1
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Chen M, Chen Y, Li Y, Lin Y, Wu Y. Efficient orange and red thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials based on 1,8-naphthalimide derivatives. RSC Adv 2024; 14:6494-6500. [PMID: 38390502 PMCID: PMC10879845 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08969j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) molecules have emerged as a promising class of third-generation organic light-emitting diode (OLED) emitters that can achieve 100% internal quantum efficiency without the use of noble metals. However, the design of high-efficiency red TADF materials has been challenging due to limitations imposed by the energy-gap law. To overcome this challenge, two new TADF emitters, namely, 6-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-2-phenyl-1H-benzo[de]isoquinoline-1,3(2H)-dione (NI-TPA) and 6-(10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)-2-phenyl-1H-benzo[de]-isoquinoline-1,3(2H)-dione (NI-Pz), have been synthesized and characterized. These compounds exhibit strong TADF characteristics with a small energy gap (ΔEST) between the lowest excited singlet and triplet states, short delayed fluorescence lifetimes, high thermal stability, and high photoluminescence quantum yields. The OLED devices fabricated using NI-TPA and NI-Pz as emitters show orange and red electroluminescence with emission peaks at 593 nm and 665 nm, respectively, and maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of 11.3% and 7.6%, respectively. Furthermore, applying NI-TPA to cell imaging yielded excellent imaging results, indicating the potential of red TADF materials in the field of biological imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou 510060 China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou 510060 China
| | - Yuzhuo Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Zhuhai 519000 China
- Department of Interventional Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Zhuhai 519000 China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou 510060 China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou 510060 P. R. China
| | - Yuhong Lin
- Department of Ultrasound, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Zhuhai 519000 China
| | - Yunan Wu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
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2
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Zhu Y, Chen Q, Wang C, Xin Y, Wang L, Yi Y, Zhang Z, Tang Y, Wang Z. Side-chain engineering for high degradation performance of mandrel materials in ICF target fabrication. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:25420-25425. [PMID: 36250547 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03324k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of mandrel materials with superior degradation performance to the traditionally adopted hydrocarbon polymer of poly-α-methylstyrene (PAMS), has always been an important pursuit for fabricating high-quality inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets. Here, we propose a method to enhance the degradation performance of mandrel material based on side-chain engineering. A series of hydrocarbon cyclic functional groups, including cyclopentane, cyclopentadiene, naphthalene and azulene, are used to replace the benzene ring on the side chain of PAMS to form new polymer structures. The results show that the degradation performance of structures can be largely regulated by different side chains. In particular, one of the naphthalene-substituted structures has similar properties to PAMS, but the required degradation condition is lower. Furthermore, the reaction rate calculations indicate that this structure is expected to be synthesized experimentally. This work provides a direction for side-chain engineering for research into the key technology of ICF target fabrication in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Qiang Chen
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China.
| | - Chaoyang Wang
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China.
| | - Yue Xin
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Lu Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yong Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental-friendly Energy Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Zhanwen Zhang
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China.
