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Patamia V, Saccullo E, Zagni C, Tomarchio R, Quattrocchi G, Floresta G, Rescifina A. γ-Cyclodextrins as Supramolecular Reactors for the Three-component Aza-Darzens Reaction in Water. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303984. [PMID: 38127103 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, many efforts have been devoted to studying reactions catalyzed in nanoconfined spaces. The most impressive aspect of catalysis in nanoconfined spaces is that the reactivity of the molecules can be smartly driven to disobey classical behavior. A green and efficient three-component aza-Darzens (TCAD) reaction using a catalytic amount of γ-cyclodextrins (CDs) in water has been developed to synthesize N-phenylaziridines. CDs effectively performed this reaction in an environmentally friendly setting, achieving good yields. The same reaction was then performed using polymeric γ-CD such as a γ-cyclodextrin polymer crosslinked (GCDPC) with epichlorohydrin, a sponge-like macroporous γ-cyclodextrin-based cryogel (GCDC), and a γ-cyclodextrin-based hydrogel (GCDH). The homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyst recovery was then studied, and it was proved to be easily recycled several times without relevant activity loss. Water, as a unique and eco-friendly reaction medium, has been utilized for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, in this reaction. The inclusion of the reagents in CDs has been studied and rationalized by NMR spectroscopy experiments and molecular modeling calculations. The credit of the presented protocol includes good yields and catalyst reusability and precludes the use of organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Patamia
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Erika Saccullo
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (Biometec), University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Chiara Zagni
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosario Tomarchio
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Quattrocchi
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Floresta
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Rescifina
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
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Gentile D, Chiummiento L, Santarsiere A, Funicello M, Lupattelli P, Rescifina A, Venuti A, Piperno A, Sciortino MT, Pennisi R. Targeting Viral and Cellular Cysteine Proteases for Treatment of New Variants of SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2024; 16:338. [PMID: 38543704 PMCID: PMC10976049 DOI: 10.3390/v16030338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The continuous emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants caused the persistence of the COVID-19 epidemic and challenged the effectiveness of the existing vaccines. The viral proteases are the most attractive targets for developing antiviral drugs. In this scenario, our study explores the use of HIV-1 protease inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2. An in silico screening of a library of HIV-1 proteases identified four anti-HIV compounds able to interact with the 3CLpro of SARS-CoV-2. Thus, in vitro studies were designed to evaluate their potential antiviral effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2. We employed pseudovirus technology to simulate, in a highly safe manner, the adsorption of the alpha (α-SARS-CoV-2) and omicron (ο-SARS-CoV-2) variants of SARS-CoV-2 and study the inhibitory mechanism of the selected compounds for cell-virus interaction. The results reported a mild activity against the viral proteases 3CLpro and PLpro, but efficient inhibitory effects on the internalization of both variants mediated by cathepsin B/L. Our findings provide insights into the feasibility of using drugs exhibiting antiviral effects for other viruses against the viral and host SARS-CoV-2 proteases required for entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Gentile
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Lucia Chiummiento
- Department of Scienze, University of Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Alessandro Santarsiere
- Department of Scienze, University of Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Maria Funicello
- Department of Scienze, University of Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Paolo Lupattelli
- Department of Chimica, Sapienza University of Roma, p. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Antonio Rescifina
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, V. le A. Doria, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Assunta Venuti
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, 69366 LYON CEDEX 07, France
| | - Anna Piperno
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Sciortino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Pennisi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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Pennisi R, Gentile D, Rescifina A, Napoli E, Trischitta P, Piperno A, Sciortino MT. An Integrated In Silico and In Vitro Approach for the Identification of Natural Products Active against SARS-CoV-2. Biomolecules 2023; 14:43. [PMID: 38254643 PMCID: PMC10813393 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has provoked a global health crisis due to the absence of a specific therapeutic agent. 