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Moghaddam MK, Gheshlagh FG, Moezzi M. Extraction and characterization of cellulose microfibers from cornhusk for application as reinforcing agent in biocomposite. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130669. [PMID: 38453110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to extract and characterize cellulose microfibers from cornhusk, an agricultural by-product. The extracted fibers will then be used as a reinforcing agent in a biocomposite made of thermoplastic corn starch. The process of extracting cellulose microfibers involved two treatments: sequential alkali treatment (using sodium hydroxide at 120 °C for 120 min) and peroxide bleach treatment (using hydrogen peroxide at 90 °C for 60 min). Various techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were employed to characterize the extracted fibers. The properties of the composite were examined through tensile strength tests, contact angle measurements, and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The study found that cellulose microfibers were successfully extracted from cornhusks, with a diameter of 7 to 30 μm and a crystallinity of 65 %. The treated fibers showed gradual degradation between 150 °C and 350 °C, indicating a lower amount of non-cellulosic substances compared to untreated cornhusks. Adding 10 % of the microfibers to the thermoplastic starch composite increased the tensile stress at breaking and the Young's modulus, but decreased the contact angle of water droplets and the film's transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Meysam Moezzi
- Textile Engineering Department, University of Bonab, Bonab 5551395133, Iran
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Lomelí-Ramírez MG, Reyes-Alfaro B, Martínez-Salcedo SL, González-Pérez MM, Gallardo-Sánchez MA, Landázuri-Gómez G, Vargas-Radillo JJ, Diaz-Vidal T, Torres-Rendón JG, Macias-Balleza ER, García-Enriquez S. Thermoplastic Starch Biocomposite Films Reinforced with Nanocellulose from Agave tequilana Weber var. Azul Bagasse. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3793. [PMID: 37765647 PMCID: PMC10534575 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), bleached cellulose nanofibers (bCNFs), and unbleached cellulose nanofibers (ubCNFs) isolated by acid hydrolysis from Agave tequilana Weber var. Azul bagasse, an agro-waste from the tequila industry, were used as reinforcements in a thermoplastic starch matrix to obtain environmentally friendly materials that can substitute contaminant polymers. A robust characterization of starting materials and biocomposites was carried out. Biocomposite mechanical, thermal, and antibacterial properties were evaluated, as well as color, crystallinity, morphology, rugosity, lateral texture, electrical conductivity, chemical identity, solubility, and water vapor permeability. Pulp fibers and nanocelluloses were analyzed via SEM, TEM, and AFM. The water vapor permeability (WVP) decreased by up to 20.69% with the presence of CNCs. The solubility decreases with the presence of CNFs and CNCs. The addition of CNCs and CNFs increased the tensile strength and Young's modulus and decreased the elongation at break. Biocomposites prepared with ubCNF showed the best tensile mechanical properties due to a better adhesion with the matrix. Images of bCNF-based biocomposites demonstrated that bCNFs are good reinforcing agents as the fibers were dispersed within the starch film and embedded within the matrix. Roughness increased with CNF content and decreased with CNC content. Films with CNCs did not show bacterial growth for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. This study offers a new theoretical basis since it demonstrates that different proportions of bleached or unbleached nanofibers and nanocrystals can improve the properties of starch films.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Guadalupe Lomelí-Ramírez
- Department of Wood, Cellulose and Paper, University Center for Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, km 15.5 at the Guadalajara-Nogales Highway, Zapopan 45220, Mexico; (M.G.L.-R.); (S.L.M.-S.); (M.M.G.-P.); (J.J.V.-R.); (J.G.T.-R.)
| | - Benjamín Reyes-Alfaro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Michoacana University of Saint Nicholas of Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Mexico;
| | - Silvia Lizeth Martínez-Salcedo
- Department of Wood, Cellulose and Paper, University Center for Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, km 15.5 at the Guadalajara-Nogales Highway, Zapopan 45220, Mexico; (M.G.L.-R.); (S.L.M.-S.); (M.M.G.-P.); (J.J.V.-R.); (J.G.T.-R.)
