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Merces L, Ferro LMM, Nawaz A, Sonar P. Advanced Neuromorphic Applications Enabled by Synaptic Ion-Gating Vertical Transistors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305611. [PMID: 38757653 PMCID: PMC11251569 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Bioinspired synaptic devices have shown great potential in artificial intelligence and neuromorphic electronics. Low energy consumption, multi-modal sensing and recording, and multifunctional integration are critical aspects limiting their applications. Recently, a new synaptic device architecture, the ion-gating vertical transistor (IGVT), has been successfully realized and timely applied to perform brain-like perception, such as artificial vision, touch, taste, and hearing. In this short time, IGVTs have already achieved faster data processing speeds and more promising memory capabilities than many conventional neuromorphic devices, even while operating at lower voltages and consuming less power. This work focuses on the cutting-edge progress of IGVT technology, from outstanding fabrication strategies to the design and realization of low-voltage multi-sensing IGVTs for artificial-synapse applications. The fundamental concepts of artificial synaptic IGVTs, such as signal processing, transduction, plasticity, and multi-stimulus perception are discussed comprehensively. The contribution draws special attention to the development and optimization of multi-modal flexible sensor technologies and presents a roadmap for future high-end theoretical and experimental advancements in neuromorphic research that are mostly achievable by the synaptic IGVTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Merces
- Research Center for MaterialsArchitectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN)Chemnitz University of Technology09126ChemnitzGermany
| | - Letícia Mariê Minatogau Ferro
- Research Center for MaterialsArchitectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN)Chemnitz University of Technology09126ChemnitzGermany
| | - Ali Nawaz
- Center for Sensors and DevicesBruno Kessler Foundation (FBK)Trento38123Italy
| | - Prashant Sonar
- School of Chemistry and PhysicsQueensland University of Technology (QUT)BrisbaneQLD4000Australia
- Centre for Materials ScienceQueensland University of Technology2 George StreetBrisbaneQLD4000Australia
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Vello TP, Albano LGS, Dos Santos TC, Colletti JC, Santos Batista CV, Leme VFC, Dos Santos TC, Miguel MPDC, de Camargo DHS, Bof Bufon CC. Electrical Conductivity Boost: In Situ Polypyrrole Polymerization in Monolithically Integrated Surface-Supported Metal-Organic Framework Templates. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305501. [PMID: 37752688 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in synthesizing and integrating surface-supported metal-organic frameworks (SURMOFs) has highlighted their potential in developing hybrid electronic devices with exceptional mechanical flexibility, film processability, and cost-effectiveness. However, the low electrical conductivity of SURMOFs has limited their use in devices. To address this, researchers have utilized the porosity of SURMOFs to enhance electrical conductivity by incorporating conductive materials. This study introduces a method to improve the electrical conductivity of HKUST-1 templates by in situ polymerization of conductive polypyrrole (PPy) chains within the SURMOF pores (named as PPy@HKUST-1). Nanomembrane-origami technology is employed for integration, allowing a rolled-up metallic nanomembrane to contact the HKUST-1 films without causing damage. After a 24 h loading period, the electrical conductivity at room temperature reaches approximately 5.10-6 S m-1 . The nanomembrane-based contact enables reliable electrical characterization even at low temperatures. Key parameters of PPy@HKUST-1 films, such as trap barrier height, dielectric constant, and tunneling barrier height, are determined using established conduction mechanisms. These findings represent a significant advancement in real-time control of SURMOF conductivity, opening pathways for innovative electronic-optoelectronic device development. This study demonstrates the potential of SURMOFs to revolutionize hybrid electronic devices by enhancing electrical conductivity through intelligent integration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Parra Vello
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry (IQ), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo Simão Albano
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Thamiris Cescon Dos Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Technology (POSMAT), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, São Paulo, 17033-360, Brazil
| | - Julia Cantovitz Colletti
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Carlos Vinícius Santos Batista
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Technology (POSMAT), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, São Paulo, 17033-360, Brazil
| | - Vitória Fernandes Cintra Leme
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Thamiris Costa Dos Santos
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Paula Dias Carneiro Miguel
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Davi Henrique Starnini de Camargo
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Carlos César Bof Bufon
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry (IQ), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Technology (POSMAT), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, São Paulo, 17033-360, Brazil
- Mackenzie Evangelical Faculty of Paraná (FEMPAR), Curitiba, Paraná, 80730-000, Brazil
- Mackenzie Presbyterian Institute (IPM), São Paulo, São Paulo, 01302-907, Brazil
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Gogurla N, Wahab A, Kim S. A biomaterial-silicon junction for photodetection. Mater Today Bio 2023; 20:100642. [PMID: 37153757 PMCID: PMC10154958 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bio-integrated optoelectronics can be interfaced with biological tissues, thereby offering opportunities for clinical diagnosis and therapy. However, finding a suitable biomaterial-based semiconductor to interface with electronics is still challenging. In this study, a semiconducting layer is assembled comprising a silk protein hydrogel and melanin nanoparticles (NPs). The silk protein hydrogel provides a water-rich environment for the melanin NPs that maximizes their ionic conductivity and bio-friendliness. An efficient photodetector is produced by forming a junction between melanin NP-silk and a p-type Si (p-Si) semiconductor. The observed charge accumulation/transport behavior at the melanin NP-silk/p-Si junction is associated with the ionic conductive state of the melanin NP-silk composite. The melanin NP-silk semiconducting layer is printed as an array on an Si substrate. The photodetector array exhibits uniform photo-response to illumination at various wavelengths, thus providing broadband photodetection. Efficient charge transfer between melanin NP-silk and Si provides fast photo-switching with rise and decay constants of 0.44 s and 0.19 s, respectively. The photodetector with a biotic interface comprising an Ag nanowire-incorporated silk layer as the top contact can operate when underneath biological tissue. The photo-responsive biomaterial-Si semiconductor junction using light as a stimulus offers a bio-friendly and versatile platform for artificial electronic skin/tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendar Gogurla
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Abdul Wahab
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
- Corresponding author.