3CLpro (also known as the main protease or Mpro) and PLpro are chymotrypsin-like proteases encoded by the SARS-CoV-2 genome, and play essential roles during the virus lifecycle. Therefore, they are recognized as a prospective therapeutic target in drug discovery against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, this work aims to collectively present potential natural 3CLpro and PLpro inhibitors by in silico simulations and in vitro entry pseudotype-entry models. We screened luteolin-7-O-glucuronide (L7OG), cynarin (CY), folic acid (FA), and rosmarinic acid (RA) molecules against PLpro and 3CLpro through a luminogenic substrate assay. We only reported moderate inhibitory activity on the recombinant 3CLpro and PLpro by L7OG and FA. Afterward, the entry inhibitory activity of L7OG and FA was tested in cell lines transduced with the two different SARS-CoV-2 pseudotypes harboring alpha (α) and omicron (o) spike (S) protein. The results showed that both compounds have a consistent inhibitory activity on the entry for both variants. However, L7OG showed a greater degree of entry inhibition against α-SARS-CoV-2. Molecular modeling studies were used to determine the inhibitory mechanism of the candidate molecules by focusing on their interactions with residues recognized by the protease active site and receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike SARS-CoV-2. This work allowed us to identify the binding sites of FA and L7OG within the RBD domain in the alpha and omicron variants, demonstrating how FA is active in both variants. We have confidence that future in vivo studies testing the safety and effectiveness of these natural compounds are warranted, given that they are effective against a variant of concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamaria Pennisi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (A.P.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Davide Gentile
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio Rescifina
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Edoardo Napoli
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare—Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 95126 Catania, Italy;
| | - Paola Trischitta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (A.P.); (M.T.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Piperno
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (A.P.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Maria Teresa Sciortino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (A.P.); (M.T.S.)
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Debnath I, Roy T, Borah D, Mahata K. Stable peri-Naphthoisatogens without C2 Protection: Synthesis via Aldrone Condensation, Optical Properties and 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction. Chem Asian J 2023:e202300827. [PMID: 37929899 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
peri-Annulation of naphthalane, an important tool for realization of wide range of functional materials, is presently accomplished with limited few functional groups like imide, amide and diamine-derivative (perimidine). To increase the diversity, we have incorporated α-keto aldonitrone as a new functional group, and herein report about five peri-naphthoisatogens (PNTIs) dyes. The synthesis were accomplished using an unusual reaction of aromatic nitro group, which is nucleophilic attack of a C-nucleophile (enol) to the N-atom of nitro group. In five different 5-alkylamino-8-nitro-1-acetylnaphthalenes, intramolecular acid-catalyzed nucleophilic attack of enol moiety to the N-atom of nitro group produced α-keto aldonitrone via addition-elimination mechanism. The PNTIs showed characteristics of 1,3-dipole and reacted with ethyl acrylate to produce isoxazolidine ring, which subsequently converted into aza phenalenone derivative via ring cleavage. Both the PNTI and the corresponding derivative strongly absorb in the visible region, displaying absorption maximum at 551 and 561 nm (in CHCl3 ) respectively. Compared to the popular analogous dye naphthalene monoimides, PNTIs showed bathochromic shift of absorption maximum by more than 100 nm. The emission maximum for the PNTI and its derivative in chloroform were observed at 594 and 635 nm respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indraneel Debnath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Tirupati Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Dharismita Borah
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Kingsuk Mahata
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
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Zagni C, Scamporrino AA, Riccobene PM, Floresta G, Patamia V, Rescifina A, Carroccio SC. Portable Nanocomposite System for Wound Healing in Space. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:741. [PMID: 36839109 PMCID: PMC9961582 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that skin wound healing could be severely impaired in space. In particular, the skin is the tissue at risk of injury, especially during human-crewed space missions. Here, we propose a hybrid system based on the biocompatible poly 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (pHEMA) to actively support a nanocontainer filled with the drug. Specifically, during the cryo-polymerization of HEMA, halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) embedded with thymol (Thy) were added as a component. Thy is a natural pharmaceutical ingredient used to confer wound healing properties to the material, whereas HNTs were used to entrap the Thy into the lumen to ensure a sustained release of the drug. The as-obtained material was characterized by chemical-physical methods, and tests were performed to assess its ability for a prolonged drug release. The results showed that the adopted synthetic procedure allows the formation of a super absorbent system with good swelling ability that can contain up to 5.5 mg of Thy in about 90 mg of dried sponge. Releasing tests demonstrated the excellent material's ability to perform a slow controlled delivery of 62% of charged Thy within a week. As humans venture deeper into space, with more extended missions, limited medical capabilities, and a higher risk of skin wounds, the proposed device would be a versatile miniaturized device for skin repair in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Zagni
