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Thupakula U, Soe WH, Joachim C, Dujardin E. Long and isolated graphene nanoribbons by on-surface polymerization on Au(111). Commun Chem 2023; 6:266. [PMID: 38057581 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01073-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Low electronic gap graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are used for the fabrication of nanomaterial-based devices and, when isolated, for mono-molecular electronics experiences, for which a well-controlled length is crucial. Here, an on-surface chemistry protocol is monitored for producing long and well-isolated GNR molecular wires on an Au(111) surface. The two-step Ullmann coupling reaction is sequenced in temperature from 100 °C to 350 °C by steps of 50 °C, returning at room temperature between each step and remaining in ultrahigh vacuum conditions. After the first annealing step at 100 °C, the monomers self-organize into 2-monolayered nano-islands. Next, the Ullmann coupling reaction takes place in both 1st and 2nd layers of those nano-islands. The nano-island lateral size and shape are controlling the final GNR lengths. Respecting the above on-surface chemistry protocol, an optimal initial monomer coverage of ~1.5 monolayer produces isolated GNRs with a final length distribution reaching up to 50 nm and a low surface coverage of ~0.4 monolayer suitable for single molecule experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umamahesh Thupakula
- Centre d'Élaboration de Matériaux et d'Études Structurales (CEMES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse, 29 Rue J. Marvig, BP 94347, 31055, Toulouse Cedex, France.
| | - We-Hyo Soe
- Centre d'Élaboration de Matériaux et d'Études Structurales (CEMES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse, 29 Rue J. Marvig, BP 94347, 31055, Toulouse Cedex, France
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | - Christian Joachim
- Centre d'Élaboration de Matériaux et d'Études Structurales (CEMES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse, 29 Rue J. Marvig, BP 94347, 31055, Toulouse Cedex, France
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Erik Dujardin
- Centre d'Élaboration de Matériaux et d'Études Structurales (CEMES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse, 29 Rue J. Marvig, BP 94347, 31055, Toulouse Cedex, France
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, CNRS UMR 6303, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 Av. A. Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
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2
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Yano M, Yasuda S, Fukutani K, Asaoka H. Long and oriented graphene nanoribbon synthesis from well-ordered 10,10'-dibromo-9,9'-bianthracene monolayer on crystalline Au surfaces. RSC Adv 2023; 13:14089-14096. [PMID: 37179998 PMCID: PMC10167794 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07570a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bottom-up synthesis on metal surfaces has attracted attention for the fabrication of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) with atomically-precise chemical structures to realize novel electronic devices. However, control of length and orientation on surfaces during GNR synthesis is difficult, thus, achieving longer and aligned GNR growth is a significant challenge. Herein, we report GNR synthesis from a well-ordered dense monolayer on Au crystalline surfaces for long and oriented GNR growth. Scanning tunneling microscopy showed that 10,10'-dibromo-9,9'-bianthracene (DBBA) precursors deposited on Au(111) at room temperature self-assembled into a well-ordered dense monolayer, and the straight molecular wire structure was formed where Br atoms in each precursor were adjacent along the wire axis. The DBBAs in the monolayer were found to be hardly desorbed from the surface under subsequent heating and efficiently polymerize along with the molecular arrangement, resulting in more long and oriented GNR growth compared to the conventional growth method. The result is attributed to be suppression of random diffusion and desorption of the DBBAs on the Au surface during polymerization due to the densely-packed DBBA structure. Additionally, an investigation of the effect of the Au crystalline plane on the GNR growth revealed further anisotropic GNR growth on Au(100) compared to Au(111) due to the stronger interactions of DBBA with Au(100). These findings provide fundamental knowledge for controlling GNR growth from a well-ordered precursor monolayer to achieve more long and oriented GNRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yano
- Research Group for Surface and Interface Science, Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency 2-4 Shirakata Tokai Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
| | - Satoshi Yasuda
- Research Group for Surface and Interface Science, Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency 2-4 Shirakata Tokai Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Fukutani
- Research Group for Surface and Interface Science, Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency 2-4 Shirakata Tokai Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8505 Japan
| | - Hidehito Asaoka
- Research Group for Surface and Interface Science, Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency 2-4 Shirakata Tokai Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
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3
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Biswas K, Urgel JI, Ajayakumar MR, Ma J, Sánchez-Grande A, Edalatmanesh S, Lauwaet K, Mutombo P, Gallego JM, Miranda R, Jelínek P, Feng X, Écija D. Synthesis and Characterization of peri-Heptacene on a Metallic Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202114983. [PMID: 35170842 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of long n-peri-acenes (n-PAs) is challenging as a result of their inherent open-shell radical character, which arises from the presence of parallel zigzag edges beyond a certain n value. They are considered as π-electron model systems to study magnetism in graphene nanostructures; being potential candidates in the fabrication of optoelectronic and spintronic devices. Here, we report the on-surface formation of the largest pristine member of the n-PA family, i.e. peri-heptacene (n=7, 7-PA), obtained on an Au(111) substrate under ultra-high vacuum conditions. Our high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy investigations, complemented by theoretical simulations, provide insight into the chemical structure of this previously elusive compound. In addition, scanning tunneling spectroscopy reveals the antiferromagnetic open-shell singlet ground state of 7-PA, exhibiting singlet-triplet spin-flip inelastic excitations with an effective exchange coupling (Jeff ) of 49 meV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Biswas
