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Lopes-Nunes J, Oliveira PA, Cruz C. Enhanced targeted liposomal delivery of imiquimod via aptamer functionalization for head and neck cancer therapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 243:114121. [PMID: 39094208 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.114121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of head and neck cancers, particularly those associated with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infections, has been steadily increasing. Conventional therapies exhibit limitations and drawbacks, prompting the exploration of new strategies over the years, with nanomedicine approaches, especially liposomes gaining relevance. Additionally, the functionalization of liposomes with aptamers enables selective delivery to target cells. For instance, AT11 can serve as a targeting moiety for cancer cells due to its high affinity for nucleolin, a protein overexpressed on the cancer cell's surface. In this study, liposomes functionalized with AT11 are proposed as drug delivery systems for imiquimod (IQ), aiming to maximize its potential as an anticancer agent for HPV-related cancers. To this end, firstly liposomes were produced through the ethanol injection method, functionalized with AT11-TEG-Cholesteryl, and characterized using dynamic light scattering. The obtained liposomes presented suitable properties for cancer therapy (with sizes from 120 to 140 nm and low polydispersity PDI < 0.16) and were further evaluated in terms of potential anticancer effects. AT11 IQ-associated liposomes allowed a selective delivery of IQ towards a tongue cancer cell line (UPCI-SCC-154) relative to the non-malignant cell line (Het1A). Specifically, they induced a selective reduction of the cell viability (∼52 % versus ∼113 %; p < 0.0001), proliferation (∼68 % versus ∼102 %; p<0.0001) and increased cell death (∼7-fold increase; p < 0.0001)). Additionally, they decreased the migration (from ∼24 % to ∼8 %; p < 0.0001) and invasion (to 11 %; p = 0.0047) capacities of the cancer cells. In summary, the produced liposomes represent a promising approach to enhance the anticancer potential of IQ in head and neck cancer, particularly in tongue cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Lopes-Nunes
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Inov4Agro, Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carla Cruz
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Departamento de Química, Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marquês de Ávila e Bolama, Covilhã 6201-001, Portugal.
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Lopes-Nunes J, Oliveira PA, Cruz C. Nanotherapy for human papillomavirus-associated cancers: breakthroughs and challenges. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2024; 45:781-797. [PMID: 39181737 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2024.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are well-known causative agents of several cancers, yet selective therapies remain under investigation. Nanoparticles, for instance, are emerging as promising solutions to enhance the delivery and efficacy of therapeutic approaches. Despite the increasing number of nanotherapies offering advantages over current treatments, only one has advanced to clinical trials. This review highlights recent advances in nanotherapies for HPV-associated cancers, focusing on the delivery of small molecules, gene-targeted therapies, and vaccines. Some of the challenges faced in nanotherapies translation for clinical application are discussed, emphasizing the most used preclinical models that fail to accurately predict human responses, thereby hindering proper evaluation of nanotherapies. Additionally, we explore and discuss alternative promising new preclinical models that could pave the way for more effective nanotherapeutic evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Lopes-Nunes
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Inov4Agro, Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building, and Sustainability of Agri-food Production, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carla Cruz
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Departamento de Química, Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marquês de Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal.
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Maocha I, Rosado B, Lopes-Nunes J, Lopes M, Rolo J, Pires B, Gallardo E, Palmeira-de-Oliveira A, Martinez-de-Oliveira J, Palmeira de Oliveira R, Medeiros R, Cruz C. Imiquimod-Loaded Nanosystem for Treatment Human Papillomavirus-Induced Lesions. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:864. [PMID: 39065561 PMCID: PMC11279553 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16070864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cervical cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide. The treatment options are strongly related to increased infertility in women. Imiquimod (IQ) is an imidazoquinoline, which has proven antiviral effects against persistent HPV infection by activating immune cells via Toll-like receptors 7/8 when formulated in carriers, like nanogels, for topical use. An effective alternative to conventional therapies is the nanoparticle drug delivery system. We studied lipidic nanoparticles with IQ (Lipo IQ) and functionalized them with a DNA aptamer, AT11 (Lipo IQ AT11), to improve the selectivity for cervical cancer cells combined with the efficacy of essential oils. The formulations showed that the physicochemical properties are adequate for vaginal drug delivery and have antimicrobial activity at higher concentrations (with MIC50 starting from 0.625%). The final formulations exhibited cytotoxicity in cancer cells, enhanced by essential oils without affecting healthy cells, resulting in less than 10% cell viability in HeLa cells and over 60% in NHDF cells. Essential oils potentiate Lipo IQ's effectiveness, while AT11 increases the selectivity for cervical cancer cells. As suggested by the results of the permeation assay, the formulations were internalized by the cancer cells. Overall, the obtained results suggested that the synergistic effect of the essential oils and the nanosystem potentiate the cytotoxic effect of Lipo IQ and that Lipo IQ AT11 promotes selectivity towards cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izamara Maocha
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (I.M.); (B.R.); (J.L.-N.); (M.L.); (J.R.); (B.P.); (E.G.); (A.P.-d.-O.); (J.M.-d.-O.); (R.P.d.O.)
| | - Beatriz Rosado
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (I.M.); (B.R.); (J.L.-N.); (M.L.); (J.R.); (B.P.); (E.G.); (A.P.-d.-O.); (J.M.-d.-O.); (R.P.d.O.)
| | - Jéssica Lopes-Nunes
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (I.M.); (B.R.); (J.L.-N.); (M.L.); (J.R.); (B.P.); (E.G.); (A.P.-d.-O.); (J.M.-d.-O.); (R.P.d.O.)
| | - Melanie Lopes
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (I.M.); (B.R.); (J.L.-N.); (M.L.); (J.R.); (B.P.); (E.G.); (A.P.-d.-O.); (J.M.-d.-O.); (R.P.d.O.)
| | - Joana Rolo
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (I.M.); (B.R.); (J.L.-N.); (M.L.); (J.R.); (B.P.); (E.G.); (A.P.-d.-O.); (J.M.-d.-O.); (R.P.d.O.)
| | - Bruno Pires
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (I.M.); (B.R.); (J.L.-N.); (M.L.); (J.R.); (B.P.); (E.G.); (A.P.-d.-O.); (J.M.-d.-O.); (R.P.d.O.)
| | - Eugénia Gallardo
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (I.M.); (B.R.); (J.L.-N.); (M.L.); (J.R.); (B.P.); (E.G.); (A.P.-d.-O.); (J.M.-d.-O.); (R.P.d.O.)
| | - Ana Palmeira-de-Oliveira
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (I.M.); (B.R.); (J.L.-N.); (M.L.); (J.R.); (B.P.); (E.G.); (A.P.-d.-O.); (J.M.-d.-O.); (R.P.d.O.)
- Labfit–Health Products Research and Development Lda, UBIMedical, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - José Martinez-de-Oliveira
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (I.M.); (B.R.); (J.L.-N.); (M.L.); (J.R.); (B.P.); (E.G.); (A.P.-d.-O.); (J.M.-d.-O.); (R.P.d.O.)
| | - Rita Palmeira de Oliveira
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (I.M.); (B.R.); (J.L.-N.); (M.L.); (J.R.); (B.P.); (E.G.); (A.P.-d.-O.); (J.M.-d.-O.); (R.P.d.O.)
