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Man Q, Sun Q, Wang Y, Xu J. Atomistic Removal Mechanisms of SiC in Hydrogen Peroxide Solution. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:754. [PMID: 38930724 PMCID: PMC11205315 DOI: 10.3390/mi15060754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
To elucidate the atomic mechanisms of the chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) of silicon carbide (SiC), molecular dynamics simulations based on a reactive force field were used to study the sliding process of silica (SiO2) abrasive particles on SiC substrates in an aqueous H2O2 solution. During the CMP process, the formation of Si-O-Si interfacial bridge bonds and the insertion of O atoms at the surface can lead to the breakage of Si-C bonds and even the complete removal of SiC atoms. Furthermore, the removal of C atoms is more difficult than the removal of Si atoms. It is found that the removal of Si atoms largely influences the removal of C atoms. The removal of Si atoms can destroy the lattice structure of the substrate surface, leading the neighboring C atoms to be bumped or even completely removed. Our research shows that the material removal during SiC CMP is a comprehensive result of different atomic-level removal mechanisms, where the formation of Si-O-Si interfacial bridge bonds is widespread throughout the SiC polishing process. The Si-O-Si interfacial bridge bonds are the main removal mechanisms for SiC atoms. This study provides a new idea for improving the SiC removal process and studying the mechanism during CMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Man
- College of Engineering Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Q.M.); (Q.S.)
| | - Qiang Sun
- College of Engineering Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Q.M.); (Q.S.)
| | - Yang Wang
- Research Institute of Frontier Science, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China;
| | - Jingxiang Xu
- College of Engineering Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Q.M.); (Q.S.)
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2
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Cafolla C, Voïtchovsky K, Payam AF. Simultaneous quantification of Young's modulus and dispersion forces with nanoscale spatial resolution. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:505714. [PMID: 37699380 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acf8ce] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Many advances in polymers and layered materials rely on a precise understanding of the local interactions between adjacent molecular or atomic layers. Quantifying dispersion forces at the nanoscale is particularly challenging with existing methods often time consuming, destructive, relying on surface averaging or requiring bespoke equipment. Here, we present a non-invasive method able to quantify the local mechanical and dispersion properties of a given sample with nanometer lateral precision. The method, based on atomic force microscopy (AFM), uses the frequency shift of a vibrating AFM cantilever in combination with established contact mechanics models to simultaneously derive the Hamaker constant and the effective Young's modulus at a given sample location. The derived Hamaker constant and Young's modulus represent an average over a small (typically <100) number of molecules or atoms. The oscillation amplitude of the vibrating AFM probe is used to select the length-scale of the features to analyse, with small vibrations able to resolve the contribution of sub-nanometric defects and large ones exploring effectively homogeneous areas. The accuracy of the method is validated on a range of 2D materials in air and water as well as on polymer thin films. We also provide the first experimental measurements of the Hamaker constant of HBN, MoT2, WSe2and polymer films, verifying theoretical predictions and computer simulations. The simplicity and robustness of the method, implemented with a commercial AFM, may support a broad range of technological applications in the growing field of polymers and nanostructured materials where a fine control of the van der Waals interactions is crucial to tune their properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clodomiro Cafolla
- Physics Department, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | | | - Amir Farokh Payam
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre (NIBEC), School of Engineering, Ulster University, United Kingdom
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3
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Santra B, Pal S, Saha S, Kanjilal A. Tailoring Structural, Chemical, and Photocatalytic Properties of ZnO@β-SiC Composites: The Effect of Annealing Temperature and Environment. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:24113-24124. [PMID: 37426241 PMCID: PMC10323949 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
For achieving unified functionalities of rare-earth free materials, the development of innovative zinc oxide and β-silicon carbide (ZnO@β-SiC) composites by a solid-state reaction method is presented. The evolution of zinc silicate (Zn2SiO4) is evidenced by X-ray diffraction when annealed in air beyond 700 °C. Detailed X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses reveal the involvement of silicon dioxide in forming Zn2SiO4. Transmission electron microscopy and the associated energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy elucidate the evolution of the zinc silicate phase at the ZnO/β-SiC interface, though it can be averted by vacuum annealing. These results manifest the importance of air in oxidizing SiC before a chemical reaction with ZnO from 700 °C. Finally, ZnO@β-SiC composites are found to be promising for methylene blue dye degradation under ultraviolet radiation, but the annealing above 700 °C is detrimental due to the evolution of a potential barrier in the presence of Zn2SiO4 at the ZnO/β-SiC interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisweswar Santra
- Department
of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, NH-91, Tehsil Dadri, Gautam
Buddha Nagar 201314, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saptarshi Pal
- Department
of Physics, Institute of Applied Sciences
and Humanities, GLA University, Mathura 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sabyasachi Saha
- CEMES-CNRS
and Université de Toulouse, 29 rue J. Marvig, 31055 Toulouse, France
| | - Aloke Kanjilal
- Department
of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, NH-91, Tehsil Dadri, Gautam
Buddha Nagar 201314, Uttar Pradesh, India
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4
