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Linn JD, Rodriguez FA, Calabrese MA. Cosolvent incorporation modulates the thermal and structural response of PNIPAM/silyl methacrylate copolymers. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:3322-3336. [PMID: 38536224 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00246f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Polymers functionalized with inorganic silane groups have been used in wide-ranging applications due to the silane reactivity, which enables formation of covalently-crosslinked polymeric structures. Utilizing stimuli-responsive polymers in these hybrid systems can lead to smart and tunable behavior for sensing, drug delivery, and optical coatings. Previously, the thermoresponsive polymer poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) functionalized with 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (TMA) demonstrated unique aqueous self-assembly and optical responses following temperature elevation. Here, we investigate how cosolvent addition, particularly ethanol and N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF), impacts these transition temperatures, optical clouding, and structure formation in NIPAM/TMA copolymers. Versus purely aqueous systems, these solvent mixtures can introduce additional phase transitions and can alter the two-phase region boundaries based on temperature and solvent composition. Interestingly, TMA incorporation strongly alters phase boundaries in the water-rich regime for DMF-containing systems but not for ethanol-containing systems. Cosolvent species and content also alter the aggregation and assembly of NIPAM/TMA copolymers, but these effects depend on polymer architecture. For example, localizing the TMA towards one chain end in 'blocky' domains leads to formation of uniform micelles with narrow dispersities above the cloud point for certain solvent compositions. In contrast, polydisperse aggregates form in random copolymer and PNIPAM homopolymer solutions - the size of which depends on solvent composition. The resulting optical responses and thermoreversibility also depend strongly on cosolvent content and copolymer architecture. Cosolvent incorporation thus increases the versatility of inorganic-functionalized responsive polymers for diverse applications by providing a simple way to tune the structure size and optical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Linn
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Fabian A Rodriguez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
| | - Michelle A Calabrese
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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2
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Lu J, Deng Y, Liu P, Han Q, Jin LY. Self-assembly of β-cyclodextrin-pillar[5]arene molecules into supramolecular nanoassemblies: morphology control by stimulus responsiveness and host-guest interactions. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:4282-4290. [PMID: 36762519 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr07097a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Macrocyclic molecules have attracted considerable attention as new functional materials owing to their unique pore size structure and excellent host-guest properties. With the development of macrocyclic compounds, the properties of mono-modified macrocyclic materials can be improved by incorporating pillar[n]arene or cyclodextrin derivatives through bridge bonds. Herein, we report the self-assembly of amphiphilic di-macrocyclic host molecules (H1-2) based on β-cyclodextrin and pillar[5]arene units linked by azophenyl or biphenyl groups. In a H2O/DMSO (19 : 1, v/v) mixed polar solvent, an amphiphile H1 with an azophenyl group self-assembled into unique nanorings and exhibited an obvious photoresponsive colour change. This photochromic behaviour makes H1 suitable for application in carbon paper materials on which arbitrary patterns can be erased and rewritten. The amphiphile H2, with a biphenyl unit, self-assembled into spherical micelles. These differences indicate that various linker units lead to changes in the intermolecular and hydrophilic-hydrophobic interactions. In a CHCl3/DMSO (19 : 1, v/v) mixed low-polarity solvent, the amphiphile H1 self-assembled into fibrous aggregates, whereas the molecule H2 assembled into unique nanoring aggregates. In this CHCl3/DMSO mixed solvent system, small nanosheet aggregates were formed by the addition of a guest molecule (G) composed of tetraphenylethene and hexanenitrile groups. With prolonged aggregation time, the small sheet aggregates further aggregated into cross-linked nanoribbons and eventually formed large nanosheet aggregates. The data reveal that the morphology of H1-2 can be controlled by tuning the intermolecular interactions of the molecules via the formation of host-guest complexes. Moreover, the polyhydroxy cyclodextrin unit on H1-2 can be strongly adsorbed on the stationary phase in column chromatography via multiple hydrogen bonds, and the singly modified pillar[5]arenes can be successfully separated by host-guest interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Chemistry Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, P. R. China.
| | - Yingying Deng
- Department of Chemistry, National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Chemistry Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, P. R. China.
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Chemistry Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, P. R. China.
| | - Qingqing Han
- Department of Chemistry, National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Chemistry Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, P. R. China.
| | - Long Yi Jin
- Department of Chemistry, National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Chemistry Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, P. R. China.