- Labfit–Health Products Research and Development Lda, UBIMedical, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC) Raquel Seruca, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Cruz
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (I.M.); (B.R.); (J.L.-N.); (M.L.); (J.R.); (B.P.); (E.G.); (A.P.-d.-O.); (J.M.-d.-O.); (R.P.d.O.)
- Departamento de Química, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
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Lourenço P, Miranda A, Campello MPC, Paulo A, Louis-Mergny J, Cruz C. Targeting proto-oncogene B-MYB G-quadruplex with a nucleic acid-based fluorescent probe. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131055. [PMID: 38522681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The B-MYB gene encodes a transcription factor (B-MYB) that regulates cell growth and survival. Abnormal expression of B-MYB is frequently observed in lung cancer and poses challenges for targeted drug therapy. Oncogenes often contain DNA structures called G-quadruplexes (G4s) in their promoter regions, and B-MYB is no exception. These G4s play roles in genetic regulation and are potential cancer treatment targets. In this study, a probe was designed to specifically identify a G4 within the promoter region of the B-MYB gene. This probe combines an acridine derivative ligand with a DNA segment complementary to the target sequence, enabling it to hybridize with the adjacent sequence of the G4 being investigated. Biophysical studies demonstrated that the acridine derivative ligands C5NH2 and C8NH2 not only effectively stabilized the G4 structure but also exhibited moderate affinity. They were capable of altering the G4 topology and exhibited enhanced fluorescence emission in the presence of this quadruplex. Additionally, these ligands increased the number of G4s observed in cellular studies. Through various biophysical studies, the target sequence was shown to form a G4 structure, even with an extra nucleotide tail added to its flanking region. Cellular studies confirmed the co-localization between the target sequence and the developed probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Lourenço
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - André Miranda
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Maria Paula Cabral Campello
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139.7), 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal
| | - António Paulo
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139.7), 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal; Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139.7), 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal
| | - Jean Louis-Mergny
- Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, CNRS, INSERM, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Carla Cruz
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Departamento de Química da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marquês de Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal.
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5
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Lopes-Nunes J, Simões P, Moreira D, Leandro K, Nobre RJ, Pereira de Almeida L, Campello MPC, Oliveira MC, Paulo A, Coutinho A, Melo AM, Tomaz C, Cruz C. RNA-based liposomes for oral cancer: From biophysical characterization to biological evaluation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129157. [PMID: 38199539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Oral cancer incidence and mortality are increasing over time. The most common therapies for oral cancers are surgery and radiotherapy, either used alone or combined, and immunotherapy can be also an option. Although there are several therapeutic options, none of them are completely effective, and in addition, there are numerous associated side effects. To overcome these limitations, researchers have been trying to reduce these drawbacks by using drug delivery systems that carry drugs for specific delivery to cancer cells. For that purpose, RNA-coated liposomes to selectively deliver the ligands C8 (acridine orange derivative) and dexamethasone to oral cancer cells were produced, characterized, and biologically evaluated. Firstly, the RNA structure and binding interaction with ligands (C8 and dexamethasone) were evaluated by circular dichroism (CD), thermal difference spectroscopy (TDS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and fluorescence titrations. The biophysical assays evidenced the formation of an RNA hairpin and duplex structure. Moreover, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence intensity and anisotropy experiments show that C8 forms a complex with RNA and adopts an open conformation upon RNA binding. Then, RNA-coated liposomes were characterized by dynamic light scattering, and diameters near 160 nm were observed. Time-resolved anisotropy measurements of C8 loaded in RNA-functionalized liposomes indicate the co-existence of free C8 in solution (inside the liposome) and C8 bound to RNA at the external liposome surface. The RNA-functionalized liposomes loaded with C8 or dexamethasone mediated a significant reduction in the cell viability of malignant UPCI-SCC-154 cells while maintaining viable non-malignant NHDF cells. Additionally, the liposomes were able to internalize the cells, with higher uptake by the malignant cell line. Overall, the results obtained in this work can contribute to the development of new drug delivery systems based on RNA-coated liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Lopes-Nunes
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Pedro Simões
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - David Moreira
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Kevin Leandro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui Jorge Nobre
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Viral Vectors for Gene Transfer Core Facility, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 16 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Pereira de Almeida
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Viral Vectors for Gene Transfer Core Facility, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Paula Cabral Campello
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139.7), 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal
| | - Maria Cristina Oliveira
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139.7), 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal
| | - António Paulo
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139.7), 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal; Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139.7), 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal
| | - Ana Coutinho
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; Dep. Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana M Melo
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cândida Tomaz
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Departamento de Química, Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marquês de Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Carla Cruz
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Departamento de Química, Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marquês de Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal.
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Zareie AR, Dabral P, Verma SC. G-Quadruplexes in the Regulation of Viral Gene Expressions and Their Impacts on Controlling Infection. Pathogens 2024; 13:60. [PMID: 38251367 PMCID: PMC10819198 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
G-quadruplexes (G4s) are noncanonical nucleic acid structures that play significant roles in regulating various biological processes, including replication, transcription, translation, and recombination. Recent studies have identified G4s in the genomes of several viruses, such as herpes viruses, hepatitis viruses, and human coronaviruses. These structures are implicated in regulating viral transcription, replication, and virion production, influencing viral infectivity and pathogenesis. G4-stabilizing ligands, like TMPyP4, PhenDC3, and BRACO19, show potential antiviral properties by targeting and stabilizing G4 structures, inhibiting essential viral life-cycle processes. This review delves into the existing literature on G4's involvement in viral regulation, emphasizing specific G4-stabilizing ligands. While progress has been made in understanding how these ligands regulate viruses, further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms through which G4s impact viral processes. More research is necessary to develop G4-stabilizing ligands as novel antiviral agents. The increasing body of literature underscores the importance of G4s in viral biology and the development of innovative therapeutic strategies against viral infections. Despite some ligands' known regulatory effects on viruses, a deeper comprehension of the multifaceted impact of G4s on viral processes is essential. This review advocates for intensified research to unravel the intricate relationship between G4s and viral processes, paving the way for novel antiviral treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Subhash C. Verma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, 1664 N Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (A.R.Z.); (P.D.)