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Hwang JH, Li Sip YY, Kim KT, Han G, Rodriguez KL, Fox DW, Afrin S, Burnstine-Townley A, Zhai L, Lee WH. Nanoparticle-embedded hydrogel synthesized electrodes for electrochemical oxidation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:134001. [PMID: 35181416 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, sliver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs) were embedded on poly (acrylic acid) (PAA)/poly (allylamine) hydrochloride (PAH) hydrogel fibers for improved electrochemical oxidation (EO) of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) removal. The NPs-loaded PAA/PAHs shows the better charge transport compared to the ceramic nanofiber membranes (CNM) electrodes. At 10 mA cm-2 of current density, the Ag-PAA/PAH electrodes showed a faster removal of PFAS compared to the Ag-CNM electrode probably due to large surface area-volume ratio and high porosity from the hydrogel. Among NPs-loaded PAA/PAH electrodes, the Ag/Au-PAA/PAH electrodes showed the highest removal of PFOA (72%) and PFOS (91%) in 2 h with the maximum removal rate of PFOA (0.0046 min-1) and PFOS (0.0093 min-1). The rapid PFOS removal is possibly due to the high activity of electron transfer with a higher redox potential of SO4•- than •OH. The highly stable F- generation was obtained from each electrode during reproducibility (n = 3). The net energy consumption from Ag/Au-PAA/PAH electrode was 164.9 kWh m-3 for 72% PFOA removal and 90 kWh m-3 for 91% PFOS removal, respectively. The developed Au-PAA/PAH electrodes were applied to lake water samples and showed acceptable PFOS removal (65%) with relative standard deviations (RSD) of 10.2% (n = 3) at 10 mA cm-2 of current density. Overall, the NP-embedded hydrogel nanofibers were proven to be a promising sustainable catalyst for the electrochemical PFAS oxidation in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hoon Hwang
- Department of Civil, Environmental, And Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Yuen Yee Li Sip
- NanoScience Technology Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Keug Tae Kim
- Department of Environmental & Energy Engineering, The University of Suwon, 17 Wauan-gil, Bongdam-eup, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 18323, South Korea
| | - Gaehee Han
- Water Quality Research Center, Waterworks Headquarters of Daegu Metropolitan City, Daegu, 42423, South Korea
| | - Kelsey L Rodriguez
- Department of Civil, Environmental, And Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - David W Fox
- NanoScience Technology Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Sajia Afrin
- NanoScience Technology Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Alex Burnstine-Townley
- NanoScience Technology Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Lei Zhai
- NanoScience Technology Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Woo Hyoung Lee
- Department of Civil, Environmental, And Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.
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5
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Shin JH, Han GY, Kim HJ. Latent, Cross-Linkable Triazole Platform on a Carbon Fiber Surface for Enhancing Interfacial Cross-Linking within Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composites. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:12803-12815. [PMID: 35474824 PMCID: PMC9026132 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A long-running need in carbon fiber composite production is to ameliorate interfacial adhesion between the polymer and carbon fibers. Here, we present a convenient and feasible strategy for controlling the carbon fiber's surface in a continuous process: syntheses of click-modified silanes via copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction and grafting them onto fiber surfaces which prepare a latent curable platform under mild processes without postmodification. As 1,2,3-triazole moieties from the click reaction were added to the epoxy/dicyandiamide system, they triggered additional reactions in the later conversion stage; approximately, a 20% increase in the total reaction enthalpy compared to the system with no additives was obtained. We expected the enhanced cross-linking between the surface and matrix to expand the interfacial area, leading to reinforcements on interfacial adhesion and stress-transfer abilities within composites. The merit of the approach is well-demonstrated by conductive atomic force microscopy, showing that the interphase can be extended up to 6-fold when the triazole platform acts as curatives and serve as bridges after the epoxy cure. Consequently, the composite's interfacial shear strength and interlaminar shear strength were increased up to 78 and 72%, respectively. This work affords a reactive platform where a custom-tailored fiber/matrix interface can be designed by virtue of versatility in clickable reactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ho Shin
- Department
of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic
of Korea
| | - Gi-Yeon Han
- Department
of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic
of Korea
| | - Hyun-Joong Kim
- Department
of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic
of Korea
- Research
Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 Republic of
Korea
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Smolka W, Ptas M, Panek A, Krok-Borkowicz M, Zambrzycki M, Gubernat M, Markowski J, Fraczek-Szczypta A. Surface Modification of Carbon Nanofibers to Improve Their Biocompatibility in Contact with Osteoblast and Chondrocytes Cell Lines. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:6370. [PMID: 34771898 PMCID: PMC8585247 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study is to investigate the influence of different types of modifiers, such as sodium hyaluronate (NaH), graphene oxide (GO), silica oxycarbide (SiOC) and oxidation process (ox) on physicochemical, morphological, and biological properties of electrospun carbon nanofibers (eCNFs). Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to evaluate the microstructure and chemistry of as-prepared and modified CNFs. The electrical properties of CNFs scaffolds were examined using a four-point probe method to evaluate the influence of modifiers on the volume conductivity and surface resistivity of the obtained samples. The wettability of the surfaces of modified and unmodified CNFs scaffolds was also tested by contact angle measurement. During the in vitro study all samples were put into direct contact with human chondrocyte CHON-001 cells and human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells. Their viability was analysed after 72 h in culture. Moreover, the cell morphology and cell area in contact with CNFs was observed by means of fluorescence microscopy. The obtained results show great potential for the modification of CNFs with polymer, ceramic and carbon modifiers, which do not change the fiber form of the substrate but significantly affect their surface and volume properties. Preliminary biological studies have shown that the type of modification of CNFs affects either the rate of increase in the number of cells or the degree of spreading in relation to the unmodified sample. More hydrophilic and low electrically conductive samples such as CNF_ox and CNF_NaH significantly increase cell proliferation, while other GO and SiOC modified samples have an effect on cell adhesion and thus cell spreading. From the point of view of further research and the possibility of combining the electrical properties of modified CNF scaffolds with electrical stimulation, where these scaffolds would be able to transport electrical signals to cells and thus affect cell adhesion, spreading, and consequently tissue regeneration, samples CNF_GO and CNF_SiOC would be the most desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Smolka
- Laryngology Department, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poniatowskiego 15, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (W.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Monika Ptas
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (M.P.); (M.K.-B.); (M.Z.); (M.G.)
