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Beckmann JL, Krieft J, Vishnevskiy YV, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Mitzel NW. Poly-pnictogen bonding: trapping halide ions by a tetradentate antimony(iii) Lewis acid. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13551-13559. [PMID: 38033898 PMCID: PMC10685332 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04594c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A highly halide affine, tetradentate pnictogen-bonding host-system based on the syn-photodimer of 1,8-diethynylanthracene was synthesized by a selective tin-antimony exchange reaction. The host carries four C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-Sb(C2F5)2 units and has been investigated regarding its ability to act as a Lewis acidic host component for the cooperative trapping of halide ions (F-, Cl-, Br-, I-). The chelating effect makes this host-system superior to its bidentate derivative in competition experiments. It represents a charge-reversed crown-4 and has the ability to dissolve otherwise poorly soluble salts like tetra-methyl-ammonium chloride. Its NMR-spectroscopic properties make it a potential probe for halide ions in solution. Insights into the structural properties of the halide adducts by X-ray diffraction and computational methods (DFT, QTAIM, IQA) reveal a complex interplay of attractive pnictogen bonding interactions and Coulomb repulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Louis Beckmann
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials CM2 Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University Universitätsstrasse 25 Bielefeld 33615 Germany
| | - Jonas Krieft
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials CM2 Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University Universitätsstrasse 25 Bielefeld 33615 Germany
| | - Yury V Vishnevskiy
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials CM2 Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University Universitätsstrasse 25 Bielefeld 33615 Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials CM2 Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University Universitätsstrasse 25 Bielefeld 33615 Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials CM2 Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University Universitätsstrasse 25 Bielefeld 33615 Germany
| | - Norbert W Mitzel
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials CM2 Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University Universitätsstrasse 25 Bielefeld 33615 Germany
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2
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Scheiner S, Michalczyk M, Zierkiewicz W. Influence of Internal Angular Arrangement on Pnicogen Bond Strength. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 38016913 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The three Z-X covalent bonds of a ZX3 unit (Z = P, As, Sb, Bi) are normally arranged in a pyramidal structure. Quantum chemical calculations show that pnicogen bonds (ZBs) to the central Z are weakened if ZX3 is flattened, as in the opening of an umbrella. The partial closing of the umbrella has the opposite effect of substantially strengthening these ZBs, even amounting to a 2- or 3-fold magnification in certain cases. The strongest such bonds, wherein Sb and Bi are in a strained configuration within a ZO3CH model system, have interaction energies of 20 kcal/mol with an NH3 base. Most of these systems, whether flattened or more pyramidal, are capable of engaging in three ZBs simultaneously, despite a certain amount of negative cooperativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
| | - Mariusz Michalczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wiktor Zierkiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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3
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Beckmann JL, Krieft J, Vishnevskiy YV, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Mitzel NW. A Bidentate Antimony Pnictogen Bonding Host System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310439. [PMID: 37773008 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
A bidentate pnictogen bonding host-system based on 1,8-diethynylanthracene was synthesized by a selective tin-antimony exchange reaction and investigated regarding its ability to act as a Lewis acidic host component for the complexation of Lewis basic or anionic guests. In this work, the novel C≡C-Sb(C2 F5 )2 unit was established to study the potential of antimony(III) sites as representatives for the scarcely explored pnictogen bonding donors. The capability of this partly fluorinated host system was investigated towards halide anions (Cl- , Br- , I- ), dimethyl chalcogenides Me2 Y (Y=O, S, Se, Te), and nitrogen heterocycles (pyridine, pyrimidine). Insights into the adduct formation behavior as well as the bonding situation of such E⋅⋅⋅Sb-CF moieties were obtained in solution by means of NMR spectroscopy, in the solid state by X-ray diffraction, by elemental analyses, and by computational methods (DFT, QTAIM, IQA), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Louis Beckmann
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials CM2 Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jonas Krieft
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials CM2 Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Yury V Vishnevskiy
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials CM2 Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials CM2 Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials CM2 Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Norbert W Mitzel
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials CM2 Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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4
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Moaven S, Villanueva OH, Unruh DK, Cozzolino AF. The complicating role of pnictogen bond formation in the solution-phase and solid-state structures of the heavier pnictogen atranes. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:11335-11339. [PMID: 35796284 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01377k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the simplest stibatrane has been a mystery since it was first prepared in 1966. This study reports the preparation and characterization of two stibatranes from triethanolamine and triisopropanolamine. Solid state structures reveal macrocycles that contain favourable inter- and intramolecular pnictogen bonds. Solution studies, corroborated by DFT analysis, reveal an equilibrium mixture assigned to monomer and pnictogen-bonded dimer. This allowed for the determination of an enthalpy associated with pnictogen bond formation of -27 kJ mol-1, in line with the supramolecular nature of these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Moaven
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, 1204 Boston Avenue, Lubbock, TX, 79401-1061, USA.