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Moreira D, Lopes-Nunes J, Santos FM, Campello MPC, Oliveira MC, Paulo A, Tomaz C, Cruz C. Assessment of Aptamer as a Potential Drug Targeted Delivery for Retinal Angiogenesis Inhibition. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050751. [PMID: 37242534 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
AT11-L0 is an aptamer derivative of AS1411 composed of G-rich sequences that can adopt a G-quadruplex (G4) structure and target nucleolin (NCL), a protein that acts as a co-receptor for several growth factors. Hence, this study aimed to characterize the AT11-L0 G4 structure and its interaction with several ligands for NCL targeting and to evaluate their capacity to inhibit angiogenesis using an in vitro model. The AT11-L0 aptamer was then used to functionalize drug-associated liposomes to increase the bioavailability of the aptamer-based drug in the formulation. Biophysical studies, such as nuclear magnetic resonance, circular dichroism, and fluorescence titrations, were performed to characterize the liposomes functionalized with the AT11-L0 aptamer. Finally, these liposome formulations with the encapsulated drugs were tested on the human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) model to assess their antiangiogenic capacity. The results showed that the AT11-L0 aptamer-ligand complexes are highly stable, presenting melting temperatures from 45 °C to 60 °C, allowing for efficient targeting of NCL with a KD in the order of nM. The aptamer-functionalized liposomes loaded with ligands C8 and dexamethasone did not show cytotoxic effects in HUVEC cells compared with the free ligands and AT11-L0, as assessed by cell viability assays. AT11-L0 aptamer-functionalized liposomes encapsulating C8 and dexamethasone did not present a significant reduction in the angiogenic process when compared with the free ligands. In addition, AT11-L0 did not show anti-angiogenic effects at the concentrations tested. However, C8 shows potential as an angiogenesis inhibitor, which should be further developed and optimized in future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Moreira
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Jéssica Lopes-Nunes
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Fátima Milhano Santos
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Darwin 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Paula Cabral Campello
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139.7), 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal
- Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139.7), 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal
| | - Maria Cristina Oliveira
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139.7), 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal
- Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139.7), 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal
| | - António Paulo
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139.7), 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal
- Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139.7), 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal
| | - Cândida Tomaz
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Departamento de Química, Universityof Beira Interior, Rua Marquês de Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Carla Cruz
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Departamento de Química, Universityof Beira Interior, Rua Marquês de Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
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8
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Varakumar P, Rajagopal K, Aparna B, Raman K, Byran G, Gonçalves Lima CM, Rashid S, Nafady MH, Emran TB, Wybraniec S. Acridine as an Anti-Tumour Agent: A Critical Review. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010193. [PMID: 36615391 PMCID: PMC9822522 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarized the current breakthroughs in the chemistry of acridines as anti-cancer agents, including new structural and biologically active acridine attributes. Acridine derivatives are a class of compounds that are being extensively researched as potential anti-cancer drugs. Acridines are well-known for their high cytotoxic activity; however, their clinical application is restricted or even excluded as a result of side effects. The photocytotoxicity of propyl acridine acts against leukaemia cell lines, with C1748 being a promising anti-tumour drug against UDP-UGT's. CK0403 is reported in breast cancer treatment and is more potent than CK0402 against estrogen receptor-negative HER2. Acridine platinum (Pt) complexes have shown specificity on the evaluated DNA sequences; 9-anilinoacridine core, which intercalates DNA, and a methyl triazene DNA-methylating moiety were also studied. Acridine thiourea gold and acridinone derivatives act against cell lines such as MDA-MB-231, SK-BR-3, and MCF-7. Benzimidazole acridine compounds demonstrated cytotoxic activity against Dual Topo and PARP-1. Quinacrine, thiazacridine, and azacridine are reported as anti-cancer agents, which have been reported in the previous decade and were addressed in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Potlapati Varakumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy (JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research), Ooty 643001, India
| | - Kalirajan Rajagopal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy (JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research), Ooty 643001, India
- Correspondence: (K.R.); (T.B.E.); (S.W.)
| | - Baliwada Aparna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy (JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research), Ooty 643001, India
| | - Kannan Raman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy (JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research), Ooty 643001, India
| | - Gowramma Byran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy (JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research), Ooty 643001, India
| | | | - Salma Rashid
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed H. Nafady
- Faculty of Applied Health Science Technology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza 12568, Egypt
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (K.R.); (T.B.E.); (S.W.)
| | - Sławomir Wybraniec
- Department of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.R.); (T.B.E.); (S.W.)
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9
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Miranda A, Lopez-Blanco R, Lopes-Nunes J, Melo AM, Campello MPC, Paulo A, Oliveira MC, Mergny JL, Oliveira PA, Fernandez-Megia E, Cruz C. Gallic Acid-Triethylene Glycol Aptadendrimers Synthesis, Biophysical Characterization and Cellular Evaluation. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112456. [PMID: 36432647 PMCID: PMC9696068 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we describe the synthesis of an aptadendrimer by covalent bioconjugation of a gallic acid-triethylene glycol (GATG) dendrimer with the G-quadruplex (G4) AT11 aptamer (a modified version of AS1411) at the surface. We evaluated the loading and interaction of an acridine orange ligand, termed C8, that acts as an anticancer drug and binder/stabilizer of the G4 structure of AT11. Dynamic light scattering experiments demonstrated that the aptadendrimer was approximately 3.1 nm in diameter. Both steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy evidenced the interaction between the aptadendrimer and C8. Additionally, we demonstrated that the iodine atom of the C8 ligand acts as an effective intramolecular quencher in solution, while upon complexation with the aptadendrimer, it adopts a more extended conformation. Docking studies support this conclusion. Release experiments show a delivery of C8 after 4 h. The aptadendrimers tend to localize in the cytoplasm of various cell lines studied as demonstrated by confocal microscopy. The internalization of the aptadendrimers is not nucleolin-mediated or by passive diffusion, but via endocytosis. MTT studies with prostate cancer cells and non-malignant cells evidenced high cytotoxicity mainly due to the C8 ligand. The rapid internalization of the aptadendrimers and the fluorescence properties make them attractive for the development of potential nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Miranda
- CICS-UBI—Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Roi Lopez-Blanco
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Jenaro de la Fuente s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jéssica Lopes-Nunes
- CICS-UBI—Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Melo
- iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Paula Cabral Campello
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139.7), 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal
- Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139.7), 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal
| | - António Paulo
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139.7), 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal
- Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139.7), 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal
| | - Maria Cristina Oliveira
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139.7), 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal
- Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139.7), 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal
| | - Jean-Louis Mergny
- Laboratoire d’Optique et Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Paula A. Oliveira
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Fernandez-Megia
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Jenaro de la Fuente s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.F.-M.); (C.C.)
| | - Carla Cruz
- CICS-UBI—Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Departamento de Química, Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marquês de Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- Correspondence: (E.F.-M.); (C.C.)
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10
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G-Quadruplex Aptamer-Ligand Characterization. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27206781. [PMID: 36296374 PMCID: PMC9609330 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we explore the structure of a G-rich DNA aptamer termed AT11-L2 (TGGTGGTGGTTGTTGTTGGTGGTGGTGGT; derivative of AT11) by evaluating the formation and stability of G-quadruplex (G4) conformation under different experimental conditions such as KCl concentration, temperature, and upon binding with a variety of G4 ligands (360A, BRACO-19, PDS, PhenDC3, TMPyP4). We also determined whether nucleolin (NCL) can be a target of AT11-L2 G4. Firstly, we assessed by circular dichroism, UV and NMR spectroscopies the formation of G4 by AT11-L2. We observed that, for KCl concentrations of 65 mM or less, AT11-L2 adopts hybrid or multiple topologies. In contrast, a parallel topology predominates for buffer containing 100 mM of KCl. The Tm of AT11-L2 in 100 mM of KCl is 38.9 °C, proving the weak stability of this sequence. We also found that upon titration with two molar equivalents of 360A, BRACO-19 and PhenDC3, the G4 is strongly stabilized and its topology is maintained, while the addition of 3.5 molar equivalents of TMPyP4 promotes the disruption of G4. The KD values between AT11-L2 G4, ligands and NCL were obtained by fluorescence titrations and are in the range of µM for ligand complexes and nM when adding NCL. In silico studies suggest that four ligands bind to the AT11-L2 G4 structure by stacking interactions, while the RBD1,2 domains of NCL interact preferentially with the thymines of AT11-L2 G4. Finally, AT11-L2 G4 co-localized with NCL in NCL-positive tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line.
