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Grasseschi D, Bahamon DA, Maia FCB, Barcelos ID, Freitas RO, de Matos CJS. Van der Waals materials as dielectric layers for tailoring the near-field photonic response of surfaces. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:255-264. [PMID: 35201204 DOI: 10.1364/oe.445066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Epsilon near-zero photonics and surface polariton nanophotonics have become major fields within optics, leading to unusual and enhanced light-matter interaction. Specific dielectric responses are required in both cases, which can be achieved, e.g., via operation near a material's electronic or phononic resonance. However, this condition restricts operation to a specific, narrow frequency range. It has been shown that using a thin dielectric layer can adjust the dielectric response of a surface and, therefore, the operating frequency for achieving specific photonic excitations. Here, we show that a surface's optical properties can be tuned via the deposition/transference of ultra-thin layered van der Waals (vdW) crystals, the thicknesses of which can easily be adjusted to provide the desired response. In particular, we experimentally and theoretically show that the surface phonon resonance of a silica surface can be tuned by ∼50 cm-1 through the simple deposition of nanometer-thick exfoliated flakes of black phosphorus. The surface properties were probed by infrared nanospectroscopy, and results show a close agreement with the theory. The black phosphorus-silica layered structure effectively acts as a surface with a tunable effective dielectric constant that presents an infrared response dependent on the black phosphorus thickness. In contrast, with a lower dielectric constant, hexagonal boron nitride does not significantly tune the silica surface phonon polariton. Our approach also applies to epsilon near-zero surfaces, as theoretically shown, and to polaritonic surfaces operating at other optical ranges.
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Yao Z, Chen X, Wehmeier L, Xu S, Shao Y, Zeng Z, Liu F, Mcleod AS, Gilbert Corder SN, Tsuneto M, Shi W, Wang Z, Zheng W, Bechtel HA, Carr GL, Martin MC, Zettl A, Basov DN, Chen X, Eng LM, Kehr SC, Liu M. Probing subwavelength in-plane anisotropy with antenna-assisted infrared nano-spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2649. [PMID: 33976184 PMCID: PMC8113487 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22844-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Infrared nano-spectroscopy based on scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) is commonly employed to probe the vibrational fingerprints of materials at the nanometer length scale. However, due to the elongated and axisymmetric tip shank, s-SNOM is less sensitive to the in-plane sample anisotropy in general. In this article, we report an easy-to-implement method to probe the in-plane dielectric responses of materials with the assistance of a metallic disk micro-antenna. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, we investigate here the in-plane phonon responses of two prototypical samples, i.e. in (100) sapphire and x-cut lithium niobate (LiNbO3). In particular, the sapphire in-plane vibrations between 350 cm-1 to 800 cm-1 that correspond to LO phonon modes along the crystal b- and c-axis are determined with a spatial resolution of < λ/10, without needing any fitting parameters. In LiNbO3, we identify the in-plane orientation of its optical axis via the phonon modes, demonstrating that our method can be applied without prior knowledge of the crystal orientation. Our method can be elegantly adapted to retrieve the in-plane anisotropic response of a broad range of materials, i.e. subwavelength microcrystals, van-der-Waals materials, or topological insulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziheng Yao
- grid.36425.360000 0001 2216 9681Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA ,grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Advanced Light Source Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Xinzhong Chen
- grid.36425.360000 0001 2216 9681Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - Lukas Wehmeier
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany ,grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257ct.qmat, Dresden-Würzburg Cluster of Excellence-EXC 2147, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Suheng Xu
- grid.36425.360000 0001 2216 9681Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA ,grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Yinming Shao
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Zimeng Zeng
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Fanwei Liu
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Alexander S. Mcleod
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Stephanie N. Gilbert Corder
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Advanced Light Source Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Makoto Tsuneto
- grid.36425.360000 0001 2216 9681Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - Wu Shi
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA USA ,grid.47840.3f0000 0001 2181 7878Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Institute of Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zihang Wang
- grid.47840.3f0000 0001 2181 7878Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Wenjun Zheng
- grid.36425.360000 0001 2216 9681Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - Hans A. Bechtel
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Advanced Light Source Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - G. L. Carr
- grid.202665.50000 0001 2188 4229National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY USA
| | - Michael C. Martin
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Advanced Light Source Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Alex Zettl
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA USA ,grid.47840.3f0000 0001 2181 7878Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - D. N. Basov
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Xi Chen
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lukas M. Eng