| | - Yongjian Tang
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental-friendly Energy Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
- College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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3
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Zong W, Qiu W, Yuan P, Wang F, Liu Y, Xu S, Su SJ, Cao S. Thermally activated delayed fluorescence polymers for high-efficiency solution-processed non-doped OLEDs: Convenient synthesis by binding TADF units and host units to the pre-synthesized polycarbazole-based backbone via click reaction. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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4
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Hu J, Wang Y, Li Q, Shao S, Wang L, Jing X, Wang F. Hyperfluorescent polymers enabled by through-space charge transfer polystyrene sensitizers for high-efficiency and full-color electroluminescence. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13083-13091. [PMID: 34745539 PMCID: PMC8513886 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04389g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent polymers are suffering from low electroluminescence efficiency because triplet excitons formed by electrical excitation are wasted through nonradiative pathways. Here we demonstrate the design of hyperfluorescent polymers by employing through-space charge transfer (TSCT) polystyrenes as sensitizers for triplet exciton utilization and classic fluorescent chromophores as emitters for light emission. The TSCT polystyrene sensitizers not only have high reverse intersystem crossing rates for rapid conversion of triplet excitons into singlet ones, but also possess tunable emission bands to overlap the absorption spectra of fluorescent emitters with different bandgaps, allowing efficient energy transfer from the sensitizers to emitters. The resultant hyperfluorescent polymers exhibit full-color electroluminescence with peaks expanding from 466 to 640 nm, and maximum external quantum efficiencies of 10.3–19.2%, much higher than those of control fluorescent polymers (2.0–3.6%). These findings shed light on the potential of hyperfluorescent polymers in developing high-efficiency solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes and provide new insights to overcome the electroluminescence efficiency limitation for fluorescent polymers. Hyperfluorescent polymers with high efficiency and full-color electroluminescence are developed by using through-space charge transfer polystyrenes as sensitizers for exciton utilization and fluorescent chromophores as emitters for light emission.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 China .,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Yinuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 China .,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 China .,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Shiyang Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 China .,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Xiabin Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 China
| | - Fosong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 China
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5
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Khammultri P, Chasing P, Chitpakdee C, Namuangruk S, Sudyoadsuk T, Promarak V. Red to orange thermally activated delayed fluorescence polymers based on 2-(4-(diphenylamino)-phenyl)-9 H-thioxanthen-9-one-10,10-dioxide for efficient solution-processed OLEDs. RSC Adv 2021; 11:24794-24806. [PMID: 35481012 PMCID: PMC9037026 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04599g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Most highly efficient thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF)-based organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are multi-layer devices fabricated by thermal vacuum evaporation techniques, which are unfavorable for real applications. However, there are only a few reported examples of efficient solution-processed TADF OLEDs, in particular TADF polymer OLEDs. Herein, a series of solution-processable TADF conjugated polymers (PCTXO/PCTXO-Fx (x = 25, 50 and 75)) were designed and synthesized by copolymerization of 2-(4-(diphenylamino)-phenyl)-9H-thioxanthen-9-one-10,10-dioxide (TXO-TPA) as a red/orange emissive TADF unit, 9,9'-((fluorene-9,9-diyl)-bis(octane-8,1-diyl))-bis(3,6-di-tert-butylcarbazole) as host/hole-transporting unit and 2,7-N-(heptadecan-9-yl)carbazole as a conjugated linker and solubilizing group. They possessed a conjugated backbone with donor TPA-carbazole/fluorene moieties and a pendent acceptor 9H-thioxanthen-9-one-10,10-dioxide (TXO) forming a twisted donor-acceptor structure. These polymers in neat films displayed red/orange color emissions (601-655 nm) with TADF properties, proved by theory calculations and transient PL decay measurements. Their hole-transporting capability was improved when the content of 9,9'-((fluorene-9,9-diyl)-bis(octane-8,1-diyl))-bis(3,6-di-tert-butylcarbazole) within the polymers increased. All polymers were successfully employed as emitters in solution-processed OLEDs. In particular, the doped OLED fabricated with PCTXO exhibited an intense deep orange emission at 603 nm with the best electroluminescence performance (a maximum external quantum efficiency 10.44%, a maximum current efficiency of 14.97 cd A-1 and a turn-on voltage of 4.2 V).