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Li J, Gao Y, Liu S, Cai J, Zhang Q, Li K, Liu Z, Shi M, Wang J, Cui H. Aptamer-functionalized Quercetin Thermosensitive Liposomes for Targeting Drug Delivery and Antitumor Therapy. Biomed Mater 2022; 17. [PMID: 36001994 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac8c75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemo-thermotherapy, as a promising cancer combination therapy strategy, has attracted widespread attention. In this study, a novel aptamer functionalized thermosensitive liposome encapsulating hydrophobic drug quercetin was fabricated as an efficient drug delivery system. This aptamer-functionalized quercetin thermosensitive liposomes (AQTSL) combined the merits of high-loading yield, sustained drug release, long-term circulation in the body of PEGylated liposomes, passive targeting provided by 100-200 nm nanoparticles, active targeting and improved internalization effects offered by AS1411 aptamer, and temperature-responsive of quercetin release. In addition, AQTSL tail vein injection combined with 42℃ water bath heating on tumor site (AQTSL+42℃)treatment inhibited the tumor growth significantly compared with the normal saline administration (p<0.01), and the inhibition rate reached 75%. Furthermore, AQTSL+42℃ treatment also slowed down the tumor growth significantly compared with QTSL combined with 42℃ administration (p<0.05), confirming that AS1411 decoration on QTSL increased the active targeting and internalization effects of the drug delivery system, and AS1411 aptamer itself might also contribute to the tumor inhibition. These data indicate that AQTSL is a potential carrier candidate for different hydrophobic drugs and tumor targeting delivery, and this kind of targeted drug delivery system combined with temperature responsive drug release mode is expected to achieve an ideal tumor therapy effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Yanshan University, No.438,Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, 066000, CHINA
| | - Yanting Gao
- Yanshan University, No.438, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, 066000, CHINA
| | - Shihe Liu
- Yanshan University, No.438,Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, 066000, CHINA
| | - Jiahui Cai
- Yanshan University, No.438, Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, 066000, CHINA
| | - Qing Zhang
- Yanshan University, No.438, Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, 066000, CHINA
| | - Kun Li
- Yanshan University, No. 438, Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, 066000, CHINA
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Yanshan University, No. 438, West Section of Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066004, CHINA
| | - Ming Shi
- Yanshan University, No.438, Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, 066004, CHINA
| | - Jidong Wang
- Yanshan University, No. 438, Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao, 066000, CHINA
| | - Hongxia Cui
- Yanshan University, No. 438, Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, 066004, CHINA
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Santos T, Lopes-Nunes J, Alexandre D, Miranda A, Figueiredo J, Silva MS, Mergny JL, Cruz C. Stabilization of a DNA aptamer by ligand binding. Biochimie 2022; 200:8-18. [PMID: 35550917 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
G-rich aptamers such as AS1411 are small oligonucleotides that present several benefits comparatively to monoclonal antibodies, since they are easier to manufacture and store, have small size and do not stimulate an immune response. We analyzed AT11-B1, a modified sequence of AT11 (itself a modified version of AS1411), in which one thymine was removed from the bulge region. We studied G-quadruplex (G4) formation/stabilization using PhenDC3, PDS, BRACO-19, TMPyP4 and 360A ligands by different biophysical techniques, namely circular dichroism (CD), Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET-melting) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The CD spectra showed that AT11-B1 adopts a predominant G4 of parallel topology when the buffer contains KCl or when ligands are added. PhenDC3 induced a ΔTm of 30 °C or more of the G4 structure as shown by CD- and FRET-melting experiments. The ligands demonstrate high affinity for AT11-B1 G4 and the NMR studies revealed that the AT11-B1 G4 involves four G-tetrad layers. The in silico studies suggest that all ligands bind AT11-B1 G4, namely, by stacking interactions, except PDS that may bind to the loop/groove interface. In addition, molecular dynamics simulations revealed that nucleolin (NCL) interacts with the AT11-B1 G4 structure through the RNA binding domain (RBD) 2 and the 12-residue linker between RBD1,2. Moreover, AT11-B1 G4 was internalized into a NCL-positive tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line. In a nutshell, this study may help the identification of the ligands scaffolds to bind and stabilize AT11-B1, improving the targeting towards NCL that is overexpressed in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Santos
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Jéssica Lopes-Nunes
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Daniela Alexandre
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - André Miranda
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Joana Figueiredo
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Micael S Silva
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Jean-Louis Mergny
- Institute of Biophysics of the CAS, v.v.i, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic; Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Carla Cruz
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, Covilhã, Portugal.
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13
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Figueiredo J, Santos T, Miranda A, Alexandre D, Teixeira B, Simões P, Lopes-Nunes J, Cruz C. Ligands as Stabilizers of G-Quadruplexes in Non-Coding RNAs. Molecules 2021; 26:6164. [PMID: 34684745 PMCID: PMC8540333 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) are RNA transcripts with different sizes, structures and biological functions that do not encode functional proteins. RNA G-quadruplexes (rG4s) have been found in small and long ncRNAs. The existence of an equilibrium between rG4 and stem-loop structures in ncRNAs and its effect on biological processes remains unexplored. For example, deviation from the stem-loop leads to deregulated mature miRNA levels, demonstrating that miRNA biogenesis can be modulated by ions or small molecules. In light of this, we report several examples of rG4s in certain types of ncRNAs, and the implications of G4 stabilization using small molecules, also known as G4 ligands, in the regulation of gene expression, miRNA biogenesis, and miRNA-mRNA interactions. Until now, different G4 ligands scaffolds were synthesized for these targets. The regulatory role of the above-mentioned rG4s in ncRNAs can be used as novel therapeutic approaches for adjusting miRNA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carla Cruz
- CICS-UBI—Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Hen-rique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (J.F.); (T.S.); (A.M.); (D.A.); (B.T.); (P.S.); (J.L.-N.)
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Beyond G-Quadruplexes-The Effect of Junction with Additional Structural Motifs on Aptamers Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189948. [PMID: 34576112 PMCID: PMC8466185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
G-quadruplexes constitute an important type of nucleic acid structure, which can be found in living cells and applied by cell machinery as pivotal regulatory elements. Importantly, robust development of SELEX technology and modern, nucleic acid-based therapeutic strategies targeted towards various molecules have also revealed a large group of potent aptamers whose structures are grounded in G-quadruplexes. In this review, we analyze further extension of tetraplexes by additional structural elements and investigate whether G-quadruplex junctions with duplex, hairpin, triplex, or second G-quadruplex motifs are favorable for aptamers stability and biological activity. Furthermore, we indicate the specific and pivotal role of the G-quadruplex domain and the additional structural elements in interactions with target molecules. Finally, we consider the potency of G-quadruplex junctions in future applications and indicate the emerging research area that is still waiting for development to obtain highly specific and effective nucleic acid-based molecular tools.