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany ,grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257ct.qmat, Dresden-Würzburg Cluster of Excellence-EXC 2147, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne C. Kehr
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mengkun Liu
- grid.36425.360000 0001 2216 9681Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA ,grid.202665.50000 0001 2188 4229National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY USA
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Feres FH, Mayer RA, Wehmeier L, Maia FCB, Viana ER, Malachias A, Bechtel HA, Klopf JM, Eng LM, Kehr SC, González JC, Freitas RO, Barcelos ID. Sub-diffractional cavity modes of terahertz hyperbolic phonon polaritons in tin oxide. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1995. [PMID: 33790286 PMCID: PMC8012705 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22209-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperbolic phonon polaritons have recently attracted considerable attention in nanophotonics mostly due to their intrinsic strong electromagnetic field confinement, ultraslow polariton group velocities, and long lifetimes. Here we introduce tin oxide (SnO2) nanobelts as a photonic platform for the transport of surface and volume phonon polaritons in the mid- to far-infrared frequency range. This report brings a comprehensive description of the polaritonic properties of SnO2 as a nanometer-sized dielectric and also as an engineered material in the form of a waveguide. By combining accelerator-based IR-THz sources (synchrotron and free-electron laser) with s-SNOM, we employed nanoscale far-infrared hyper-spectral-imaging to uncover a Fabry-Perot cavity mechanism in SnO2 nanobelts via direct detection of phonon-polariton standing waves. Our experimental findings are accurately supported by notable convergence between theory and numerical simulations. Thus, the SnO2 is confirmed as a natural hyperbolic material with unique photonic properties essential for future applications involving subdiffractional light traffic and detection in the far-infrared range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio H Feres
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Physics Department, Gleb Wataghin Physics Institute, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael A Mayer
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Physics Department, Gleb Wataghin Physics Institute, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Lukas Wehmeier
- Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- ct.qmat, Dresden-Würzburg Cluster of Excellence-EXC 2147, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Francisco C B Maia
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - E R Viana
- Department of Physics, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Angelo Malachias
- Department of Physics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Hans A Bechtel
- Advanced Light Source (ALS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - J Michael Klopf
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lukas M Eng
- Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- ct.qmat, Dresden-Würzburg Cluster of Excellence-EXC 2147, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne C Kehr
- Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - J C González
- Department of Physics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Raul O Freitas
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ingrid D Barcelos
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Sun F, Huang W, Zheng Z, Xu N, Ke Y, Zhan R, Chen H, Deng S. Polariton waveguide modes in two-dimensional van der Waals crystals: an analytical model and correlative nano-imaging. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:4845-4854. [PMID: 33624648 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07372e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) crystals can sustain various types of polaritons with strong electromagnetic confinements, making them highly attractive for nanoscale photonic and optoelectronic applications. While extensive experimental and numerical studies have been devoted to the polaritons of the vdW crystals, analytical models are sparse. Particularly, applying the model to describe polariton behaviors that are visualized by state of the art near-field optical microscopy requires further investigations. In this study, we develop an analytical waveguide model to describe polariton propagations in vdW crystals. The dispersion contours, dispersion relations, and localized electromagnetic field distributions of polariton waveguide modes are derived. The model is verified by real-space optical nano-imaging and numerical simulation of phonon polaritons in α-MoO3, which is a vdW biaxial crystal. Although we focus on α-MoO3, the proposed model is valid for other polaritonic crystals within the vdW family given the corresponding dielectric substitutions. Our model therefore provides an analytical rationale for describing and understanding the localized electromagnetic fields in vdW crystals that are associated with polaritons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengsheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China. and School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wuchao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China. and School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zebo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China. and School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ningsheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China. and School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanlin Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China. and School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Runze Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China. and School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huanjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China. and School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shaozhi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China. and School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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