1
|
Mishra B, Yuan Y, Yu H, Kang H, Gao J, Daniels R, Chen X. Synthetic Sialosides Terminated with 8-N-Substituted Sialic Acid as Selective Substrates for Sialidases from Bacteria and Influenza Viruses. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403133. [PMID: 38713874 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Sialosides containing C8-modified sialic acids are challenging synthetic targets but potentially useful probes for diagnostic substrate profiling of sialidases and elucidating the binding specificity of sialic acid-interacting proteins. Here, we demonstrate efficient chemoenzymatic methods for synthesizing para-nitrophenol-tagged α2-3- and α2-6-linked sialyl galactosides containing C8-acetamido, C8-azido, or C8-amino derivatized N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac). High-throughput substrate specificity studies showed that the C8-modification of sialic acid significantly changes its recognition by sialidases from humans, various bacteria, and different influenza A and B viruses. Sialosides carrying Neu5Ac with a C8-azido modification were generally well tolerated by all the sialidases we tested, whereas sialosides containing C8-acetamido-modified Neu5Ac were only cleaved by selective bacterial sialidases. In contrast, sialosides with C8-amino-modified Neu5Ac were cleaved by a combination of selective bacterial and influenza A virus sialidases. These results indicate that sialosides terminated with a C8-amino or C8-acetamido-modified sialic acid can be used with other sialosides for diagnostic profiling of disease-causing sialidase-producing pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bijoyananda Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, United States
| | - Yue Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, United States
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, United States
| | - Hyeog Kang
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, United States
| | - Jin Gao
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, United States
| | - Robert Daniels
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, United States
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen X. Enabling Chemoenzymatic Strategies and Enzymes for Synthesizing Sialyl Glycans and Sialyl Glycoconjugates. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:234-246. [PMID: 38127793 PMCID: PMC10795189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Sialic acids are fascinating negatively charged nine-carbon monosaccharides. Sialic acid-containing glycans and glycoconjugates are structurally diverse, functionally important, and synthetically challenging molecules. We have developed highly efficient chemoenzymatic strategies that combine the power of chemical synthesis and enzyme catalysis to make sialic acids, sialyl glycans, sialyl glycoconjugates, and their derivatives more accessible, enabling the efforts to explore their functions and applications. The Account starts with a brief description of the structural diversity and the functional importance of naturally occurring sialic acids and sialosides. The development of one-pot multienzyme (OPME) chemoenzymatic sialylation strategies is then introduced, highlighting its advantages in synthesizing structurally diverse sialosides with a sialyltransferase donor substrate engineering tactic. With the strategy, systematic access to sialosides containing different sialic acid forms with modifications at C3/4/5/7/8/9, various internal glycans, and diverse sialyl linkages is now possible. Also briefly described is the combination of the OPME sialylation strategy with bacterial sialidases for synthesizing sialidase inhibitors. With the goal of simplifying the product purification process for enzymatic glycosylation reactions, glycosphingolipids that contain a naturally existing hydrophobic tag are attractive targets for chemoenzymatic total synthesis. A user-friendly highly efficient chemoenzymatic strategy is developed which involves three main processes, including chemical synthesis of lactosyl sphingosine as a water-soluble hydrophobic tag-containing intermediate, OPME enzymatic extension of its glycan component with a single C18-cartridge purification of the product, followed by a facile chemical acylation reaction. The strategy allows the introduction of different sialic acid forms and diverse fatty acyl chains into the products. Gram-scale synthesis has been demonstrated. OPME sialylation has also been demonstrated for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of sialyl glycopeptides and in vitro enzymatic N-glycan processing for the formation of glycoproteins with disialylated biantennary complex-type N-glycans. For synthesizing human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) which are glycans with a free reducing end, acceptor substrate engineering and process engineering strategies are developed, which involve the design of a hydrophobic tag that can be easily installed into the acceptor substrate to allow facile purification of the product from enzymatic reactions and can be conveniently removed in the final step to produce target molecules. The process engineering involves heat-inactivation of enzymes in the intermediate steps in multistep OPME reactions for the production of long-chain sialoside targets in a single reaction pot and with a single C18-cartridge purification process. In addition, a chemoenzymatic synthon strategy has been developed. It involves the design of a derivative of the sialyltransferase donor substrate precursor, which is tolerated by enzymes in OPME reactions, introduced to enzymatic products, and then chemically converted to the desired target structures in the final step. The chemoenzymatic synthon approach has been used together with the acceptor substrate engineering method in the synthesis of complex bacterial glycans containing sialic acids, legionaminic acids, and derivatives. The biocatalysts characterized and their engineered mutants developed by the Chen group are described, with highlights on synthetically useful enzymes. We anticipate further development of chemoenzymatic strategies and biocatalysts to enable exploration of the sialic acid space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dolan JP, Cosgrove SC, Miller GJ. Biocatalytic Approaches to Building Blocks for Enzymatic and Chemical Glycan Synthesis. JACS AU 2023; 3:47-61. [PMID: 36711082 PMCID: PMC9875253 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