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15
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Lopes-Nunes J, Agonia AS, Rosado T, Gallardo E, Palmeira-de-Oliveira R, Palmeira-de-Oliveira A, Martinez-de-Oliveira J, Fonseca-Moutinho J, Campello MPC, Paiva A, Paulo A, Vulgamott A, Ellignton AD, Oliveira PA, Cruz C. Aptamer-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery to Gynecological Carcinoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4038. [PMID: 34439193 PMCID: PMC8391588 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers and is one of the major cause of deaths in women, especially in underdeveloped countries. The patients are usually treated with surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, these treatments can cause several side effects and may lead to infertility. Another concerning gynecologic cancer is endometrial cancer, in which a high number of patients present a poor prognosis with low survival rates. AS1411, a DNA aptamer, increases anticancer therapeutic selectivity, and through its conjugation with gold nanoparticles (AS1411-AuNPs) it is possible to improve the anticancer effects. Therefore, AS1411-AuNPs are potential drug carriers for selectively delivering therapeutic drugs to cervical cancer. In this work, we used AS1411-AuNPs as a carrier for an acridine orange derivative (C8) or Imiquimod (IQ). The AS1411 aptamer was covalently bound to AuNPs, and each drug was associated via supramolecular assembly. The final nanoparticles presented suitable properties for pharmaceutical applications, such as small size, negative charge, and favorable drug release properties. Cellular uptake was characterized by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry, and effects on cellular viability were determined by MTT assay. The nanoparticles were then incorporated into a gel formulation of polyethylene glycol, suitable for topical application in the female genital tract. This gel showed promising tissue retention properties in Franz cells studies in the porcine vaginal epithelia. These findings suggest that the tested nanoparticles are promising drug carriers for cervical cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lopes-Nunes
- CICS-UBI Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (J.L.-N.); (T.R.); (E.G.); (R.P.-d.-O.); (A.P.-d.-O.); (J.M.-d.-O.); (J.F.-M.)
| | - Ana S. Agonia
- Labfit-HPRD Health Products Research and Development, Lda, Edifício UBIMEDICAL Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal;
| | - Tiago Rosado
- CICS-UBI Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (J.L.-N.); (T.R.); (E.G.); (R.P.-d.-O.); (A.P.-d.-O.); (J.M.-d.-O.); (J.F.-M.)
- C4-Cloud Computing Competence Centre, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Eugénia Gallardo
- CICS-UBI Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (J.L.-N.); (T.R.); (E.G.); (R.P.-d.-O.); (A.P.-d.-O.); (J.M.-d.-O.); (J.F.-M.)
| | - Rita Palmeira-de-Oliveira
- CICS-UBI Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (J.L.-N.); (T.R.); (E.G.); (R.P.-d.-O.); (A.P.-d.-O.); (J.M.-d.-O.); (J.F.-M.)
- Labfit-HPRD Health Products Research and Development, Lda, Edifício UBIMEDICAL Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal;
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Palmeira-de-Oliveira
- CICS-UBI Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (J.L.-N.); (T.R.); (E.G.); (R.P.-d.-O.); (A.P.-d.-O.); (J.M.-d.-O.); (J.F.-M.)
- Labfit-HPRD Health Products Research and Development, Lda, Edifício UBIMEDICAL Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal;
| | - José Martinez-de-Oliveira
- CICS-UBI Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (J.L.-N.); (T.R.); (E.G.); (R.P.-d.-O.); (A.P.-d.-O.); (J.M.-d.-O.); (J.F.-M.)
| | - José Fonseca-Moutinho
- CICS-UBI Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (J.L.-N.); (T.R.); (E.G.); (R.P.-d.-O.); (A.P.-d.-O.); (J.M.-d.-O.); (J.F.-M.)
- Quinta do Alvito, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Cova da Beira, 6200-251 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Maria Paula Cabral Campello
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal; (M.P.C.C.); (A.P.)
- DECN-Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Artur Paiva
- Unidade de Gestão Operacional em Citometria, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal;
- CIMAGO/iCBR/CIBB, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal
- Ciências Biomédicas Laboratoriais, Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Paulo
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal; (M.P.C.C.); (A.P.)
- DECN-Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Alexa Vulgamott
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (A.V.); (A.D.E.)
| | - Andrew D. Ellignton
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (A.V.); (A.D.E.)
| | - Paula A. Oliveira
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás os Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Carla Cruz
- CICS-UBI Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (J.L.-N.); (T.R.); (E.G.); (R.P.-d.-O.); (A.P.-d.-O.); (J.M.-d.-O.); (J.F.-M.)
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16
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Lopes-Nunes J, Oliveira PA, Cruz C. G-Quadruplex-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:671. [PMID: 34358097 PMCID: PMC8308530 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
G-quadruplexes (G4s) are a class of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) with single-stranded G-rich sequences. Owing to the selectivity of some G4s, they are emerging as targeting agents to overtake side effects of several potential anticancer drugs, and delivery systems of small molecules to malignant cells, through their high affinity or complementarity to specific targets. Moreover, different systems are being used to improve their potential, such as gold nano-particles or liposomes. Thus, the present review provides relevant data about the different studies with G4s as drug delivery systems and the challenges that must be overcome in the future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Lopes-Nunes
- CICS-UBI-Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal;
| | - Paula A. Oliveira
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Carla Cruz
- CICS-UBI-Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal;
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17
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Palma E, Carvalho J, Cruz C, Paulo A. Metal-Based G-Quadruplex Binders for Cancer Theranostics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:605. [PMID: 34201682 PMCID: PMC8308583 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of fluorescent small molecules, such as metal complexes, to selectively recognize G-quadruplex (G4) structures has opened a route to develop new probes for the visualization of these DNA structures in cells. The main goal of this review is to update the most recent research efforts towards the development of novel cancer theranostic agents using this type of metal-based probes that specifically recognize G4 structures. This encompassed a comprehensive overview of the most significant progress in the field, namely based on complexes with Cu, Pt, and Ru that are among the most studied metals to obtain this class of molecules. It is also discussed the potential interest of obtaining G4-binders with medical radiometals (e.g., 99mTc, 111In, 64Cu, 195mPt) suitable for diagnostic and/or therapeutic applications within nuclear medicine modalities, in order to enable their theranostic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Palma
- C2TN-Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal;
| | - Josué Carvalho
- CICS-UBI-Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (J.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Carla Cruz
- CICS-UBI-Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (J.C.); (C.C.)
| | - António Paulo
- C2TN-Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal;
- DECN-Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
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18
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Iturriaga-Goyon E, Buentello-Volante B, Magaña-Guerrero FS, Garfias Y. Future Perspectives of Therapeutic, Diagnostic and Prognostic Aptamers in Eye Pathological Angiogenesis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061455. [PMID: 34200613 PMCID: PMC8227682 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aptamers are single-stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotides that are currently used in clinical trials due to their selectivity and specificity to bind small molecules such as proteins, peptides, viral particles, vitamins, metal ions and even whole cells. Aptamers are highly specific to their targets, they are smaller than antibodies and fragment antibodies, they can be easily conjugated to multiple surfaces and ions and controllable post-production modifications can be performed. Aptamers have been therapeutically used for age-related macular degeneration, cancer, thrombosis and inflammatory diseases. The aim of this review is to highlight the therapeutic, diagnostic and prognostic possibilities associated with aptamers, focusing on eye pathological angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Iturriaga-Goyon
- MD/PhD (PECEM) Program, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
- Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology, Conde de Valenciana, Chimalpopoca 14, Mexico City 06800, Mexico; (B.B.-V.); (F.S.M.-G.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Buentello-Volante
- Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology, Conde de Valenciana, Chimalpopoca 14, Mexico City 06800, Mexico; (B.B.-V.); (F.S.M.-G.)