| | - María Magdalena González-Pérez
- Department of Wood, Cellulose and Paper, University Center for Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, km 15.5 at the Guadalajara-Nogales Highway, Zapopan 45220, Mexico; (M.G.L.-R.); (S.L.M.-S.); (M.M.G.-P.); (J.J.V.-R.); (J.G.T.-R.)
| | - Manuel Alberto Gallardo-Sánchez
- Department of Civil Engineering and Topography, University Center for Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Marcelino Garcia Barragan Street, Number 1451, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico;
| | - Gabriel Landázuri-Gómez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University Center for Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Marcelino Garcia Barragan Street, Number 1451, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico; (G.L.-G.); (T.D.-V.)
| | - J. Jesús Vargas-Radillo
- Department of Wood, Cellulose and Paper, University Center for Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, km 15.5 at the Guadalajara-Nogales Highway, Zapopan 45220, Mexico; (M.G.L.-R.); (S.L.M.-S.); (M.M.G.-P.); (J.J.V.-R.); (J.G.T.-R.)
| | - Tania Diaz-Vidal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University Center for Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Marcelino Garcia Barragan Street, Number 1451, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico; (G.L.-G.); (T.D.-V.)
| | - José Guillermo Torres-Rendón
- Department of Wood, Cellulose and Paper, University Center for Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, km 15.5 at the Guadalajara-Nogales Highway, Zapopan 45220, Mexico; (M.G.L.-R.); (S.L.M.-S.); (M.M.G.-P.); (J.J.V.-R.); (J.G.T.-R.)
| | - Emma Rebeca Macias-Balleza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University Center for Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Marcelino Garcia Barragan Street, Number 1451, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico; (G.L.-G.); (T.D.-V.)
| | - Salvador García-Enriquez
- Department of Wood, Cellulose and Paper, University Center for Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, km 15.5 at the Guadalajara-Nogales Highway, Zapopan 45220, Mexico; (M.G.L.-R.); (S.L.M.-S.); (M.M.G.-P.); (J.J.V.-R.); (J.G.T.-R.)
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Real-time monitoring of the starch cross-linking with citric acid by chemorheological analysis. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 311:120733. [PMID: 37028869 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Cross-linking has been used as a strategy to improve the mechanical properties of starch films. However, the concentration of the cross-linking agent and the cure time and temperature determine the structure and properties of the modified starch. This article, for the first time, reports the chemorheological study of cross-linked starch films with citric acid (CA) through monitoring the storage modulus as a function of time G'(t). In this study, a CA concentration of 10 phr showed a pronounced increase of G'(t) during the cross-linking of starch, followed by a constant plateau. Analyses of infrared spectroscopy validated the result chemorheological. In addition, the mechanical properties showed a plasticizing effect of the CA at high concentrations. This research demonstrated that chemorheology is a valuable tool in the study of starch cross-linking, which becomes a promising technique to evaluate the cross-linking of other polysaccharides and cross-linking agents.