While the field of biocatalysis has bloomed over the past 20-30 years, advances in the understanding and improvement of carbohydrate-active enzymes, in particular, the sugar nucleotides involved in glycan building block biosynthesis, have progressed relatively more slowly. This perspective highlights the need for further insight into substrate promiscuity and the use of biocatalysis fundamentals (rational design, directed evolution, immobilization) to expand substrate scopes toward such carbohydrate building block syntheses and/or to improve enzyme stability, kinetics, or turnover. Further, it explores the growing premise of using biocatalysis to provide simple, cost-effective access to stereochemically defined carbohydrate materials, which can undergo late-stage chemical functionalization or automated glycan synthesis/polymerization.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kooner AS, Diaz S, Yu H, Santra A, Varki A, Chen X. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Sialosides Containing 7- N- or 7,9-Di- N-acetyl Sialic Acid as Stable O-Acetyl Analogues for Probing Sialic Acid-Binding Proteins. J Org Chem 2021; 86:14381-14397. [PMID: 34636559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel chemoenzymatic synthon strategy has been developed to construct a comprehensive library of α2-3- and α2-6-linked sialosides containing 7-N- or 7,9-di-N-acetyl sialic acid, the stable analogue of naturally occurring 7-O-acetyl- or 7,9-di-O-acetyl-sialic acid. Diazido and triazido-mannose derivatives that were readily synthesized chemically from inexpensive galactose were shown to be effective chemoenzymatic synthons. Together with bacterial sialoside biosynthetic enzymes with remarkable substrate promiscuity, they were successfully used in one-pot multienzyme (OPME) sialylation systems for highly efficient synthesis of sialosides containing multiple azido groups. Conversion of the azido groups to N-acetyl groups generated the desired sialosides. The hydrophobic and UV-detectable benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz) group introduced in the synthetic acceptors of sialyltransferases was used as a removable protecting group for the propylamine aglycon of the target sialosides. The resulting N-acetyl sialosides were novel stable probes for sialic acid-binding proteins such as plant lectin MAL II, which bond strongly to sialyl T antigens with or without an N-acetyl at C7 or at both C7 and C9 in the sialic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anoopjit Singh Kooner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Sandra Diaz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Abhishek Santra
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Ajit Varki
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jiang N, Mei Y, Yang Y, Dong Y, Ding Z, Zhang J. A General Strategy for the Stereoselective Synthesis of Pyrrole‐Fused Chiral Skeletons: [3+2] Cycloaddition with 2‐Nitro‐2,3‐Unsaturated Glycosides. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202100795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200241
| | - Yuling Mei
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200241
| | - Yu Yang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200241
| | - Youxian Dong
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200241
| | - Zekun Ding
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200241
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200241
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Na L, Li R, Chen X. Recent progress in synthesis of carbohydrates with sugar nucleotide-dependent glycosyltransferases. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021. [PMID: 33310623 DOI: 10.1186/10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Sugar nucleotide-dependent glycosyltransferases (GTs) are key enzymes that catalyze the formation of glycosidic bonds in nature. They have been increasingly applied in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates and glycoconjugates with or without in situ generation of sugar nucleotides. Human GTs are becoming more accessible and new bacterial GTs have been identified and characterized. An increasing number of crystal structures elucidated for GTs from mammalian and bacterial sources facilitate structure-based design of mutants as improved catalysts for synthesis. Automated platforms have also been developed for chemoenzymatic synthesis of carbohydrates. Recent progress in applying sugar nucleotide-dependent GTs in enzymatic and chemoenzymatic synthesis of mammalian glycans and glycoconjugates, bacterial surface glycans, and glycosylated natural products from bacteria and plants are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Na
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Riyao Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Recent progress in synthesis of carbohydrates with sugar nucleotide-dependent glycosyltransferases. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 61:81-95. [PMID: 33310623 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sugar nucleotide-dependent glycosyltransferases (GTs) are key enzymes that catalyze the formation of glycosidic bonds in nature. They have been increasingly applied in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates and glycoconjugates with or without in situ generation of sugar nucleotides. Human GTs are becoming more accessible and new bacterial GTs have been identified and characterized. An increasing number of crystal structures elucidated for GTs from mammalian and bacterial sources facilitate structure-based design of mutants as improved catalysts for synthesis. Automated platforms have also been developed for chemoenzymatic synthesis of carbohydrates. Recent progress in applying sugar nucleotide-dependent GTs in enzymatic and chemoenzymatic synthesis of mammalian glycans and glycoconjugates, bacterial surface glycans, and glycosylated natural products from bacteria and plants are reviewed.
Collapse
|
8
|
Affiliation(s)
- Kabita Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay 400076 Powai Mumbai India
| | - Suvarn S. Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay 400076 Powai Mumbai India
| |
Collapse
|