| | - Fátima Sofía Magaña-Guerrero
- Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology, Conde de Valenciana, Chimalpopoca 14, Mexico City 06800, Mexico; (B.B.-V.); (F.S.M.-G.)
| | - Yonathan Garfias
- Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology, Conde de Valenciana, Chimalpopoca 14, Mexico City 06800, Mexico; (B.B.-V.); (F.S.M.-G.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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19
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Roxo C, Kotkowiak W, Pasternak A. G4 Matters-The Influence of G-Quadruplex Structural Elements on the Antiproliferative Properties of G-Rich Oligonucleotides. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4941. [PMID: 34066551 PMCID: PMC8125755 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
G-quadruplexes (G4s) are non-canonical structures formed by guanine-rich sequences of DNA or RNA that have attracted increased attention as anticancer agents. This systematic study aimed to investigate the anticancer potential of five G4-forming, sequence-related DNA molecules in terms of their thermodynamic and structural properties, biostability and cellular uptake. The antiproliferative studies revealed that less thermodynamically stable G4s with three G-tetrads in the core and longer loops are more predisposed to effectively inhibit cancer cell growth. By contrast, highly structured G4s with an extended core containing four G-tetrads and longer loops are characterized by more efficient cellular uptake and improved biostability. Various analyses have indicated that the G4 structural elements are intrinsic to the biological activity of these molecules. Importantly, the structural requirements are different for efficient cancer cell line inhibition and favorable G4 cellular uptake. Thus, the ultimate antiproliferative potential of G4s is a net result of the specific balance among the structural features that are favorable for efficient uptake and those that increase the inhibitory activity of the studied molecules. Understanding the G4 structural features and their role in the biological activity of G-rich molecules might facilitate the development of novel, more potent G4-based therapeutics with unprecedented anticancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weronika Kotkowiak
- Department of Nucleic Acids Bioengineering, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Anna Pasternak
- Department of Nucleic Acids Bioengineering, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland;
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20
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Miranda A, Santos T, Carvalho J, Alexandre D, Jardim A, Caneira CF, Vaz V, Pereira B, Godinho R, Brito D, Chu V, Conde JP, Cruz C. Aptamer-based approaches to detect nucleolin in prostate cancer. Talanta 2021; 226:122037. [PMID: 33676639 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.122037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the expression of nucleolin (NCL) in liquid biopsies of prostate cancer (PCa) patients and healthy controls to determine its correlation with tumor prognosis. To detect NCL we used a modified AS1411 aptamer designated by AS1411-N5. In presence of NCL, AS1411-N5 increases the fluorescence by assuming a G-quadruplex (G4) structure, while in the absence of NCL the fluorescence signal remains quenched. The structural characterization of AS1411-N5 was performed by biophysical studies, which demonstrated the formation of G4 parallel conformation in the presence of 100 mM K+ and the ability to recognize NCL with high affinity (KD = 138.1 ± 5.5 nM). Furthermore, the clinical relevance of NCL in PCa liquid biopsies was assessed by using an NCL-based ELISA assay. The protein was measured in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) cell lysate of 158 individuals, including PCa patients and healthy individuals. The results depicted a remarkable increase of NCL levels in the PBMC's lysate of PCa patients (mean of 626.1 pg/mL whole blood) when compared to healthy individuals (mean of 198.5 pg/mL whole blood). The ELISA results also provided evidence for the usefulness of determining NCL levels in advanced PCa stages. Furthermore, a microfluidic assay showed the ability of AS1411-N5 in recognizing NCL in spiked human plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Miranda
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago Santos
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Josué Carvalho
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Daniela Alexandre
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Andreia Jardim
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, Covilhã, Portugal; Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores - Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN) and IN - Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - CatarinaR F Caneira
- Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores - Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN) and IN - Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vírgilio Vaz
- Serviço de Urologia do Centro Hospitalar Universitário Cova da Beira (CHUCB), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (FCS-UBI), Covilhã, Portugal; Instituto Português de Oncologia (IPO), Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Duarte Brito
- Instituto Português de Oncologia (IPO), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Virgínia Chu
- Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores - Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN) and IN - Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João P Conde
- Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores - Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN) and IN - Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carla Cruz
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, Covilhã, Portugal.
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21
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Miranda A, Santos T, Largy E, Cruz C. Locking up the AS1411 Aptamer with a Flanking Duplex: Towards an Improved Nucleolin-Targeting. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14020121. [PMID: 33557379 PMCID: PMC7916057 DOI: 10.3390/ph14020121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have designed AS1411-N6, a derivative of the nucleolin (NCL)-binding aptamer AS1411, by adding six nucleotides to the 5′-end that are complementary to nucleotides at the 3′-end forcing it into a stem-loop structure. We evaluated by several biophysical techniques if AS1411-N6 can adopt one or more conformations, one of which allows NCL binding. We found a decrease of polymorphism of G-quadruplex (G4)-forming sequences comparing to AS1411 and the G4 formation in presence of K+ promotes the duplex folding. We also studied the binding properties of ligands TMPyP4, PhenDC3, PDS, 360A, and BRACO-19 in terms of stability, binding, topology maintenance of AS1411-N6, and NCL recognition. The melting experiments revealed promising stabilizer effects of PhenDC3, 360A, and TMPyP4, and the affinity calculations showed that 360A is the most prominent affinity ligand for AS1411-N6 and AS1411. The affinity determined between AS1411-N6 and NCL denoting a strong interaction and complex formation was assessed by PAGE in which the electrophoretic profile of AS1411-N6 showed bands of the dimeric form in the presence of the ligands and NCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Miranda
- CICS-UBI—Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Tiago Santos
- CICS-UBI—Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Eric Largy
- Laboratoire Acides Nucléiques: Régulations Naturelle et Artificielle, Université de Bordeaux, INSERM & CNRS, (ARNA, U1212, UMR5320), IECB, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France;
| | - Carla Cruz
- CICS-UBI—Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.M.); (T.S.)
- Correspondence:
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22
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Tarighatnia A, Abdkarimi MH, Nader ND, Mehdipour T, Fouladi MR, Aghanejad A, Ghadiri H. Mucin-16 targeted mesoporous nano-system for evaluation of cervical cancer via dual-modal computed tomography and ultrasonography. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04123a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mesoporous silica-coated bismuth nanoparticles (NPs) are dual-modal contrast agents that enable detection and quantification of cervical cancers at early stages using computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonography (US).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Tarighatnia
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Research Center for molecular and cellular imaging (RCMCI), Advanced Medical Technologies and Equipment Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nader D. Nader
- Department of Anesthesiology, University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Tayebeh Mehdipour
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Fouladi
- Research Center for molecular and cellular imaging (RCMCI), Advanced Medical Technologies and Equipment Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ayuob Aghanejad
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Ghadiri
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for molecular and cellular imaging (RCMCI), Advanced Medical Technologies and Equipment Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Riccardi C, Napolitano E, Musumeci D, Montesarchio D. Dimeric and Multimeric DNA Aptamers for Highly Effective Protein Recognition. Molecules 2020; 25:E5227. [PMID: 33182593 PMCID: PMC7698228 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multivalent interactions frequently occur in biological systems and typically provide higher binding affinity and selectivity in target recognition than when only monovalent interactions are operative. Thus, taking inspiration by nature, bivalent or multivalent nucleic acid aptamers recognizing a specific biological target have been extensively studied in the last decades. Indeed, oligonucleotide-based aptamers are suitable building blocks for the development of highly efficient multivalent systems since they can be easily modified and assembled exploiting proper connecting linkers of different nature. Thus, substantial research efforts have been put in the construction of dimeric/multimeric versions of effective aptamers with various degrees of success in target binding affinity or therapeutic activity enhancement. The present review summarizes recent advances in the design and development of dimeric and multimeric DNA-based aptamers, including those forming G-quadruplex (G4) structures, recognizing different key proteins in relevant pathological processes. Most of the designed constructs have shown improved performance in terms of binding affinity or therapeutic activity as anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anticoagulant, and anticancer agents and their number is certainly bound to grow in the next future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Riccardi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia 21, I-80126 Naples, Italy; (E.N.); (D.M.); (D.M.)
