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Moianos D, Makri M, Prifti GM, Chiotellis A, Pappas A, Woodson ME, Tajwar R, Tavis JE, Zoidis G. N-Hydroxypiridinedione: A Privileged Heterocycle for Targeting the HBV RNase H. Molecules 2024; 29:2942. [PMID: 38931006 PMCID: PMC11206691 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a global health threat. Ribonuclease H (RNase H), part of the virus polymerase protein, cleaves the pgRNA template during viral genome replication. Inhibition of RNase H activity prevents (+) DNA strand synthesis and results in the accumulation of non-functional genomes, terminating the viral replication cycle. RNase H, though promising, remains an under-explored drug target against HBV. We previously reported the identification of a series of N-hydroxypyridinedione (HPD) imines that effectively inhibit the HBV RNase H. In our effort to further explore the HPD scaffold, we designed, synthesized, and evaluated 18 novel HPD oximes, as well as 4 structurally related minoxidil derivatives and 2 barbituric acid counterparts. The new analogs were docked on the RNase H active site and all proved able to coordinate the two Mg2+ ions in the catalytic site. All of the new HPDs effectively inhibited the viral replication in cell assays exhibiting EC50 values in the low μM range (1.1-7.7 μM) with low cytotoxicity, resulting in selectivity indexes (SI) of up to 92, one of the highest reported to date among HBV RNase H inhibitors. Our findings expand the structure-activity relationships on the HPD scaffold, facilitating the development of even more potent anti-HBV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Moianos
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (D.M.); (M.M.); (G.-M.P.)
| | - Maria Makri
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (D.M.); (M.M.); (G.-M.P.)
| | - Georgia-Myrto Prifti
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (D.M.); (M.M.); (G.-M.P.)
| | - Aristeidis Chiotellis
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15310 Athens, Greece; (A.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Alexandros Pappas
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15310 Athens, Greece; (A.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Molly E. Woodson
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA; (M.E.W.); (R.T.); (J.E.T.)
| | - Razia Tajwar
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA; (M.E.W.); (R.T.); (J.E.T.)
| | - John E. Tavis
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA; (M.E.W.); (R.T.); (J.E.T.)
| | - Grigoris Zoidis
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (D.M.); (M.M.); (G.-M.P.)
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Abstract
Nitroxides, also known as nitroxyl radicals, are long-lived or stable radicals with the general structure R1R2N-O•. The spin distribution over the nitroxide N and O atoms contributes to the thermodynamic stability of these radicals. The presence of bulky N-substituents R1 and R2 prevents nitroxide radical dimerization, ensuring their kinetic stability. Despite their reactivity toward various transient C radicals, some nitroxides can be easily stored under air at room temperature. Furthermore, nitroxides can be oxidized to oxoammonium salts (R1R2N═O+) or reduced to anions (R1R2N-O-), enabling them to act as valuable oxidants or reductants depending on their oxidation state. Therefore, they exhibit interesting reactivity across all three oxidation states. Due to these fascinating properties, nitroxides find extensive applications in diverse fields such as biochemistry, medicinal chemistry, materials science, and organic synthesis. This review focuses on the versatile applications of nitroxides in organic synthesis. For their use in other important fields, we will refer to several review articles. The introductory part provides a brief overview of the history of nitroxide chemistry. Subsequently, the key methods for preparing nitroxides are discussed, followed by an examination of their structural diversity and physical properties. The main portion of this review is dedicated to oxidation reactions, wherein parent nitroxides or their corresponding oxoammonium salts serve as active species. It will be demonstrated that various functional groups (such as alcohols, amines, enolates, and alkanes among others) can be efficiently oxidized. These oxidations can be carried out using nitroxides as catalysts in combination with various stoichiometric terminal oxidants. By reducing nitroxides to their corresponding anions, they become effective reducing reagents with intriguing applications in organic synthesis. Nitroxides possess the ability to selectively react with transient radicals, making them useful for terminating radical cascade reactions by forming alkoxyamines. Depending on their structure, alkoxyamines exhibit weak C-O bonds, allowing for the thermal generation of C radicals through reversible C-O bond cleavage. Such thermally generated C radicals can participate in various radical transformations, as discussed toward the end of this review. Furthermore, the application of this strategy in natural product synthesis will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Leifert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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2-(2,5-Dimethoxyphenoxy)isoindoline-1,3-dione. MOLBANK 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/m1514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the direct C-H functionalization reaction of 1,4-dimethoxybenzene with N-hydroxyphthalimide has been disclosed. A previously unknown product of the C-O coupling of 1,4-dimethoxybenzene and N-hydroxyphthalimide was obtained. The reaction proceeded under mild conditions, in which a commercially available manganese-based oxidizing agent was used for generation of a phthalimide-N-oxyl radical. The obtained compound is a promising valuable precursor of O-aryl hydroxylamine.