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Nawaz A, Merces L, Ferro LMM, Sonar P, Bufon CCB. Impact of Planar and Vertical Organic Field-Effect Transistors on Flexible Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2204804. [PMID: 36124375 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of flexible and conformable devices, whose performance can be maintained while being continuously deformed, provides a significant step toward the realization of next-generation wearable and e-textile applications. Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are particularly interesting for flexible and lightweight products, because of their low-temperature solution processability, and the mechanical flexibility of organic materials that endows OFETs the natural compatibility with plastic and biodegradable substrates. Here, an in-depth review of two competing flexible OFET technologies, planar and vertical OFETs (POFETs and VOFETs, respectively) is provided. The electrical, mechanical, and physical properties of POFETs and VOFETs are critically discussed, with a focus on four pivotal applications (integrated logic circuits, light-emitting devices, memories, and sensors). It is pointed out that the flexible function of the relatively newer VOFET technology, along with its perspective on advancing the applicability of flexible POFETs, has not been reviewed so far, and the direct comparison regarding the performance of POFET- and VOFET-based flexible applications is most likely absent. With discussions spanning printed and wearable electronics, materials science, biotechnology, and environmental monitoring, this contribution is a clear stimulus to researchers working in these fields to engage toward the plentiful possibilities that POFETs and VOFETs offer to flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nawaz
- Center for Sensors and Devices, Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), Trento, 38123, Italy
| | - Leandro Merces
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Letícia M M Ferro
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-100, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Prashant Sonar
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Carlos C B Bufon
- MackGraphe - Graphene and Nanomaterials Research Center, Mackenzie Presbyterian Institute, São Paulo, 01302-907, Brazil
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Gupta R, Fereiro JA, Bayat A, Pritam A, Zharnikov M, Mondal PC. Nanoscale molecular rectifiers. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:106-122. [PMID: 37117915 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00457-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of molecules bridged between two electrodes as a stable rectifier is an important goal in molecular electronics. Until recently, however, and despite extensive experimental and theoretical work, many aspects of our fundamental understanding and practical challenges have remained unresolved and prevented the realization of such devices. Recent advances in custom-designed molecular systems with rectification ratios exceeding 105 have now made these systems potentially competitive with existing silicon-based devices. Here, we provide an overview and critical analysis of recent progress in molecular rectification within single molecules, self-assembled monolayers, molecular multilayers, heterostructures, and metal-organic frameworks and coordination polymers. Examples of conceptually important and best-performing systems are discussed, alongside their rectification mechanisms. We present an outlook for the field, as well as prospects for the commercialization of molecular rectifiers.
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Zhang W, Zhang GP, Li ZL, Fu XX, Wang CK, Wang M. Design of multifunctional spin logic gates based on manganese porphyrin molecules connected to graphene electrodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:1849-1859. [PMID: 34988568 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04861a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The spin-resolved transport properties of molecular logic devices composed of two Mn porphyrin molecules connected to each other via a six-carbon atomic chain were studied using the non-equilibrium Green's function combined with density functional theory. The molecules were symmetrically connected to armchair graphene nanoribbon electrodes through four-carbon atomic chains on the left- and right-hand sides. Our calculations revealed that the spin-resolved current-voltage curves depend on the initial spin setting of the transition metal Mn atoms and carbon atoms on the zigzag edges where the electrodes come in contact with the molecule. By simultaneously regulating the spin orientations of the intermediate functional molecules and the zigzag edges of the armchair graphene nanoribbon electrodes, seven spin polarization configurations were obtained. These configurations were examined in this study considering the spin-related symmetry of molecular junctions. By meticulously selecting different combinations according to the specific input and output signals, YES, NOT, OR, NOR, and XOR multifarious spin logic devices were created. The findings of this study are expected to contribute toward the extension of molecular junction functions in future spintronic integrated circuit design and further miniaturization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfei Zhang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China.
| | - Guang-Ping Zhang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China.
| | - Zong-Liang Li
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China.
| | - Xiao-Xiao Fu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China.
| | - Chuan-Kui Wang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China.
| | - Minglang Wang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China.