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Khalili H, Bahloul A, Ablouh EH, Sehaqui H, Kassab Z, Semlali Aouragh Hassani FZ, El Achaby M. Starch biocomposites based on cellulose microfibers and nanocrystals extracted from alfa fibers (Stipa tenacissima). Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 226:345-356. [PMID: 36470435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose-based biopolymers have emerged as one of the most promising components to produce sustainable composites as a potential substitutes to fossil-based materials. Herein, the aim of this study is to investigate the reinforcing effect of cellulose microfibers (CMFs) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), extracted from alfa fibers (Stipa tenacissima), on the properties of starch biopolymer extracted from potato. The as-extracted CMFs (D = 5.94 ± 0.96 μm), CNCs (D = 14.29 ± 2.53 nm) and starch were firstly characterized in terms of their physicochemical properties. Afterwards, CMFs and CNCs were separately dispersed in starch at different concentrations, and their reinforcing effects as well as the chemical, thermal, transparency and mechanical properties of the resulted starch-based films were evaluated. Thus, CMFs and CNCs incorporation into starch resulted in a minor impact on the films thermal stability, while a considerable impact on the transparency property was observed. In terms of mechanical properties, the addition of up to 20 wt% CMFs reduced the film's elongation but drastically increased its stiffness by 300 %. On the other hand, in the case of CNCs, a loading of 10 wt% was found to be the most effective in increasing film stiffness (by 57 %), while increasing the loading up to 20 wt% CNCs enhanced the film's ductility (strain-to-failure) by 52 %. This study showed that introduction of cellulosic fibers having different sizes into starch can produce biocomposite materials with a wide range of properties for food packaging application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houssine Khalili
- Materials Science, Energy and Nanoengineering Department (MSN), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Lot 660 - Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Adil Bahloul
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie et Matériaux, Faculté des Sciences Ben M'sik, Université Hassan II de Casablanca, B.P.7955, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - El-Houssaine Ablouh
- Materials Science, Energy and Nanoengineering Department (MSN), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Lot 660 - Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Houssine Sehaqui
- Materials Science, Energy and Nanoengineering Department (MSN), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Lot 660 - Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Zineb Kassab
- Materials Science, Energy and Nanoengineering Department (MSN), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Lot 660 - Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Benguerir, Morocco.
| | - Fatima-Zahra Semlali Aouragh Hassani
- Materials Science, Energy and Nanoengineering Department (MSN), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Lot 660 - Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Benguerir, Morocco.
| | - Mounir El Achaby
- Materials Science, Energy and Nanoengineering Department (MSN), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Lot 660 - Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Benguerir, Morocco.
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Properties of polyvinyl alcohol films reinforced by citric acid modified cellulose nanocrystals and silica aerogels. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 298:120116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abotbina W, Sapuan SM, Ilyas RA, Sultan MTH, Alkbir MFM, Sulaiman S, Harussani MM, Bayraktar E. Recent Developments in Cassava ( Manihot esculenta) Based Biocomposites and Their Potential Industrial Applications: A Comprehensive Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6992. [PMID: 36234333 PMCID: PMC9571773 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The rapid use of petroleum resources coupled with increased awareness of global environmental problems associated with the use of petroleum-based plastics is a major driving force in the acceptance of natural fibers and biopolymers as green materials. Because of their environmentally friendly and sustainable nature, natural fibers and biopolymers have gained significant attention from scientists and industries. Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a plant that has various purposes for use. It is the primary source of food in many countries and is also used in the production of biocomposites, biopolymers, and biofibers. Starch from cassava can be plasticized, reinforced with fibers, or blended with other polymers to strengthen their properties. Besides that, it is currently used as a raw material for bioethanol and renewable energy production. This comprehensive review paper explains the latest developments in bioethanol compounds from cassava and gives a detailed report on macro and nano-sized cassava fibers and starch, and their fabrication as blend polymers, biocomposites, and hybrid composites. The review also highlights the potential utilization of cassava fibers and biopolymers for industrial applications such as food, bioenergy, packaging, automotive, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Abotbina
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- Sustainable Waste Management Research Group (SWAM), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forest and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M. T. H. Sultan
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M. F. M. Alkbir
