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Motiwala HF, Armaly AM, Cacioppo JG, Coombs TC, Koehn KRK, Norwood VM, Aubé J. HFIP in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12544-12747. [PMID: 35848353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) is a polar, strongly hydrogen bond-donating solvent that has found numerous uses in organic synthesis due to its ability to stabilize ionic species, transfer protons, and engage in a range of other intermolecular interactions. The use of this solvent has exponentially increased in the past decade and has become a solvent of choice in some areas, such as C-H functionalization chemistry. In this review, following a brief history of HFIP in organic synthesis and an overview of its physical properties, literature examples of organic reactions using HFIP as a solvent or an additive are presented, emphasizing the effect of solvent of each reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim F Motiwala
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Ahlam M Armaly
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jackson G Cacioppo
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Thomas C Coombs
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403 United States
| | - Kimberly R K Koehn
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Verrill M Norwood
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
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2
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Kamal R, Omkar, Kumar V, Kumar R. Hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodobenzene (HTIB): A Convenient Oxidizing Agent for the Synthesis of Heterocycles. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kamal
- Department of Chemistry Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra- 136119 Haryana India
| | - Omkar
- Department of Chemistry Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra- 136119 Haryana India
| | - Vipan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra- 136119 Haryana India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Mukand Lal National College Yamunanagar Haryana 135001 India
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3
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Li RL, Fang QY, Li MY, Wang XS, Zhao LM. A rearrangement of saccharin-derived cyclic ketimines with 3-chlorooxindoles leading to spiro-1,3-benzothiazine oxindoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11322-11325. [PMID: 34636375 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04179g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
An unusual rearrangement of saccharin-derived cyclic ketimines (SDCIs) and 3-chlorooxindoles has been developed to provide a series of spiro-1,3-benzothiazine oxindoles. The reaction features simple manipulations, short reaction times, mild reaction conditions and inexpensive reagents. It is the first example where SDCIs serve as a ring-opening reagent in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Li Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qing-Yun Fang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Mei-Yuan Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiang-Shan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Li-Ming Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China.
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4
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Chen N, Xu HC. Electrochemically Driven Radical Reactions: From Direct Electrolysis to Molecular Catalysis. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2306-2319. [PMID: 33734572 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organic radicals are versatile synthetic intermediates that provide reactivities and selectivities complementary to ionic species. Despite its long history, electrochemically driven radical reactions remain limited in scope. In the past few years, there have been dramatic increase in research activity in organic electrochemistry. We have been developing electrochemical and electrophotocatalytic methods for the generation and synthetic utilization of organic radicals. In our studies, various radical species such as alkene and arene radical cations and carbon- and heteroatom-centered radicals are generated from readily available precursors through direct electrolysis, molecular electrocatalysis or molecular electrophotocatalysis. These radical species undergo various inter- and intramolecular oxidative transformations to rapidly increase molecular complexity. The simultaneous occurrence of anodic oxidation and cathodic proton reduction allows the oxidative reactions to proceed through H2 evolution without external chemical oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Chen
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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5
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Nan GM, Li X, Yao TY, Yan TX, Wen LR, Li M. InCl3-catalyzed 5-exo-dig cyclization/1,6-conjugate addition of N-propargylamides with p-QMs to construct oxazole derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:1780-1784. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02651g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An InCl3-catalyzed tandem intramolecular 5-exo-dig cyclization/1,6-conjugate addition/aromatization of N-propargylamides with p-QMs to produce oxazoles tethering diarylmethane has been successfully developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Ming Nan
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang
- Yili Normal University
- Yining 835000
- China
| | - Xue Li
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang
- Yili Normal University
- Yining 835000
- China
| | - Tian-Yu Yao
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science & Technology
- Qingdao 266042
- China
| | - Ting-Xun Yan
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science & Technology
- Qingdao 266042
- China
| | - Li-Rong Wen
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science & Technology
- Qingdao 266042
- China
| | - Ming Li
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang
- Yili Normal University
- Yining 835000
- China
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering
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Zhang YA, Ding Z, Liu P, Guo WS, Wen LR, Li M. Access to SCN-containing thiazolines via electrochemical regioselective thiocyanothiocyclization of N-allylthioamides. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00300j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical thiocyclization of N-allylthioamides has been developed for the synthesis of SCN-containing 2-thiazolines and NCS-containing thiazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-An Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266042
- P. R. China
| | - Zhong Ding
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266042
- P. R. China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266042
- P. R. China
| | - Wei-Si Guo
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266042
- P. R. China
| | - Li-Rong Wen
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266042
- P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266042
- P. R. China
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Huang C, Xu HC. Synthesis of 1,3-benzothiazines by intramolecular dehydrogenative C–S cross-coupling in a flow electrolysis cell. Sci China Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-019-9554-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sandeep K, Siva Reddy A, Kumara Swamy KC. Cu(i) catalysed annulation of isothiocyanates/isocyanates with 2-iodo-sulfonamides: synthesis of benzodithiazines, benzothiadiazinones, benzothiazinylidene-anilines and benzothiazolylidene-anilines. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:6880-6894. [PMID: 31270513 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00994a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient Cu(i)-catalysed cyclisation reaction of 2-iodobenzene sulfonamides with aryl-isothiocyanates and isocyanates that affords functionalised benzodithiazines and benzothiadiazinones, respectively, has been developed. Thus, in the reaction with aryl isothiocyanates (Ar-N[double bond, length as m-dash]C[double bond, length as m-dash]S), the C[double bond, length as m-dash]S moiety participates in the cyclisation leading to a dithiazine. By contrast, in the case of aryl isocyanates (Ar-N[double bond, length as m-dash]C[double bond, length as m-dash]O), the N[double bond, length as m-dash]C part is involved in the cyclisation and a thiadiazinone is obtained. Analogous reactions of isothiocyanates with N-tosyl-2-iodo-anilines and 2-iodo-benzyl sulfonamides afford (benzothiazin-2-ylidene)anilines and (benzothiazol-2-ylidene)anilines, respectively. Probable mechanistic pathways are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sandeep
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India.
| | - Alla Siva Reddy
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India.
| | - K C Kumara Swamy
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India.
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Xu X, Chu Z, Xia C. Transition-metal free oxidative C-H etherification of acylanilines with alcohols through a radical pathway. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:6346-6350. [PMID: 31210244 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01224a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A transition metal free approach for the synthesis of methyl/ethyl aryl ether via oxidative C-H etherification of acylanilines with alcohols has been developed. Various acylanilines are compatible under standard conditions, giving the corresponding products in moderate to good yields. This strategy avoids transition-metal catalyst and excessive alcohol, providing a simple and reliable alternative method for the synthesis of methyl/ethyl aryl ether. Control experiments reveal that a radical mechanism is involved in this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Xu
- Shanghai Synmedia Chemical Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201201, China and Pharmacy College, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian 271000, China.
| | - Zhengzhou Chu
- Shanghai Synmedia Chemical Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201201, China
| | - Chengcai Xia
- Pharmacy College, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian 271000, China.
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