- IMDEA Nanoscience, C/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - José I Urgel
- IMDEA Nanoscience, C/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - M R Ajayakumar
- Center for Advancing Electronics and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ji Ma
- Center for Advancing Electronics and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ana Sánchez-Grande
- IMDEA Nanoscience, C/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Shayan Edalatmanesh
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science, 16253, Praha, Czech Republic.,Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Koen Lauwaet
- IMDEA Nanoscience, C/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pingo Mutombo
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science, 16253, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - José M Gallego
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Miranda
- IMDEA Nanoscience, C/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science, 16253, Praha, Czech Republic.,Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - David Écija
- IMDEA Nanoscience, C/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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Biswas K, Urgel JI, Ajayakumar MR, Ma J, Sánchez‐Grande A, Edalatmanesh S, Lauwaet K, Mutombo P, Gallego JM, Miranda R, Jelínek P, Feng X, Écija D. Synthesis and Characterization of
peri
‐Heptacene on a Metallic Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Biswas
- IMDEA Nanoscience C/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - José I. Urgel
- IMDEA Nanoscience C/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - M. R. Ajayakumar
- Center for Advancing Electronics and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Technical University of Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Ji Ma
- Center for Advancing Electronics and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Technical University of Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Ana Sánchez‐Grande
- IMDEA Nanoscience C/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Shayan Edalatmanesh
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science 16253 Praha Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Palacký University Olomouc 771 46 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Koen Lauwaet
- IMDEA Nanoscience C/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Pingo Mutombo
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science 16253 Praha Czech Republic
| | - José M. Gallego
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid CSIC 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Rodolfo Miranda
- IMDEA Nanoscience C/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science 16253 Praha Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Palacký University Olomouc 771 46 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Technical University of Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - David Écija
- IMDEA Nanoscience C/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
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5
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Martin-Jimenez D, Ruppert MG, Ihle A, Ahles S, Wegner HA, Schirmeisen A, Ebeling D. Chemical bond imaging using torsional and flexural higher eigenmodes of qPlus sensors. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:5329-5339. [PMID: 35348167 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01062c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Non-contact atomic force microscopy (AFM) with CO-functionalized tips allows visualization of the chemical structure of adsorbed molecules and identify individual inter- and intramolecular bonds. This technique enables in-depth studies of on-surface reactions and self-assembly processes. Herein, we analyze the suitability of qPlus sensors, which are commonly used for such studies, for the application of modern multifrequency AFM techniques. Two different qPlus sensors were tested for submolecular resolution imaging via actuating torsional and flexural higher eigenmodes and via bimodal AFM. The torsional eigenmode of one of our sensors is perfectly suited for performing lateral force microscopy (LFM) with single bond resolution. The obtained LFM images agree well with images from the literature, which were scanned with customized qPlus sensors that were specifically designed for LFM. The advantage of using a torsional eigenmode is that the same molecule can be imaged either with a vertically or laterally oscillating tip without replacing the sensor simply by actuating a different eigenmode. Submolecular resolution is also achieved by actuating the 2nd flexural eigenmode of our second sensor. In this case, we observe particular contrast features that only appear in the AFM images of the 2nd flexural eigenmode but not for the fundamental eigenmode. With complementary laser Doppler vibrometry measurements and AFM simulations we can rationalize that these contrast features are caused by a diagonal (i.e. in-phase vertical and lateral) oscillation of the AFM tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martin-Jimenez
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen 35392, Germany.
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Ihle
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen 35392, Germany.
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ahles
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Hermann A Wegner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - André Schirmeisen
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen 35392, Germany.
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Daniel Ebeling
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen 35392, Germany.