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases and InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via Sergio Pansini, 5, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ettore Napolitano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia 21, I-80126 Naples, Italy; (E.N.); (D.M.); (D.M.)
| | - Domenica Musumeci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia 21, I-80126 Naples, Italy; (E.N.); (D.M.); (D.M.)
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages, CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, I-80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Montesarchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia 21, I-80126 Naples, Italy; (E.N.); (D.M.); (D.M.)
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24
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G-quadruplex, Friend or Foe: The Role of the G-quartet in Anticancer Strategies. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:848-861. [PMID: 32467069 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The clinical applicability of G-quadruplexes (G4s) as anticancer drugs is currently being evaluated. Several G4 ligands and aptamers are undergoing clinical trials following the notable examples of quarfloxin and AS1411, respectively. In this review, we summarize the latest achievements and breakthroughs in the use of G4 nucleic acids as both therapeutic tools ('friends', as healing anticancer drugs) and targets ('foes', within the harmful cancer cell), particularly using aptamers and quadruplex-targeted ligands, respectively. We explore the recent research on synthetic G4 ligands toward the discovery of anticancer therapeutics and their mechanism of action. Additionally, we highlight recent advances in chemical and structural biology that enable the design of specific G4 aptamers to be used as novel anticancer agents.
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25
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Phthalocyanines for G-quadruplex aptamers binding. Bioorg Chem 2020; 100:103920. [PMID: 32413624 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The G-quadruplex (G4)-forming sequence within the AS1411 derivatives with alternative nucleobases and backbones can improve the chemical and biological properties of AS1411. Zn(II) phthalocyanine (ZnPc) derivatives have potential as high-affinity G4 ligands because they have similar size and shape to the G-quartets. The interactions of four Zn(II) phthalocyanines with the G4 AS1411 aptamer and its derivatives were determined by biophysical techniques, molecular docking and gel electrophoresis. Cell viability assay was carried out to evaluate the antiproliferative effects of Zn(II) phthalocyanines and complexes. CD experiments showed structural changes after addition of ZnPc 4, consistent with multiple binding modes and conformations shown by NMR and gel electrophoresis. CD melting confirmed that ZnPc 2 and ZnPc 4, both containing eight positive charges, are able to stabilize the AT11 G4 structure (ΔTm > 30 °C and 18.5 °C, respectively). Molecular docking studies of ZnPc 3 and ZnPc 4 suggested a preferential binding to the 3'- and 5'-end, respectively, of the AT11 G4. ZnPc 3 and its AT11 and AT11-L0 complexes revealed pronounced cytotoxic effect against cervical cancer cells and no cytotoxicity to normal human cells. Zn(II) phthalocyanines provide the basis for the development of effective therapeutic agents as G4 ligands.
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26
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Odeh F, Nsairat H, Alshaer W, Ismail MA, Esawi E, Qaqish B, Bawab AA, Ismail SI. Aptamers Chemistry: Chemical Modifications and Conjugation Strategies. Molecules 2019; 25:E3. [PMID: 31861277 PMCID: PMC6982925 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Soon after they were first described in 1990, aptamers were largely recognized as a new class of biological ligands that can rival antibodies in various analytical, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications. Aptamers are short single-stranded RNA or DNA oligonucleotides capable of folding into complex 3D structures, enabling them to bind to a large variety of targets ranging from small ions to an entire organism. Their high binding specificity and affinity make them comparable to antibodies, but they are superior regarding a longer shelf life, simple production and chemical modification, in addition to low toxicity and immunogenicity. In the past three decades, aptamers have been used in a plethora of therapeutics and drug delivery systems that involve innovative delivery mechanisms and carrying various types of drug cargos. However, the successful translation of aptamer research from bench to bedside has been challenged by several limitations that slow down the realization of promising aptamer applications as therapeutics at the clinical level. The main limitations include the susceptibility to degradation by nucleases, fast renal clearance, low thermal stability, and the limited functional group diversity. The solution to overcome such limitations lies in the chemistry of aptamers. The current review will focus on the recent arts of aptamer chemistry that have been evolved to refine the pharmacological properties of aptamers. Moreover, this review will analyze the advantages and disadvantages of such chemical modifications and how they impact the pharmacological properties of aptamers. Finally, this review will summarize the conjugation strategies of aptamers to nanocarriers for developing targeted drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadwa Odeh
- Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (F.O.); (H.N.); (A.A.B.)
- Hamdi Mango Center for Scientific Research, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Hamdi Nsairat
- Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (F.O.); (H.N.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Walhan Alshaer
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Mohammad A. Ismail
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (M.A.I.); (E.E.); (B.Q.); (S.I.I.)
| | - Ezaldeen Esawi
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (M.A.I.); (E.E.); (B.Q.); (S.I.I.)
| | - Baraa Qaqish
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (M.A.I.); (E.E.); (B.Q.); (S.I.I.)
| | - Abeer Al Bawab
- Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (F.O.); (H.N.); (A.A.B.)
- Hamdi Mango Center for Scientific Research, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Said I. Ismail
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (M.A.I.); (E.E.); (B.Q.); (S.I.I.)