| | - Olivia H Villanueva
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, 1204 Boston Avenue, Lubbock, TX, 79401-1061, USA.
| | - Daniel K Unruh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, 1204 Boston Avenue, Lubbock, TX, 79401-1061, USA.
| | - Anthony F Cozzolino
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, 1204 Boston Avenue, Lubbock, TX, 79401-1061, USA.
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5
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Varadwaj A, Varadwaj PR, Marques HM, Yamashita K. The Pnictogen Bond: The Covalently Bound Arsenic Atom in Molecular Entities in Crystals as a Pnictogen Bond Donor. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113421. [PMID: 35684359 PMCID: PMC9181914 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In chemical systems, the arsenic-centered pnictogen bond, or simply the arsenic bond, occurs when there is evidence of a net attractive interaction between the electrophilic region associated with a covalently or coordinately bound arsenic atom in a molecular entity and a nucleophile in another or the same molecular entity. It is the third member of the family of pnictogen bonds formed by the third atom of the pnictogen family, Group 15 of the periodic table, and is an inter- or intramolecular noncovalent interaction. In this overview, we present several illustrative crystal structures deposited into the Cambridge Structure Database (CSD) and the Inorganic Chemistry Structural Database (ICSD) during the last and current centuries to demonstrate that the arsenic atom in molecular entities has a significant ability to act as an electrophilic agent to make an attractive engagement with nucleophiles when in close vicinity, thereby forming σ-hole or π-hole interactions, and hence driving (in part, at least) the overall stability of the system’s crystalline phase. This overview does not include results from theoretical simulations reported by others as none of them address the signatory details of As-centered pnictogen bonds. Rather, we aimed at highlighting the interaction modes of arsenic-centered σ- and π-holes in the rationale design of crystal lattices to demonstrate that such interactions are abundant in crystalline materials, but care has to be taken to identify them as is usually done with the much more widely known noncovalent interactions in chemical systems, halogen bonding and hydrogen bonding. We also demonstrate that As-centered pnictogen bonds are usually accompanied by other primary and secondary interactions, which reinforce their occurrence and strength in most of the crystal structures illustrated. A statistical analysis of structures deposited into the CSD was performed for each interaction type As···D (D = N, O, S, Se, Te, F, Cl, Br, I, arene’s π system), thus providing insight into the typical nature of As···D interaction distances and ∠R–As···D bond angles of these interactions in crystals, where R is the remainder of the molecular entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Varadwaj
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan;
- Correspondence: (A.V.); (P.R.V.)
| | - Pradeep R. Varadwaj
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan;
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa;
- Correspondence: (A.V.); (P.R.V.)
| | - Helder M. Marques
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa;
| | - Koichi Yamashita
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan;
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6
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Varadwaj A, Varadwaj PR, Marques HM, Yamashita K. The Stibium Bond or the Antimony-Centered Pnictogen Bond: The Covalently Bound Antimony Atom in Molecular Entities in Crystal Lattices as a Pnictogen Bond Donor. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094674. [PMID: 35563065 PMCID: PMC9099767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A stibium bond, i.e., a non-covalent interaction formed by covalently or coordinately bound antimony, occurs in chemical systems when there is evidence of a net attractive interaction between the electrophilic region associated with an antimony atom and a nucleophile in another, or the same molecular entity. This is a pnictogen bond and are likely formed by the elements of the pnictogen family, Group 15, of the periodic table, and is an inter- or intra-molecular non-covalent interaction. This overview describes a set of illustrative crystal systems that were stabilized (at least partially) by means of stibium bonds, together with other non-covalent interactions (such as hydrogen bonds and halogen bonds), retrieved from either the Cambridge Structure Database (CSD) or the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD). We demonstrate that these databases contain hundreds of crystal structures of various dimensions in which covalently or coordinately bound antimony atoms in molecular entities feature positive sites that productively interact with various Lewis bases containing O, N, F, Cl, Br, and I atoms in the same or different molecular entities, leading to the formation of stibium bonds, and hence, being partially responsible for the stability of the crystals. The geometric features, pro-molecular charge density isosurface topologies, and extrema of the molecular electrostatic potential model were collectively examined in some instances to illustrate the presence of Sb-centered pnictogen bonding in the representative crystal systems considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Varadwaj
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (A.V.); (K.Y.)
| | - Pradeep R. Varadwaj
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (A.V.); (K.Y.)