| | - Agnieszka Panek
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Malgorzata Krok-Borkowicz
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (M.P.); (M.K.-B.); (M.Z.); (M.G.)
| | - Marcel Zambrzycki
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (M.P.); (M.K.-B.); (M.Z.); (M.G.)
| | - Maciej Gubernat
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (M.P.); (M.K.-B.); (M.Z.); (M.G.)
| | - Jaroslaw Markowski
- Laryngology Department, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poniatowskiego 15, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (W.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Aneta Fraczek-Szczypta
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (M.P.); (M.K.-B.); (M.Z.); (M.G.)
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7
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Wang Z, Schmalbach KM, Penn RL, Poerschke D, Antoniou A, Mara NA, Stein A. 3D Periodic and Interpenetrating Tungsten-Silicon Oxycarbide Nanocomposites Designed for Mechanical Robustness. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:32126-32135. [PMID: 34213325 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metal-ceramic nanocomposites exhibit exceptional mechanical properties with a combination of high strength, toughness, and hardness that are not achievable in monolithic metals or ceramics, which make them valuable for applications in fields such as the aerospace and automotive industries. In this study, interpenetrating nanocomposites of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) tungsten-silicon oxycarbide (W-SiOC) were prepared, and their mechanical properties were investigated. In these nanocomposites, the crystalline tungsten and amorphous silicon oxycarbide phases both form continuous and interpenetrating networks, with some discrete free carbon nanodomains. The W-SiOC material inherits the periodic structure from its 3DOM W matrix, and this periodic structure can be maintained up to 1000 °C. In situ SEM micropillar compression tests demonstrated that the 3DOM W-SiOC material could sustain a maximum average stress of 1.1 GPa, a factor of 22 greater than that of the 3DOM W matrix, resulting in a specific strength of 640 MPa/(Mg/m3) at 30 °C. Deformation behavior of the developed 3DOM nanocomposite in a wide temperature range (30-575 °C) was investigated. The deformation mode of 3DOM W-SiOC exhibited a transition from fracture-dominated deformation at low temperatures to plastic deformation above 425 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kevin M Schmalbach
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - R Lee Penn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - David Poerschke
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Antonia Antoniou
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Nathan A Mara
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Andreas Stein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Ota A, Ohnishi M, Oshima H, Shiga T, Kodama T, Shiomi J. Enhancing Thermal Boundary Conductance of Graphite-Metal Interface by Triazine-Based Molecular Bonding. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:37295-37301. [PMID: 31525013 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b11951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thermal boundary conductance between graphite and metal plays an important role in developing thermally conductive composites and contacts for thermal management. On the basis of the premise that the thermal boundary conductance (TBC) correlates with interfacial bonding strength, we conducted triazine-based molecular-bonding process to improve interfacial adhesion forces between a-axis of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite and aluminum. The surface coverage of molecular bonding at the interface is estimated by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and thermal boundary conductance is measured by the time-domain thermoreflectance method. It is found that the TBC is directly proportional to the surface coverage of covalently bonded triazine linkers, with the proportionality constant for their increment rates being about unity. The experimental finding is supported by the corresponding simulation using the atomic Green's function method, which exhibits the same linear dependence on the surface coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aun Ota
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-856 , Japan
- DENSO Corporation , 1-1 Showa Cho , Kariya City , Aichi 448-8861 , Japan
| | - Masato Ohnishi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-856 , Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Oshima
- DENSO Corporation , 1-1 Showa Cho , Kariya City , Aichi 448-8861 , Japan
| | - Takuma Shiga
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-856 , Japan
| | - Takashi Kodama
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-856 , Japan
| | - Junichiro Shiomi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-856 , Japan
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