- Qatar Genome Project, Qatar Foundation, Doha 5825, Qatar
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27
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Santini BL, Zúñiga-Bustos M, Vidal-Limon A, Alderete JB, Águila SA, Jiménez VA. In Silico Design of Novel Mutant Anti-MUC1 Aptamers for Targeted Cancer Therapy. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 60:786-793. [PMID: 31657548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The transmembrane glycoprotein mucin 1 (MUC1) is an attractive tumor marker for cancer therapy and diagnosis. The nine amino acid extracellular epitope APDTRPAPG of this protein is selectively recognized by the S2.2 single-stranded DNA anti-MUC1 aptamer, which has emerged as a promising template for designing novel targeting agents for MUC1-directed therapy. In this work, 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, MM/GBSA binding free energy calculations, and conformational analysis were employed to propose a novel prospective anti-MUC1 aptamer with increased affinity toward the MUC1 epitope resulting from the double mutation of the T11 and T12 residues with PSU and U nucleosides, respectively. The double mutant aptamer exhibits a tight interaction with the MUC1 epitope and adopts a groove conformation that structurally favors the intermolecular contact with the epitope through the intermediate T11-A18 region leaving the 3' and 5' ends free for further chemical conjugation with a nanocarrier or pharmaceutical. These results are valuable to gain understanding about the molecular features governing aptamer-epitope interactions and constitute a first key step for the design of novel aptamer-based nanocarriers for MUC1-targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianda L Santini
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada , Ensenada , Baja California , Mexico , C.P. 22860
| | - Matías Zúñiga-Bustos
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas , Universidad Andres Bello , Sede Concepción, Autopista Concepción-Talcahuano 7100 , Talcahuano 4260000 , Chile
| | - Abraham Vidal-Limon
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada , Ensenada , Baja California , Mexico , C.P. 22860
| | - Joel B Alderete
- Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales , Universidad de Talca , Casilla 747 , Talca 3460000 , Chile
| | - Sergio A Águila
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada , Ensenada , Baja California , Mexico , C.P. 22860
| | - Verónica A Jiménez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas , Universidad Andres Bello , Sede Concepción, Autopista Concepción-Talcahuano 7100 , Talcahuano 4260000 , Chile
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Roxo C, Kotkowiak W, Pasternak A. G-Quadruplex-Forming Aptamers-Characteristics, Applications, and Perspectives. Molecules 2019; 24:E3781. [PMID: 31640176 PMCID: PMC6832456 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
G-quadruplexes constitute a unique class of nucleic acid structures formed by G-rich oligonucleotides of DNA- or RNA-type. Depending on their chemical nature, loops length, and localization in the sequence or structure molecularity, G-quadruplexes are highly polymorphic structures showing various folding topologies. They may be formed in the human genome where they are believed to play a pivotal role in the regulation of multiple biological processes such as replication, transcription, and translation. Thus, natural G-quadruplex structures became prospective targets for disease treatment. The fast development of systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) technologies provided a number of G-rich aptamers revealing the potential of G-quadruplex structures as a promising molecular tool targeted toward various biologically important ligands. Because of their high stability, increased cellular uptake, ease of chemical modification, minor production costs, and convenient storage, G-rich aptamers became interesting therapeutic and diagnostic alternatives to antibodies. In this review, we describe the recent advances in the development of G-quadruplex based aptamers by focusing on the therapeutic and diagnostic potential of this exceptional class of nucleic acid structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Roxo
- Department of Nucleic Acids Bioengineering, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Weronika Kotkowiak
- Department of Nucleic Acids Bioengineering, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Anna Pasternak
- Department of Nucleic Acids Bioengineering, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland.
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Figueiredo J, Lopes-Nunes J, Carvalho J, Antunes F, Ribeiro M, Campello MPC, Paulo A, Paiva A, Salgado GF, Queiroz JA, Mergny JL, Cruz C. AS1411 derivatives as carriers of G-quadruplex ligands for cervical cancer cells. Int J Pharm 2019; 568:118511. [PMID: 31301466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid aptamers can specifically bind to target molecules on the cell membrane that mediate their entrance into the cells. Their small size, high binding affinity, specificity, good biocompatibility, stability and low immunogenicity make them ideal drug delivery systems for cancer therapy. These biopharmaceuticals have potential for the delivery of anticancer compounds to diseased tissues, increasing their effectiveness while mitigating the off-target toxicity towards healthy cells. Herein, we have studied two quadruplex-forming DNA sequences derived from the nucleolin-targeted aptamer AS1411 as supramolecular carriers for the cancer-selective delivery of acridine orange derivatives (C3, C5 and C8) in cervical cancer cells. The devised delivery strategy relied on the non-covalent association of the acridine derivatives and the G-quadruplex (G4) structures. This association is done with a high binding strength, as suggested by the obtained KD values in the 10-6-10-7 M range, leading to the thermal stabilization of the G4 structures, particularly for C8. The stability of the resulting supramolecular conjugates was evaluated in fetal bovine serum, which proved their resistance against serum nucleases up to 48 h. Previous studies showed that the tested acridine orange derivatives were cytotoxic towards cervical cancer cells (HeLa) and non-malignant cells. However, when conjugated to AS1411 derivatives, the cytotoxicity of the free ligands towards non-malignant cells was restrained. Furthermore, conjugated C3 showed an enhanced cytotoxicity against HeLa cancer cells. Confocal microscopy indicated that both G4 sequences appear to colocalize with nucleolin, suggesting their ability to recognize and bind nucleolin on the cell surface. Additionally, the results confirmed the internalization of these delivery systems into HeLa cancer cells and their sustained cell trafficking, although being able to dissociate intracellularly to deliver C8 to the nucleoli. Overall, we showed that AS1411-derived G4s can be used as a potential cancer drug delivery system for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Figueiredo
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Jéssica Lopes-Nunes
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Josué Carvalho
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Francisca Antunes
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Márcia Ribeiro
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Maria Paula Cabral Campello
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - António Paulo
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Artur Paiva
- Unidade de Gestão Operacional em Citometria, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Portugal; CIMAGO/iCBR/CIBB, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal; Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Ciências Biomédicas Laboratoriais, Portugal
| | - Gilmar F Salgado
- Université de Bordeaux, ARNA Laboratory, Inserm U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, IECB, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - João A Queiroz
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Jean-Louis Mergny
- Université de Bordeaux, ARNA Laboratory, Inserm U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, IECB, F-33600 Pessac, France; Institute of Biophysics of the CAS, v.v.i., Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Carla Cruz
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
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Carvalho J, Santos T, Carrilho R, Sousa F, Salgado GF, Queiroz JA, Cruz C. Ligand screening to pre-miRNA 149 G-quadruplex investigated by molecular dynamics. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:2276-2286. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1632743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Josué Carvalho
- CICS-UBI—Centro de Investigacão em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago Santos
- CICS-UBI—Centro de Investigacão em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Rui Carrilho
- CICS-UBI—Centro de Investigacão em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Fani Sousa
- CICS-UBI—Centro de Investigacão em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Gilmar F. Salgado
- ARNA Laboratory, Inserm U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, IECB, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - João António Queiroz
- CICS-UBI—Centro de Investigacão em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Carla Cruz
- CICS-UBI—Centro de Investigacão em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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Kaur H, Shorie M. Nanomaterial based aptasensors for clinical and environmental diagnostic applications. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:2123-2138. [PMID: 36131986 PMCID: PMC9418768 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00153k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have been exploited extensively to fabricate various biosensors for clinical diagnostics and food & environmental monitoring. These materials in conjugation with highly specific aptamers (next-gen antibody mimics) have enhanced the selectivity, sensitivity and rapidness of the developed aptasensors for numerous targets ranging from small molecules such as heavy metal ions to complex matrices containing large entities like cells. In this review, we highlight the recent advancements in nanomaterial based aptasensors from the past five years also including the basics of conventionally used detection methodologies that paved the way for futuristic sensing techniques. The aptasensors have been categorised based upon these detection techniques and their modifications viz., colorimetric, fluorometric, Raman spectroscopy, electro-chemiluminescence, voltammetric, impedimetric and mechanical force-based sensing of a multitude of targets are discussed in detail. The bio-interaction of these numerous nanomaterials with the aptameric component and that of the complete aptasensor with the target have been studied in great depth. This review thus acts as a compendium for nanomaterial based aptasensors and their applications in the field of clinical and environmental diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmanjit Kaur
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology Mohali 160062 India
| | - Munish Shorie
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology Mohali 160062 India
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