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa;
- Correspondence:
| | - Helder M. Marques
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa;
| | - Koichi Yamashita
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (A.V.); (K.Y.)
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7
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Varadwaj PR, Varadwaj A, Marques HM, Yamashita K. The Phosphorus Bond, or the Phosphorus-Centered Pnictogen Bond: The Covalently Bound Phosphorus Atom in Molecular Entities and Crystals as a Pnictogen Bond Donor. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27051487. [PMID: 35268588 PMCID: PMC8911988 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphorus bond in chemical systems, which is an inter- or intramolecular noncovalent interaction, occurs when there is evidence of a net attractive interaction between an electrophilic region associated with a covalently or coordinately bonded phosphorus atom in a molecular entity and a nucleophile in another, or the same, molecular entity. It is the second member of the family of pnictogen bonds, formed by the second member of the pnictogen family of the periodic table. In this overview, we provide the reader with a snapshot of the nature, and possible occurrences, of phosphorus-centered pnictogen bonding in illustrative chemical crystal systems drawn from the ICSD (Inorganic Crystal Structure Database) and CSD (Cambridge Structural Database) databases, some of which date back to the latter part of the last century. The illustrative systems discussed are expected to assist as a guide to researchers in rationalizing phosphorus-centered pnictogen bonding in the rational design of molecular complexes, crystals, and materials and their subsequent characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep R. Varadwaj
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (A.V.); (K.Y.)
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa;
- Correspondence:
| | - Arpita Varadwaj
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (A.V.); (K.Y.)
| | - Helder M. Marques
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa;
| | - Koichi Yamashita
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (A.V.); (K.Y.)
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8
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Davydova EI, Virovets A, Peresypkina E, Pomogaeva AV, Lisovenko AS, Timoshkin AY. Unusual molecular complexes of antimony fluoride dimers with acetonitrile and pyridine: structures and bonding. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:13357-13367. [PMID: 34608911 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02412d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The structures of two new molecular complexes of antimony pentafluoride with pyridine (Py) and acetonitrile (AN), SbF5·Py and Sb2F10·AN, and a molecular complex of antimony trifluoride Sb2F6·Py and its ionic derivative [HPy]+[Sb2F7]- in the solid state have been determined by single crystal X-ray structural analysis. The complexes Sb2F10·AN and Sb2F6·Py are the first structurally characterized compounds of dimeric antimony fluorides. To reveal the nature of bonding in the complexes and their stability, DFT computations of the electronic structure and thermodynamic characteristics were performed, in particular the analysis of the electrostatic potentials, the orbital interactions and the topology. The results indicate that the intermolecular Sb⋯F interactions can be described as a network of pnictogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena I Davydova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034, St Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Alexander Virovets
- University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstr. 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Anna V Pomogaeva
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034, St Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Anna S Lisovenko
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034, St Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Alexey Y Timoshkin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034, St Petersburg, Russia.