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Affiliation(s)
- Praetip Khammultri
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science & Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology Wangchan Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Pongsakorn Chasing
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science & Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology Wangchan Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Chirawat Chitpakdee
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency Pathum Thani 12120 Thailand
| | - Supawadee Namuangruk
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency Pathum Thani 12120 Thailand
| | - Taweesak Sudyoadsuk
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science & Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology Wangchan Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Vinich Promarak
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science & Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology Wangchan Rayong 21210 Thailand
- Research Network of NANOTEC-VISTEC on Nanotechnology for Energy, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology Wangchan Rayong 21210 Thailand
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6
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Chen T, Chen Z, Ni F, Xie G, Yang C. Sky-blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence polymers by using a conjugation-confined poly(aryl ether) main chain. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00170a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of sky-blue TADF polymers were developed by applying a bipolar poly(aryl ether) main chain, and solution-processed OLEDs with these polymers doped into the host DMAC-DP-CZ showed high external quantum efficiencies of up to 14.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan
| | - Zhanxiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan
| | - Fan Ni
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
- P. R. China
| | - Guohua Xie
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan
| | - Chuluo Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan
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7
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Khammultri P, Kitisriworaphan W, Chasing P, Namuangruk S, Sudyoadsuk T, Promarak V. Efficient white light-emitting polymers from dual thermally activated delayed fluorescence chromophores for non-doped solution processed white electroluminescent devices. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01541e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated TADF copolymers comprised of two TADF molecules linked with carbazole exhibited stable pure white emission from non-doped OLEDs with CIE coordinates (0.32, 0.35), a maximum luminance efficiency of 9.13 cd A−1, and a maximum EQE of 4.17%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praetip Khammultri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- School of Molecular Science & Engineering
- Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology
- Wangchan
- Thailand
| | - Wipaporn Kitisriworaphan
- School of Chemistry
- Institute of Science
- Suranaree University of Technology
- Nakhon Ratchasima 30000
- Thailand
| | - Pongsakorn Chasing
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- School of Molecular Science & Engineering
- Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology
- Wangchan
- Thailand
| | - Supawadee Namuangruk
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC)
- National Science and Technology Development Agency
- Pathum Thani
- Thailand
| | - Taweesak Sudyoadsuk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- School of Molecular Science & Engineering
- Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology
- Wangchan
- Thailand
| | - Vinich Promarak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- School of Molecular Science & Engineering
- Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology
- Wangchan
- Thailand
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8
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Zhou X, Huang M, Zeng X, Zhong C, Xie G, Gong S, Cao X, Yang C. Sky-blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence polymers with π-interrupted polymer mainchain via Friedel-Crafts polycondensation. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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9
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Yin X, He Y, Wang X, Wu Z, Pang E, Xu J, Wang JA. Recent Advances in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Polymer-Molecular Designing Strategies. Front Chem 2020; 8:725. [PMID: 32923428 PMCID: PMC7457026 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) materials, as the third generation of organic electroluminescent materials, have many advantages over other organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) materials, such as 100% internal quantum efficiency, no doping of heavy metals, and avoiding the shortages of ordinary fluorescent materials and phosphorescent materials. So it is considered to be the most competitive organic light-emitting materials, and has great application prospects in the field of OLEDs. So far, small-molecule TADF materials have achieved high quantum yield and full-color range of red, green, and blue. However, TADF polymers suitable for low-cost and easily scalable solution processing are less developed, which are confined by the preparation methods and polymers designing, and there are still challenges of increasing quantum efficiency and strengthening device performance. This review mainly summarizes different synthesis strategies of TADF polymers and the latest development in the field. Special attention is focused on illustrating the designing and structure-property relationship of TADF polymers, and finally, an outlook is given for the design and application prospect of TADF polymers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yin
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying He
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zexin Wu
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Erbao Pang
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Institute of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-An Wang
- Institute of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Polgar AM, Poisson J, Paisley NR, Christopherson CJ, Reyes AC, Hudson ZM. Blue to Yellow Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence with Quantum Yields near Unity in Acrylic Polymers Based on D−π–A Pyrimidines. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Polgar
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jade Poisson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Nathan R. Paisley
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Cheyenne J. Christopherson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Annelie C. Reyes
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Zachary M. Hudson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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11
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Jiang T, Liu Y, Ren Z, Yan S. The design, synthesis and performance of thermally activated delayed fluorescence macromolecules. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00096e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The design, synthesis and performance of thermally activated delayed fluorescence macromolecules are summarized, and the typical solution-processed polymeric and dendritic emitters are also organized herein as a function of EL emission color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingcong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Yuchao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Zhongjie Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Shouke Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- China
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics
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12
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Zhou X, Huang M, Zeng X, Zhong C, Xie G, Cao X, Yang C, Yang C. Superacid-catalyzed Friedel–Crafts polyhydroxyalkylation: a straightforward method to construct sky-blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence polymers. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00469c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of sky-blue TADF polymers were developed by Friedel–Crafts polyhydroxyalkylation for efficient solution processed OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhou
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
| | - Manli Huang
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
| | - Xuan Zeng
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
| | - Guohua Xie
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
| | - Xiaosong Cao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
- P.R. China
| | - Changan Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Institute of Science and Technology
- Yueyang 414006
- P.R. China
| | - Chuluo Yang
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
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