- Advanced Facilities Engineering Technology Research Cluster, Malaysian Institute of Industrial Technology (MITEC), University Kuala Lumpur, Persiaran Sinaran Ilmu, Bandar Seri Alam, Masai 81750, Johor, Malaysia
- Facilities Maintenance Engineering Section, Malaysian Institute of Industrial Technology (MITEC), Universitiy Kuala Lumpur, Johor Bahru 81750, Johor, Malaysia
| | - S. Sulaiman
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M. M. Harussani
- Energy Science and Engineering, Department of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro 152-8552, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emin Bayraktar
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, ISAE-SUPMECA Institute of Mechanics of Paris, 93400 Saint-Ouen, France
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Deralia PK, Sonker AK, Lund A, Larsson A, Ström A, Westman G. Side chains affect the melt processing and stretchability of arabinoxylan biomass-based thermoplastic films. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 294:133618. [PMID: 35066072 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobization of hemicellulose causes melt processing and makes them stretchable thermoplastics. Understanding how native and/or appended side chains in various hemicelluloses after chemical modification affect melt processing and material properties can help in the development of products for film packaging and substrates for stretchable electronics applications. Herein, we describe a one-step and two-step strategy for the fabrication of flexible and stretchable thermoplastics prepared by compression molding of two structurally different arabinoxylans (AX). For one-step synthesis, the n-butyl glycidyl ether epoxide ring was opened to the hydroxyl group, resulting in the introduction of alkoxide side chains. The first step in the two-step synthesis was periodate oxidation. Because the melt processability for AXs having low arabinose to xylose ratio (araf/xylp<0.5) have been limited, two structurally distinct AXs extracted from wheat bran (AXWB, araf/xylp = 3/4) and barley husk (AXBH, araf/xylp = 1/4) were used to investigate the effect of araf/xylp and hydrophobization on the melt processability and properties of the final material. Melt compression processability was achieved in AXBH derived samples. DSC and DMA confirmed that the thermoplastics derived from AXWB and AXBH had dual and single glass transition (Tg) characteristics, respectively, but the thermoplastics derived from AXBH had lower stretchability (maximum 160%) compared to the AXWB samples (maximum 300%). Higher araf/xylp values, and thus longer alkoxide side chains in AXWB-derived thermoplastics, explain the stretchability differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Kumar Deralia
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-41296, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Amit Kumar Sonker
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anja Lund
- Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anette Larsson
- Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Ström
- Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Westman
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-41296, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Koduru HK, Marinov YG, Scaramuzza N. Review on Microstructural and Ion‐conductivity Properties of Biodegradable Starch‐Based Solid Polymer Electrolyte Membranes. STARCH-STARKE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202100170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hari Krishna Koduru
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Georgi Nadjakov Institute of Solid State Physics 72, Tzarigradsko Chaussee Blvd. Sofia 1784 Bulgaria
- Dipartimento di Fisica Università degli Studi della Calabria Via P. Bucci, Cubo 33B – 87036, Rende (CS), ‐ Italy Arcavacata di Rende Calabria Italy
| | - Yordan Georgiev Marinov
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Georgi Nadjakov Institute of Solid State Physics 72, Tzarigradsko Chaussee Blvd. Sofia 1784 Bulgaria
| | - Nicola Scaramuzza
- Dipartimento di Fisica Università degli Studi della Calabria Via P. Bucci, Cubo 33B – 87036, Rende (CS), ‐ Italy Arcavacata di Rende Calabria Italy
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Decolorization of a Corn Fiber Arabinoxylan Extract and Formulation of Biodegradable Films for Food Packaging. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11050321. [PMID: 33924788 PMCID: PMC8145372 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11050321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Corn fiber from the corn starch industry is a by-product produced in large quantity that is mainly used in animal feed formulations, though it is still rich in valuable components, such as arabinoxylans, with proven film-forming ability. During arabinoxylans' recovery under alkaline extraction, a dark-colored biopolymer fraction is obtained. In this work, a purified arabinoxylan extract from corn fiber with an intense brownish color was decolorized using hydrogen peroxide as the decolorizing agent. Biodegradable films prepared by casting the decolorized extract exhibited a light-yellow color, considered more appealing, envisaging their application in food packaging. Films were prepared with glycerol as plasticizer and citric acid as cross-linker. Although the cross-linking reaction was not effective, films presented antioxidant activity, a water vapor permeability similar to that of non-decolorized films, and other polysaccharides' and mechanical properties that enable their application as packaging materials of low-water-content food products.
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González K, Iturriaga L, González A, Eceiza A, Gabilondo N. Improving mechanical and barrier properties of thermoplastic starch and polysaccharide nanocrystals nanocomposites. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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