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Richards SE, Bradshaw PR, Johnson CH, Stachulski AV, Athersuch TJ, Nicholson JK, Lindon JC, Wilson ID. Transacylation and hydrolysis of the acyl glucuronides of ibuprofen and its α-methyl-substituted analogues investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy and computational chemistry: Implications for drug design. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 246:116238. [PMID: 38805849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Drugs and drug metabolites containing a carboxylic-acid moiety can undergo in vivo conjugation to form 1-β-O-acyl-glucuronides (1-β-O-AGs). In addition to hydrolysis, these conjugates can undergo spontaneous acyl migration, and anomerisation reactions, resulting in a range of positional isomers. Facile transacylation has been suggested as a mechanism contributing to the toxicity of acyl glucuronides, with the kinetics of these processes thought to be a factor. Previous 1H NMR spectroscopic and HPLC-MS studies have been conducted to measure the degradation rates of the 1-β-O-AGs of three nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibufenac, R-ibuprofen, S-ibuprofen) and a dimethyl-analogue (termed here as "bibuprofen"). These studies have also determined the relative contributions of hydrolysis and acyl migration in both buffered aqueous solution, and human plasma. Here, a detailed kinetic analysis is reported, providing the individual rate constants for the acyl migration and hydrolysis reactions observed in buffer for each of the 4 AGs, together with the overall degradation rate constants of the parent 1-β-O-AGs. Computational modelling of the reactants and transition states of the transacylation reaction using density functional theory indicated differences in the activation energies that reflected the influence of both substitution and stereochemistry on the rate of transacylation/hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena E Richards
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Peter R Bradshaw
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Burlington Danes Building, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Caroline H Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA
| | - Andrew V Stachulski
- Department of Chemistry, The Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Toby J Athersuch
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Burlington Danes Building, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jeremy K Nicholson
- The Australian National Phenome Centre and Computational and Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Harry Perkins Building, Perth WA6150, Australia; Institute of Global Health Innovation, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Level 1, Faculty Building, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2NA, UK
| | - John C Lindon
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Burlington Danes Building, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ian D Wilson
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Burlington Danes Building, London W12 0NN, UK.
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Lassfolk R, Leino R. Mechanism of Acyl Group Migration in Carbohydrates. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301489. [PMID: 37265378 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Acyl group migration has been the subject of several studies. Such migration processes may cause problems during synthesis, isolation, and purification of different acyl-bearing compounds, and have biological relevance, for example, in the metabolism of pharmaceuticals. Considering the recent evidence of acyl group migration being possible even over glycosidic bonds, it could be hypothesized to be involved also in the regulation of biological activity of natural polysaccharides in the host cells. Migrations are mostly observed in carbohydrates, typically having several hydroxyl groups near each other. Several studies have investigated the migration in a single or only a few different carbohydrate molecules, providing different suggestions for the mechanisms of migration, seldom supported by comprehensive computational investigations. In this concept article we discuss the recent progress on the mechanistic aspects of acyl group migration, with carbohydrates in particular focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lassfolk
- Turku Centre for Chemical and Molecular Analytics, Åbo Akademi University, 20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Reko Leino
- Laboratory of Molecular Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500, Turku, Finland
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Lassfolk R, Pedrón M, Tejero T, Merino P, Wärnå J, Leino R. Acyl Group Migration in Pyranosides as Studied by Experimental and Computational Methods. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200499. [PMID: 35302249 PMCID: PMC9322027 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acyl group migration affects the synthesis, isolation, manipulation and purification of all acylated organic compounds containing free hydroxyl groups, in particular carbohydrates. While several isolated studies on the migration phenomenon in different buffers have been reported, comprehensive insights into the overall migration process in different monosaccharides under similar conditions have been lacking. Here, we have studied the acyl migration in different monosaccharides using five different acyl groups by a combination of experimental, kinetic and theoretical tools. The results show that the anomeric configuration in the monosaccharide has a major influence on the migration rate, together with the relative configurations of the other hydroxyl groups and the nature of the migrating acyl group. Full mechanistic model, based on computations, demonstrates that the acyl migration proceeds through an anionic stepwise mechanism with linear dependence on the [OH−] and the pKa of the hydroxyl group toward which the acyl group is migrating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lassfolk
- Laboratory of Molecular Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Manuel Pedrón
- Institute of Biocomputation & Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tomás Tejero
- Institute of Chemical Synthesis & Homogeneous Catalysis (ISQCH), University of Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pedro Merino
- Institute of Biocomputation & Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Johan Wärnå
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry and Reaction Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Reko Leino
- Laboratory of Molecular Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500, Turku, Finland
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Buevich AV, He CQ, Pio B, Samuel K, Mitra K, Sherer EC, Cancilla MT, Chobanian HR. Driving to a Better Understanding of Acyl Glucuronide Transformations Using NMR and Molecular Modeling. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:459-474. [PMID: 35156375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acyl glucuronide (AG) metabolites of carboxylic acid-containing drugs and products of their transformations have long been implicated in drug-induced liver injury (DILI). To inform on the DILI risk arising from AG reactive intermediates, a comprehensive mechanistic study of enzyme-independent AG rearrangements using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and density functional theory (DFT) was undertaken. NMR spectroscopy was utilized for structure elucidation and kinetics measurements of nine rearrangement and hydrolysis products of 1β-O-acyl glucuronide of ibufenac. To extract rate constants of rearrangement, mutarotation, and hydrolysis from kinetic data, 11 different kinetic models were examined. Model selection and estimated rate constant verification were supported by measurements of H/D kinetic isotope effects. DFT calculations of ground and transition states supported the proposed kinetic mechanisms and helped to explain the unusually fast intramolecular transacylation rates found for some of the intermediates. The findings of the current study reinforce the notion that the short half-life of parent AG and slow hydrolysis rates of AG rearrangement products are the two key factors that can influence the in vivo toxicity of AGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei V Buevich
- Process and Analytical Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Cyndi Qixin He
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Barbara Pio
- Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Koppara Samuel
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kaushik Mitra
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Edward C Sherer
- Process and Analytical Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Mark T Cancilla
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Harry R Chobanian
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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Acyl glucuronide reactivity in perspective. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1639-1650. [PMID: 32681884 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acyl glucuronidation is a common metabolic fate for acidic drugs and their metabolites and, because these metabolites are reactive, they have been linked to adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and drug withdrawals. However, alternative routes of metabolism leading to reactive metabolites (e.g., oxidations and acyl-CoA thioesters) mean that unambiguous proof that acyl glucuronides are toxic is lacking. Here, we review the synthesis and reactivity of these metabolites, and describe the use of molecular modelling and in vitro and in vivo reactivity assessment of acyl glucuronide reactivity. Based on the emerging structure-dependent differences in reactivity and protein adduction methods for risk assessment for acyl glucuronide-forming acid drugs or drug candidates in drug discovery/development are suggested.
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