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Lin ZH, Hu J, Shi H, Liaw CC, Qiu WL, Hsu WH, Lin TY. Water extract of medicinal ink (WEMI) attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production of Raw264.7 cells via downregulating JAK2/STAT3-mediated iNOS expression. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 282:114636. [PMID: 34520830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Medicinal ink is used as a traditional topical medicine for treating inflammatory diseases via detoxification, relieving pain, hemostasis, and reducing swelling. However, the effect of medicinal ink on the inhibition of inflammatory responses and the underlying molecular mechanism remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory function of water extract of medical ink (WEMI) and elucidate its active mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell viability was assessed using crystal violet staining assay. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were detected by ELISA. Nitric oxide (NO) production was measured by Griess assay. The activation of inflammatory signaling molecules stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was evaluated by assessing levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), phosphorylated Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) using Western blot assay. RESULTS Water extract of medical ink (WEMI) did not present cytotoxic effect on murine macrophage Raw264.7 cells. High dosage of WEMI slightly rescued LPS-suppressed cell viability of Raw264.7 cells. WEMI did not induce NO production or IL-6 secretion, though WEMI significantly induced secretion of TNF-α on Raw264.7 cells not stimulated with LPS. On the other hand, LPS effectively stimulated inflammation on Raw264.7 cells; however, WEMI dramatically reduced LPS-induced NO production. WEMI alleviated LPS-stimulated IL-6 secretion but did not affect the content of TNF-α. In addition, WEMI effectively reduced expression of iNOS by abolishing LPS-mediated phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3 but not TLR4-mediated NF-κB and MAPK molecules. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that WEMI targets of the JAK2/STAT3-mediated iNOS expression play a key role in alleviating LPS-induced inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 macrophages. Therefore, medicinal ink may be a potential topical agent for treating fasciitis or synovitis via regulating the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hu Lin
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jinsong Hu
- Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huagang Shi
- Sichuan Provincial Orthopedics Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chia-Ching Liaw
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lun Qiu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hung Hsu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; LO-Sheng Hospital Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan; College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Yi Lin
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Biomedical Industry Ph.D. Program, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Castro SJ, Padrón JM, Darses B, Nicotra VE, Dauban P. Late‐stage Rh(II)‐catalyzed Nitrene Transfer for the Synthesis of Guaianolide Analogs with Enhanced Antiproliferative Activity. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián J. Castro
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Univ. Paris-Sud Université Paris-Saclay Av. de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET) Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Casilla de Correo 495 5000 Córdoba Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET) Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Casilla de Correo 495 5000 Córdoba Argentina
| | - José M. Padrón
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González” (IUBO-AG) Universidad de La Laguna C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2 38206 La Laguna Spain
| | - Benjamin Darses
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Univ. Paris-Sud Université Paris-Saclay Av. de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Viviana E. Nicotra
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET) Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Casilla de Correo 495 5000 Córdoba Argentina
| | - Philippe Dauban
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Univ. Paris-Sud Université Paris-Saclay Av. de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
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Kallepu S, Neeli PK, Mallappa S, Nagendla NK, Reddy Mudiam MK, Mainkar PS, Kotamraju S, Chandrasekhar S. sp 3 -Rich Glycyrrhetinic Acid Analogues Using Late-Stage Functionalization as Potential Breast Tumor Regressing Agents. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1826-1833. [PMID: 32893968 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) aids drug discovery efforts by introducing functional groups onto C-H bonds on pre-existing skeletons. We adopted the LSF strategy to synthesize analogues of the abundantly available triterpenoid, glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), by introducing aryl groups in the A-ring, expanding the A-ring and selectively activating one methyl group of the gem-dimethyl groups. Intriguingly, two compounds were found to preferentially accumulate in the mitochondrial compartment of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, to cause depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential and to induce antiproliferative and anti-invasive effects through enhanced mitochondrial superoxide production with parallel depletion of GSH levels. Furthermore, intraperitoneal administration of these two compounds, in comparison with GA, greatly regressed breast tumor growth and metastasis in a SCID mouse model bearing labeled MDA-MB-231 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivakrishna Kallepu
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Neeli
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Sreevidya Mallappa
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Narendra Kumar Nagendla
- Department of Analytical & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Mohana Krishna Reddy Mudiam
- Department of Analytical & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Prathama S Mainkar
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Srigiridhar Kotamraju
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Srivari Chandrasekhar
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110020, India
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Xu W, Wang W, Liu T, Xie J, Zhu C. Late-stage trifluoromethylthiolation of benzylic C-H bonds. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4867. [PMID: 31653853 PMCID: PMC6814834 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12844-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The benzylic positions in drugs are sites that readily react with cytochrome P450 oxidases via single-electron oxidation. New synthetic methodologies to incorporate a fluoroalkyl group at the benzylic site are continually being developed, and in this paper, we report a metal-free and site-selective organophotoredox-catalyzed trifluoromethylthiolation of benzylic C-H bonds for a wide variety of alkyl arenes and heteroarenes. The precise and predictive regioselectivity among various C(sp3)-H bonds originates from an inner-sphere benzylic radical initiation mechanism, and avoids the use of external oxidants or hydrogen atom abstractors. Its practicality stems from the trifluoromethylthiolation of a series of drugs and complex organic molecules, which is overwhelmingly selective for benzyl groups. This operationally simple protocol can provide a general and practical access to structurally diverse benzylic trifluoromethyl sulfides produced from ubiquitous benzylic C-H bonds. Large scale trifluoromethylthiolation can be achieved with continuous flow photoredox technology. Fluoroalkylation of C-H bonds is a class of reaction highly sought after in medicinal chemistry. Here, the authors report a regioselective organophotoredox-catalyzed, trifluoromethylthiolation of benzylic C-H bonds for a wide variety of alkyl (hetero)arenes, and demonstrate its utility in continuous flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China.
| | - Chengjian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 200032, Shanghai, China.
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