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen 35392, Germany
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6
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Berdonces-Layunta A, Schulz F, Aguilar-Galindo F, Lawrence J, Mohammed MSG, Muntwiler M, Lobo-Checa J, Liljeroth P, de Oteyza DG. Order from a Mess: The Growth of 5-Armchair Graphene Nanoribbons. ACS NANO 2021; 15:16552-16561. [PMID: 34633170 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The advent of on-surface chemistry under vacuum has vastly increased our capabilities to synthesize carbon nanomaterials with atomic precision. Among the types of target structures that have been synthesized by these means, graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) have probably attracted the most attention. In this context, the vast majority of GNRs have been synthesized from the same chemical reaction: Ullmann coupling followed by cyclodehydrogenation. Here, we provide a detailed study of the growth process of five-atom-wide armchair GNRs starting from dibromoperylene. Combining scanning probe microscopy with temperature-dependent XPS measurements and theoretical calculations, we show that the GNR growth departs from the conventional reaction scenario. Instead, precursor molecules couple by means of a concerted mechanism whereby two covalent bonds are formed simultaneously, along with a concomitant dehydrogenation. Indeed, this alternative reaction path is responsible for the straight GNR growth in spite of the initial mixture of reactant isomers with irregular metal-organic intermediates that we find. The provided insight will not only help understanding the reaction mechanisms of other reactants but also serve as a guide for the design of other precursor molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Berdonces-Layunta
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Fabian Schulz
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - James Lawrence
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Mohammed S G Mohammed
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | - Jorge Lobo-Checa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Peter Liljeroth
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Dimas G de Oteyza
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
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7
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Ishii A, Shiotari A, Sugimoto Y. Mechanically induced single-molecule helicity switching of graphene-nanoribbon-fused helicene on Au(111). Chem Sci 2021; 12:13301-13306. [PMID: 34777748 PMCID: PMC8528025 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03976h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicene is a functional material with chirality caused by its characteristic helical geometry. The inversion of its helicity by external stimuli is a challenging task in the advanced control of the molecular chirality. This study fabricated a novel helical molecule, specifically a pentahelicene-analogue twisted aromatic hydrocarbon fused with a graphene nanoribbon, via on-surface synthesis using multiple precursors. Noncontact atomic force microscopy imaging with high spatial resolution confirmed the helicity of the reaction products. The helicity was geometrically converted by pushing a CO-terminated tip into the twisted framework, which is the first demonstration of helicity switching at the single-molecule scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Ishii
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha 277-8561 Kashiwa Japan +81 4 7536 4058 +81 4 7536 3997
| | - Akitoshi Shiotari
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha 277-8561 Kashiwa Japan +81 4 7536 4058 +81 4 7536 3997
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Yoshiaki Sugimoto
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha 277-8561 Kashiwa Japan +81 4 7536 4058 +81 4 7536 3997
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Shiotari A, Hamada I, Nakae T, Mori S, Okujima T, Uno H, Sakaguchi H, Hamamoto Y, Morikawa Y, Sugimoto Y. Manipulable Metal Catalyst for Nanographene Synthesis. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:8339-8345. [PMID: 33090808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Performing bottom-up synthesis by using molecules adsorbed on a surface is an effective method to yield functional polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nanocarbon materials. The intramolecular cyclodehydrogenation of hydrocarbons is a critical process in this synthesis; however, thus far, its elementary steps have not been elucidated thoroughly. In this study, we utilize the metal tip of a low-temperature noncontact atomic force microscope as a manipulable metal surface to locally activate dehydrogenation for PAH-forming cyclodehydrogenation. This method leads to the dissociation of a H atom of an intermediate to yield the cyclodehydrogenated product in a target-selective and reproducible manner. We demonstrate the metal-tip-catalyzed dehydrogenation for both benzenoid and nonbenzonoid PAHs, suggesting its universal applicability as a catalyst for nanographene synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitoshi Shiotari
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, 277-8561 Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Ikutaro Hamada
- Department of Precision Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 565-0871 Suita, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakae
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, 611-0011 Uji, Japan
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, 790-8577 Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Okujima
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 790-8577 Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Uno
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 790-8577 Matsuyama, Japan
| | | | - Yuji Hamamoto
- Department of Precision Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 565-0871 Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshitada Morikawa
- Department of Precision Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 565-0871 Suita, Japan
- Research Center for Ultra-Precision Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 565-0871 Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Sugimoto
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, 277-8561 Kashiwa, Japan
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