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide and there are still limited options for cure. Chemotherapy is the most significant treatment for cancer which increased survival rates, despite this, it is associated with numerous side effects, as well as cancer relapsing due to drug resistance insurgence; consequently, it is still a challenging task to develop new potent and less toxic anti-cancer agents for patients' care. Phenothiazine moiety, which leads a class of well-known antipsychotic drugs, possesses a wide range of biological activities and has been also introduced in cancer chemotherapy. This review aims in disclosing the use of phenothiazines during the last five years for the development of different anti-cancer drug candidates. The design and the synthetic strategies adopted, the SAR investigations and the role of reviewed phenothiazine derivatives as anti-cancer agents and multi-drug resistance (MDR) reversals are here fully described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173 229, India
| | - Chiara Vigato
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Donatella Boschi
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Lucio Lolli
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173 229, India.
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2
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Theoretical studies, anticancer activity, and photovoltaic performance of newly synthesized carbazole-based dyes. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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3
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Antioxidant activities of Alyssum virgatum plant and its main components. Struct Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-021-01856-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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4
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Wang G, Sun S, Guo H. Current status of carbazole hybrids as anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 229:113999. [PMID: 34838335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The drug resistance and low specificity of current available chemotherapeutics to cancer cells are the main reasons responsible for the failure of cancer chemotherapy and remain dramatic challenges for cancer therapy, creating an urgent need to develop novel anticancer agents. Carbazole nucleus, widely distributed in nature, is a predominant feature of a vast array of biologically active compounds. Carbazole derivatives exhibited potential antiproliferative activity against different cancer cell lines by diverse mechanisms, inclusive of arrest cell cycle and induce apoptosis, and several anticancer agents are carbazole-based compounds. Thus, carbazole derivatives represent a fertile source for discovery of novel anticancer therapeutic agents. Over the past several years, a variety of carbazole hybrids have been developed as potential anticancer agents. The present review focuses on the recent progress, from 2016 until now, in knowledge on anticancer properties, structure-activity relationships and mechanisms of action of carbazole hybrids to provide a basis for development of relevant therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangqiang Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials, Non-power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
| | - Shaofa Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials, Non-power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, PR China
| | - Hua Guo
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Anshan Normal University, Anshan, 114005, Liaoning, PR China
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5
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Ahmed M, Imran M, Muddassar M, Hussain R, Khan MU, Ahmad S, Mehboob MY, Ashfaq S. Benzenesulfonohydrazides inhibiting urease: Design, synthesis, their in vitro and in silico studies. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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6
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Sivaramakarthikeyan R, Iniyaval S, Saravanan V, Lim WM, Mai CW, Ramalingan C. Molecular Hybrids Integrated with Benzimidazole and Pyrazole Structural Motifs: Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Docking Studies. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:10089-10098. [PMID: 32391496 PMCID: PMC7203960 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of a series of benzimidazole-ornamented pyrazoles, 6a-6j has been obtained from arylhydrazine and aralkyl ketones via a multistep synthetic strategy. Among them, a hybrid-possessing para-nitrophenyl moiety connected to a pyrazole scaffold (6a) exerted the highest anti-inflammatory activity, which is superior to the standard, diclofenac sodium. While executing the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity, a hybrid-possessing para-bromophenyl unit integrated at the pyrazole structural motif (6i) exhibited the highest activity among the hybrids examined. Besides, evaluation of anticancer potency of the synthesized hybrids revealed that the one containing a para-fluorophenyl unit tethered at the pyrazole nucleus (6h) showed the highest activity against both the pancreatic cancer cells (SW1990 and AsPCl) investigated. Considerable binding affinity between B-cell lymphoma and the hybrid, 6h has been reflected while performing molecular docking studies (-8.65 kcal/mol). The outcomes of the investigation expose that these hybrids could be used as effective intermediates to construct more potent biological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramar Sivaramakarthikeyan
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education (Deemed to be University), Krishnankoil 626 126, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Shunmugam Iniyaval
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education (Deemed to be University), Krishnankoil 626 126, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Vadivel Saravanan
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education (Deemed to be University), Krishnankoil 626 126, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Wei-Meng Lim
- School
of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126 Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit
Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Chun-Wai Mai
- School
of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126 Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit
Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
- Center
for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Institute for Research, Development
and Innovation (IRDI), International Medical
University, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Chennan Ramalingan
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education (Deemed to be University), Krishnankoil 626 126, Tamilnadu, India
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7
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Sivaramakarthikeyan R, Iniyaval S, Padmavathy K, Liew HS, Looi CK, Mai CW, Ramalingan C. Phenothiazine and amide-ornamented dihydropyridines viaa molecular hybridization approach: design, synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking studies. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj03394g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel phenothiazinyldihydropyridine dicarboxamides7a–7jwas synthesized by adopting a multi-step synthetic strategy and characterized through physical and spectral techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramar Sivaramakarthikeyan
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Advanced Sciences
- Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, (Deemed to be University)
- India
| | - Shunmugam Iniyaval
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Advanced Sciences
- Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, (Deemed to be University)
- India
| | - Krishnaraj Padmavathy
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Advanced Sciences
- Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, (Deemed to be University)
- India
| | - Hui-Shan Liew
- School of Postgraduate Studies
- International Medical University
- Malaysia
| | - Chin-King Looi
- School of Postgraduate Studies
- International Medical University
- Malaysia
| | - Chun-Wai Mai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- International Medical University
- Malaysia
- Centre for Cancer and Stem Cell Research
| | - Chennan Ramalingan
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Advanced Sciences
- Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, (Deemed to be University)
- India
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