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10
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Moaven S, Watson BT, Polaske TJ, Karl BM, Unruh DK, Bowling NP, Cozzolino AF. Self-Assembly of Complementary Components Using a Tripodal Bismuth Compound: Pnictogen Bonding or Coordination Chemistry? Inorg Chem 2021; 60:11242-11250. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Moaven
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, 1204 Boston Avenue, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Brandon T. Watson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, 1204 Boston Avenue, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Thomas J. Polaske
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Stevens Point, 2101 Fourth Avenue, Stevens Point, Wisconsin 54481, United States
| | - Brian M. Karl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Stevens Point, 2101 Fourth Avenue, Stevens Point, Wisconsin 54481, United States
| | - Daniel K. Unruh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, 1204 Boston Avenue, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Nathan P. Bowling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Stevens Point, 2101 Fourth Avenue, Stevens Point, Wisconsin 54481, United States
| | - Anthony F. Cozzolino
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, 1204 Boston Avenue, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
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11
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Pomogaeva AV, Khoroshilova OV, Davydova EI, Suslonov VV, Timoshkin AY. Antimony(III) Iodide Complexes with Pyridine: Structures and bonding via three pnictogen bonds. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202000444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna V. Pomogaeva
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskaya emb. 7/9 199034 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Olesya V. Khoroshilova
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskaya emb. 7/9 199034 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Elena I. Davydova
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskaya emb. 7/9 199034 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Vitalii V. Suslonov
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskaya emb. 7/9 199034 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Alexey Y. Timoshkin
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskaya emb. 7/9 199034 St. Petersburg Russia
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12
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Lindquist-Kleissler B, Wenger JS, Johnstone TC. Analysis of Oxygen–Pnictogen Bonding with Full Bond Path Topological Analysis of the Electron Density. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:1846-1856. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brent Lindquist-Kleissler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - John S. Wenger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Timothy C. Johnstone
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
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13
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Prokudina YV, Davydova EI, Virovets A, Stöger B, Peresypkina E, Pomogaeva AV, Timoshkin AY. Structures and Chemical Bonding in Antimony(III) Bromide Complexes with Pyridine. Chemistry 2020; 26:16338-16348. [PMID: 32672367 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Weakly or "partially" bonded molecules are an important link between the chemical and van der Waals interactions. Molecular structures of six new SbBr3 -Py complexes in the solid state have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. In all complexes all Sb atoms adopt a pseudo-octahedral coordination geometry which is completed by additional Sb⋅⋅⋅Br contacts shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radii, with Br-Sb⋅⋅⋅Br angles close to 180°. To reveal the nature of Sb-Br and Sb-N interactions, the DFT calculations were performed followed by the analysis of the electrostatic potentials, the orbital interactions and the topological analysis. Based on Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis, the Sb-Br interactions range from the covalent bonds to the pnictogen bonds. A simple structural parameter, non-covalence criterion (NCC) is defined as a ratio of the atom-atom distance to the linear combination of sums of covalent and van der Waals radii. NCC correlates with E(2) values for Sb-N, Sb-Cl and Sb-Br bonds, and appears to be useful criterion for a preliminary evaluation of the bonding situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana V Prokudina
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena I Davydova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander Virovets
- University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Berthold Stöger
- X-Ray Center, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt, 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Anna V Pomogaeva
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey Y Timoshkin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
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14
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Paraja M, Gini A, Sakai N, Matile S. Pnictogen‐Bonding Catalysis: An Interactive Tool to Uncover Unorthodox Mechanisms in Polyether Cascade Cyclizations. Chemistry 2020; 26:15471-15476. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Paraja
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Andrea Gini
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Breugst
- Department für Chemie Universität zu Köln Greinstraße 4 50939 Köln Germany
| | - Jonas J. Koenig
- Department für Chemie Universität zu Köln Greinstraße 4 50939 Köln Germany
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16
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Marczenko KM, Jee S, Chitnis SS. High Lewis Acidity at Planar, Trivalent, and Neutral Bismuth Centers. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. Marczenko
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Samantha Jee
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Saurabh S. Chitnis
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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17
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Abstract