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A Copper‐catalysed Facile Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Aryl Sulphones in Guanidinium IL(GIL) aided with Ultrasound. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Valderrama Negrón AC, Ramirez Panti RI, Aliaga Paucar CM, Grandez Arias F, Sheen Cortovaria P, Zimic Peralta MJ, Cauna Orocollo Y. Pyrazinamide–isoniazid hybrid: synthesis optimisation, characterisation, and antituberculous activity. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE QUÍMICA 2022. [DOI: 10.15446/rev.colomb.quim.v50n3.96424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Over time, the effective resistance mechanisms to various first- and second-line drugs against the disease of tuberculosis make its treatment extremely difficult. This work presents a new approach to synthesizing a hybrid of antituberculosis medications: isoniazid (INH) and pyrazinamide (PZA). The synthesis was performed using ultrasound-assisted synthesis to obtain an overall yield of 70%, minimizing the reaction time from 7 to 1 h. The evaluation of the biological activity of the hybrid (compound 2) was tested using the tetrazolium microplate assay (TEMA), showing inhibition in the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv at a concentration of 0.025 mM at pH 6.0 and 6.7.
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Zhu S, Wang BB, Tan MC, Qian X, Ying S, Liu Y, Li C, Jin Z, Jiang H, Gui QW. Ultrasound Accelerated Expedient and Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Aryl
Sulfonates Using I2 As Catalyst At Ambient Conditions. LETT ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570178618666210929124259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:
Aryl sulfonates were developed by ssing an energy-saving and eco-friendly
approach, through ultrasound-assisted coupling reaction of readily sodium sulfinates with
N-hydroxyphthalimide, under metal-free and mild conditions within 10 min at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, P.R. China
| | - Bin-Bin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Chen Tan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofu Qian
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, P.R. China
| | - Shengneng Ying
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, P.R. China
| | - Cehua Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Jin
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Wen Gui
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, P.R. China
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Tong Z, Peng X, Tang Z, Yang W, Deng W, Yin SF, Kambe N, Qiu R. DTBP-mediated cross-dehydrogenative coupling of 3-aryl benzofuran-2(3 H)-ones with toluenes/phenols for all-carbon quaternary centers. RSC Adv 2022; 12:35215-35220. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06231c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a transition-metal free protocol for efficient cross-dehydrogenative coupling of 3-aryl benzofuran-2(3H)-ones and toluenes/phenols using DTBP as an oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Xinju Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Weijun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Wei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Shuang-Feng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Nobuaki Kambe
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Renhua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
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Yang H, Huang N, Wang N, Shen H, Teng F, Liu X, Jiang H, Tan MC, Gui QW. Ultrasound-Assisted Iodination of Imidazo[1,2-α]pyridines Via C-H Functionalization Mediated by tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:25940-25949. [PMID: 34660956 PMCID: PMC8515396 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A novel metal catalyst-free and environmentally friendly method for the regioselective iodination of imidazo[1,2-α]pyridines at their C3 position is disclosed, which has a wide substrate scope and could be sustainable. This reaction proceeds through ultrasound acceleration in the presence of a green alcohol solvent. Compared with a conventional heating system, the reaction efficiency and the rate are significantly improved and the iodine atom economy is maximized using ultrasound techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- College
of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural
University, Changsha 410128, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Ning Huang
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan
Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Nengqing Wang
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan
Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Haicheng Shen
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan
Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Fan Teng
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan
Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan
Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Hongmei Jiang
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan
Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Mei-Chen Tan
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan
Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Qing-Wen Gui
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan
Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People’s Republic
of China
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9
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Iodine(III) promotes cross-dehydrogenative coupling of N-hydroxyphthalimide and unactivated C(sp 3)-H bonds. Commun Chem 2021; 4:46. [PMID: 36697770 PMCID: PMC9814821 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-021-00480-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-dehydrogenative coupling reactions provide a method to construct new chemical bonds by direct C-H activation without any pre-functionalization. Compared to functionalization of a C-H bond α- to ether oxygen, α- to carbonyl, or at a benzylic position, functionalization of unactivated hydrocarbons is difficult and often requires high temperatures, a transition-metal catalyst, or a superstoichiometric quantity of volatile, toxic, and explosive tert-butylhydroperoxide. Here, a cross-dehydrogenative C-O coupling reaction of N-hydroxyphthalimide with unactivated alkanes, nitriles, ethers, and thioethers has been realized by using iodobenzene diacetate as the radical initiator. The current protocol enables efficient functionalization of unactivated hydrocarbons and nitriles through inert C(sp3)-H bond activation under mild reaction conditions. O-substituted NHPI derivatives are generated in good yields under metal-free conditions.
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10
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Chen DM, Sun YY, Han QQ, Wang ZL. Hypervalent iodine mediated radical cyclization of o-(allyloxy)arylaldehydes and N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) under metal-free conditions. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Han QQ, Li GH, Sun YY, Chen DM, Wang ZL, Yu XY, Xu XM. Silver-catalyzed cascade radical cyclization of sodium sulfinates and o-(allyloxy)arylaldehydes towards functionalized chroman-4-ones. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.151704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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N-(Alkoxy)- and N-(acyloxy)phthalimides in organic synthesis: free radical synthetic approaches and applications (microreview). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-020-02618-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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