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Merces L, Candiotto G, Ferro LMM, de Barros A, Batista CVS, Nawaz A, Riul A, Capaz RB, Bufon CCB. Reorganization Energy upon Controlled Intermolecular Charge-Transfer Reactions in Monolithically Integrated Nanodevices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2103897. [PMID: 34596956 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Intermolecular electron-transfer reactions are key processes in physics, chemistry, and biology. The electron-transfer rates depend primarily on the system reorganization energy, that is, the energetic cost to rearrange each reactant and its surrounding environment when a charge is transferred. Despite the evident impact of electron-transfer reactions on charge-carrier hopping, well-controlled electronic transport measurements using monolithically integrated electrochemical devices have not successfully measured the reorganization energies to this date. Here, it is shown that self-rolling nanomembrane devices with strain-engineered mechanical properties, on-a-chip monolithic integration, and multi-environment operation features can overcome this challenge. The ongoing advances in nanomembrane-origami technology allow to manufacture the nCap, a nanocapacitor platform, to perform molecular-level charge transport characterization. Thereby, employing nCap, the copper-phthalocyanine (CuPc) reorganization energy is probed, ≈0.93 eV, from temperature-dependent measurements of CuPc nanometer-thick films. Supporting the experimental findings, density functional theory calculations provide the atomistic picture of the measured CuPc charge-transfer reaction. The experimental strategy demonstrated here is a consistent route towards determining the reorganization energy of a system formed by molecules monolithically integrated into electrochemical nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Merces
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Graziâni Candiotto
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-972, Brazil
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Letícia Mariê Minatogau Ferro
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, 13083-100, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Anerise de Barros
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Carlos Vinícius Santos Batista
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, 13083-100, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, Bauru, SP, 17033-360, Brazil
| | - Ali Nawaz
- Center for Sensors and Devices, Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), Trento, 38123, Italy
| | - Antonio Riul
- Department of Applied Physics, "Gleb Wataghin" Institute of Physics, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo B Capaz
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, 13083-100, Brazil
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-972, Brazil
| | - Carlos César Bof Bufon
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, 13083-100, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, Bauru, SP, 17033-360, Brazil
- Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, 01302-907, Brazil
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Zhou Q, Liu ZF, Marks TJ, Darancet P. Electronic Structure of Metallophthalocyanines, MPc (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mg) and Fluorinated MPc. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:4055-4061. [PMID: 33961423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c10766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We compute the electronic structure and optical excitation energies of metal-free and transition-metal phthalocyanines (H2Pc and MPc for M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mg) using density functional theory with optimally tuned range-separated hybrid functionals (OT-RSH). We show that the OT-RSH approach provides photoemission spectra in quantitative agreement with experiments as well as optical band gaps within 10% of their experimental values, capturing the interplay of localized d-states and delocalized π-π* states for these organometallic compounds. We examine the tunability of MPcs and H2Pc through fluorination, resulting in quasi-rigid shifts of the molecular orbital energies by up to 0.7 eV. Our comprehensive data set provides a new computational benchmark for gas-phase phthalocyanines, significantly improving upon other density-functional-theory-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunfei Zhou
- Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Zhen-Fei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Pierre Darancet
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States.,Northwestern Argonne Institute for Science and Engineering, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Silva RML, Merces L, Bof Bufon CC. Temperature-Independent Polarization of Ultrathin Phthalocyanine-Based Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Heterojunctions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:29556-29565. [PMID: 32447957 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c02067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The combination of organic and inorganic materials at the nanoscale to form functional hybrid structures is a powerful strategy to develop novel electronic devices. The knowledge on semiconductor thin-film polarization brings direct benefits to the hybrid organic/inorganic electronics, becoming primordial for the development of devices such as electromechanical logic gates, solar cells, miniaturized valves, organic diodes, and molecular supercapacitors, among others. Here, we report on the dielectric polarization of ultrathin organic semiconducting films-ca. 5 nm thick metal phthalocyanine ensembles (viz., CuPc, CoPc, F16CuPc)-employed to build up hybrid metal/oxide/molecule heterojunctions. Such hybrid heterostructures are fully integrated into self-rolled nanomembrane-based capacitors and further investigated by impedance spectroscopy measurements as a function of temperature (from 6 to 300 K). The dielectric polarization of the metal phthalocyanines is found to be thermally activated above a specific threshold temperature, which depends on the molecular structure. Below this threshold, the current leakage across the system is suppressed, thus evidencing intrinsic-like polarization mechanisms. The temperature-independent permittivities of the ultrathin molecular films are found to be strongly dependent on the organic/inorganic hybrid interfaces, while the calculated relaxation times are more likely related to each single-molecule polarization. Beyond the advances in determining the temperature dependence of the permittivity for ultrathin phthalocyanine films integrated within solid-state electronics, our results also support the deterministic design of novel functional devices based on nanoscale hybrid organic/inorganic heterojunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo M L Silva
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Technology (POSMAT), São Paulo State University (UNESP), 17033-360 Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Merces
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos C Bof Bufon
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Technology (POSMAT), São Paulo State University (UNESP), 17033-360 Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
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