The way chemists represent chemical structures as two-dimensional sketches made up of atoms and bonds, simplifying the complex three-dimensional molecules comprising nuclei and electrons of the quantum mechanical description, is the everyday language of chemistry. This language uses models, particularly of bonding, that are not contained in the quantum mechanical description of chemical systems, but has been used to derive machine-readable formats for storing and manipulating chemical structures in digital computers. This language is fuzzy and varies from chemist to chemist but has been astonishingly successful and perhaps contributes with its fuzziness to the success of chemistry. It is this creative imagination of chemical structures that has been fundamental to the cognition of chemistry and has allowed thought experiments to take place. Within the everyday language, the model nature of these concepts is not always clear to practicing chemists, so that controversial discussions about the merits of alternative models often arise. However, the extensive use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in chemistry, with the aim of being able to make reliable predictions, will require that these models be extended to cover all relevant properties and characteristics of chemical systems. This, in turn, imposes conditions such as completeness, compactness, computational efficiency and non-redundancy on the extensions to the almost universal Lewis and VSEPR bonding models. Thus, AI and ML are likely to be important in rationalizing, extending and standardizing chemical bonding models. This will not affect the everyday language of chemistry but may help to understand the unique basis of chemical language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemistry-Center, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstr. 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin G Hicks
- Beilstein-Institut, Trakehner Str. 7–9, 60487 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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18
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Mokrai R, Barrett J, Apperley DC, Benkő Z, Heift D. Tweaking the Charge Transfer: Bonding Analysis of Bismuth(III) Complexes with a Flexidentate Phosphane Ligand. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:8916-8924. [PMID: 32530279 PMCID: PMC7467670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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To account for the
charge transfer and covalent character in bonding between P and Bi
centers, the electronic structures of [P(C6H4-o-CH2SCH3)3BiCln](3–n)+ (n = 0–3) model species have been investigated
computationally. On the basis of this survey a synthetic target compound
with a dative P→Bi bond has been selected. Consecutively, the
highly reactive bismuth cage [P(C6H4-o-CH2SCH3)3Bi]3+ has been accessed experimentally and characterized. Importantly,
our experiments (single-crystal X-ray diffraction and solid-state
NMR spectroscopy) and computations (NBO and AIM analysis) reveal that
the P···Bi bonding in this trication can be described
as a dative bond. Here we have shown that our accordion-like molecular
framework allows for tuning of the interaction between P and Bi centers. The bonding situation in species with
the general formula of [P(C6H4-o-CH2SCH3)3BiCln](3−n)+ (n = 0−3) has been investigated computationally, and on this
basis a selected example has been accessed synthetically. The structural
and solid-state NMR studies reveal that the weak secondary pnictogen
interaction in P(C6H4-o-CH2SCH3)3BiCl3 can be tuned
into dative bonding by enhancing the charge transfer from the phosphorus
to the bismuth center, which is accompanied by a change in the spin−spin
coupling mechanism between the 31P and 209Bi
nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réka Mokrai
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jamie Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom
| | - David C Apperley
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Zoltán Benkő
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dominikus Heift
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom
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19
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Moaven S, Watson BT, Thompson SB, Lyons VJ, Unruh DK, Casadonte DJ, Pappas D, Cozzolino AF. Self-assembly of reversed bilayer vesicles through pnictogen bonding: water-stable supramolecular nanocontainers for organic solvents. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4374-4380. [PMID: 33224458 PMCID: PMC7659706 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00206b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new air and moisture stable antimony thiolate compound has been prepared that spontaneously forms stable hollow vesicles. Structural data reveals that pnictogen bonding drives the self-assembly of these molecules into a reversed bilayer. The ability to make these hollow, spherical, and chemically and temporally stable vesicles that can be broken and reformed by sonication allows these systems to be used for encapsulation and compartmentalisation in organic media. This was demonstrated through the encapsulation and characterization of several small organic reporter molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Moaven
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Texas Tech University , Box 41061 , Lubbock , Texas 79409-1061 , USA .
| | - Brandon T Watson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Texas Tech University , Box 41061 , Lubbock , Texas 79409-1061 , USA .
| | - Shelby B Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Texas Tech University , Box 41061 , Lubbock , Texas 79409-1061 , USA .
| | - Veronica J Lyons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Texas Tech University , Box 41061 , Lubbock , Texas 79409-1061 , USA .
| | - Daniel K Unruh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Texas Tech University , Box 41061 , Lubbock , Texas 79409-1061 , USA .
| | - Dominick J Casadonte
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Texas Tech University , Box 41061 , Lubbock , Texas 79409-1061 , USA .
| | - Dimitri Pappas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Texas Tech University , Box 41061 , Lubbock , Texas 79409-1061 , USA .
| | - Anthony F Cozzolino
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Texas Tech University , Box 41061 , Lubbock , Texas 79409-1061 , USA .
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20
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Beske M, Tapmeyer L, Schmidt MU. Crystal structure of sodium ethoxide (C2H5ONa), unravelled after 180 years. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:3520-3523. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08907a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
180 years after Liebig's synthesis, the crystal structures of C2H5ONa and C2H5ONa·2C2H5OH were finally determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Beske
- Goethe University
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- 60438 Frankfurt am Main
- Germany
| | - Lukas Tapmeyer
- Goethe University
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- 60438 Frankfurt am Main
- Germany
| | - Martin U. Schmidt
- Goethe University
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- 60438 Frankfurt am Main
- Germany
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21
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Saha A, Veluthaparambath RVP, Saha BK. Directionality of P⋯O pnicogen bonding in light of geometry corrected statistical analysis. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj01683g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cone corrected statistical analysis suggests that the X–P⋯O angle prefers linearity which is more prominent in the case of X3P⋯O compared to X4P⋯O pnicogen bonds. This preference also increases with an increase in the electronegativity of X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Saha
- Department of Chemistry
- Pondicherry University
- Pondicherry
- India
| | | | - Binoy K. Saha
- Department of Chemistry
- Pondicherry University
- Pondicherry
- India
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