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Maria Riccobene
- Institute for Polymers, Composites, and Biomaterials CNR-IPCB, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Floresta
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Patamia
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Rescifina
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Sabrina Carola Carroccio
- Institute for Polymers, Composites, and Biomaterials CNR-IPCB, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
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Wang R, Yu Y. Site-selective reactions mediated by molecular containers. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:309-324. [PMID: 35368585 PMCID: PMC8941319 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we summarize various site-selective reactions mediated by molecular containers. The emphasis is on those reactions that give different product distributions on the potential reactive sites inside the containers than they do outside, free in solution. Specific cases include site-selective cycloaddition and addition of arenes, reduction of epoxides, α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, azides, halides and alkenes, oxidation of remote C–H bonds and alkenes, and substitution reactions involving ring-opening cyclization of epoxides, nucleophilic substitution of allylic chlorides, and hydrolysis reactions. The product selectivity is interpreted as the consequence of the space shape and environment inside the container. The containers include supramolecular structures self-assembled through metal/ligand interactions or hydrogen bonding and open-ended covalent structures such as cyclodextrins and cavitands. Challenges and prospects for the future are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, China
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Patamia V, Floresta G, Pistarà V, Rescifina A. Green Efficient One-Pot Synthesis and Separation of Nitrones in Water Assisted by a Self-Assembled Nanoreactor. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010236. [PMID: 35008661 PMCID: PMC8745384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reports an alternative method for preparing nitrones using a tetrahedral capsule as a nanoreactor in water. Using the hydrophobic cavity of the capsule allowed us to reduce the reaction times and easily separate the nitrones from the reaction mixture, obtaining reaction yields equal or comparable to those obtained with the methods already reported. Furthermore, at the basis of this methodology, there is an eco-friendly approach carried out that can certainly be extended to other synthesis methods for the preparation of other substrates by exploiting various types of macrocyclic hosts, suitably designed and widely used in supramolecular chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Patamia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Floresta
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, Università di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.F.); (V.P.)
| | - Venerando Pistarà
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, Università di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.F.); (V.P.)
| | - Antonio Rescifina
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, Università di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.F.); (V.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Patamia V, Gentile D, Fiorenza R, Muccilli V, Mineo PG, Scirè S, Rescifina A. Nanosponges based on self-assembled starfish-shaped cucurbit[6]urils functionalized with imidazolium arms. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3664-3667. [PMID: 33725066 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00990g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new porous material based on the first supramolecular cucurbituril-based nanosponge was synthesized by the functionalization of cucurbit[6]uril with twelve 1-(2-bromoethyl)-3-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium arms. The porous structure and the high adsorption capacity were demonstrated through surface area measurements and carbon dioxide adsorption. The new supramolecular sponge showed attractive properties such as (i) a highly porous structure that allowed CO2 capture, (ii) the possibility to reuse the adsorbed CO2 for organic synthesis, and (iii) an exciting thermal stability up to around 800 °C, with the potential use of this material in high temperature reactions. Finally, the reuse of CO2 was successfully investigated in the carboxylation reaction of phenylacetylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Patamia
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, Università di Catania, V.le A. Doria, 95125-Catania, Italy.
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5-Bromoisoxazolidines: synthesis, reactivity and NMR study. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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p-Sulfonatocalixarene versus p-thiasulfonatocalixarene: encapsulation of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and implications to ESI-MS, HPLC, NMR, DFT and anti-MRSA activities. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-020-01022-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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