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Courtine C, Brient PL, Hamouda I, Pataluch N, Lavedan P, Putaux JL, Chatard C, Galès C, Mingotaud AF, Lauth de Viguerie N, Nicol E. Tetrafluorinated versus hydrogenated azobenzene polymers in water: access to visible-light stimulus at the expense of responsiveness. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.114630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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4
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The shackling photoisomerization effect on self-assembly of azobenzene-containing side-chain homopolymers. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Liu Y, Sun Y, Zhang W. Synthesis of
Stimuli‐Responsive
Block Copolymers and Block Copolymer Nano‐assemblies. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Yu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Wangqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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6
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Wang H, Bisoyi H, Zhang X, Hassan F, Li Q. Visible Light-Driven Molecular Switches and Motors: Recent Developments and Applications. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103906. [PMID: 34964995 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by human vision, a diverse range of light-driven molecular switches and motors has been developed for fundamental understanding and application in material science and biology. Recently, the design and synthesis of visible light-driven molecular switches and motors have been actively pursued. This emerging trend is partly motivated to avoid the harmful effects of ultraviolet light, which was necessary to drive the classical molecular switches and motors at least in one direction, impeding their employment in biomedical and photopharmacology applications. Moreover, visible light-driven molecular switches and motors are demonstrated to enable benign optical materials for advanced photonic devices. Therefore, during the past several years, visible light-driven molecular switches based on azobenzene derivatives, diarylethenes, 1,2-dicyanodithienylethenes, hemithioindigo derivatives, iminothioindoxyls, donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts, and overcrowded alkene based molecular motors have been judiciously designed, synthesized, and used in the development of functional materials and systems for a wide range of applications. In this Review, we present the recent developments toward the design of visible light-driven molecular switches and motors, with their applications in the fabrication of functional materials and systems in material science, bioscience, pharmacology, etc . The visible light-driven molecular switches and motors realized so far undoubtedly widen the scope of these interesting compounds for technological and biological applications. We hope this Review article could provide additional impetus and inspire further research interests for future exploration of visible light-driven advanced materials, systems, and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Kent State University, Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, UNITED STATES
| | - Hari Bisoyi
- Kent State University, Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, UNITED STATES
| | - Xinfang Zhang
- Kent State University, Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institue, UNITED STATES
| | - Fathy Hassan
- Kent State University, Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, UNITED STATES
| | - Quan Li
- Kent State University, Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdiscinplary Program, 3273 Crown Pointe Drive, 44224, Stow, UNITED STATES
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Zheng M, Yuan J. Polymeric nanostructures based on azobenzene and their biomedical applications: synthesis, self-assembly and stimuli-responsiveness. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 20:749-767. [PMID: 34908082 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01823j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic polymers can self-assemble to form nanoparticles with different structures under suitable conditions. Polymer nanoparticles functionalized with aromatic azo groups are endowed with photo-responsive properties. In recent years, a variety of photoresponsive polymers and nanoparticles have been developed based on azobenzene, using different molecular design strategies and synthetic routes. This article reviews the progress of this rapidly developing research field, focusing on the structure, synthesis, assembly and response of photo-responsive polymer assemblies. According to the molecular structure, photo-responsive polymers can be divided into linear polymers containing azobenzene in a side chain, linear polymers containing azobenzene in the main chain, linear polymers containing azobenzene in an end group, branched polymers containing azobenzene and supramolecular polymers containing azobenzene. These systems have broad biomedical application prospects in the field of drug delivery and imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Zheng
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jinying Yuan
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Playing construction with the monomer toy box for the synthesis of multi‐stimuli responsive copolymers by reversible deactivation radical polymerization protocols. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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9
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Li Y, Song W, Li J, Wang C, Ding L. Azobenzene-containing side-chain ionic metathesis polymers: Facile synthesis, self-assembly and photoresponsive behavior. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Wei S, Zhang Z, Dong W, Liang T, Ji J, Tian W, Tan S, Zhao Q, Wang C, Wu Y. Specific Ion Effects of Azobenzene Salts on Photoresponse of PNIPAm in Aqueous Solutions. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100232. [PMID: 34121263 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ionic species are important to dominate phase separation behaviors of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) in aqueous solutions. Herein, photoresponsive azobenzene-based salts with various ions are prepared and their photoresponsive ion effects on clouding temperatures (TcpS ) of PNIPAm in aqueous solutions are explored. It is found that, despite of various structures of anions and cations, trans-TcpS under vis light irradiation are always higher than cis-TcpS under UV irradiation. Particularly, Hofmeister effect of anions on TcpS is roughly observed. For example, azobenzene with kosmotropic CO3 2- gives the lowest cis-Tcp while in use of typical chaotropic anions, such as ClO4 - , azobenzene isomerization less affects values of Tcp s. In another hand, azobenzene-based metallic salts containing lithium, sodium, and potassium cations also demonstrate photoresponsive Hofmeister effect. Trans-metallic azobenzene demonstrates a chaotropic effect on Tcp s while UV induces kosmotropic behaviors on TcpS . Additionally, ionic conduction of the solution along with photoresponsive phase separations is also investigated and PNIPAm aggregations induce a sharp reduction of ion conduction during UV light illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wei
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zechuan Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Weibin Dong
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Ting Liang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, No. 16 South Section 4, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Junyi Ji
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Wen Tian
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Shuai Tan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yong Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, 610065, China
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Ko CH, Henschel C, Meledam GP, Schroer MA, Guo R, Gaetani L, Müller-Buschbaum P, Laschewsky A, Papadakis CM. Co-Nonsolvency Effect in Solutions of Poly(methyl methacrylate)- b-poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) Diblock Copolymers in Water/Methanol Mixtures. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsin Ko
- Physik-Department, Fachgebiet Physik Weicher Materie, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Cristiane Henschel
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Golm, Germany
| | - Geethu P. Meledam
- Physik-Department, Fachgebiet Physik Weicher Materie, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin A. Schroer
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, c/o Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Renjun Guo
- Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Luka Gaetani
- Physik-Department, Fachgebiet Physik Weicher Materie, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - André Laschewsky
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Golm, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung, Geiselbergstraße 69, 14476 Potsdam, Golm, Germany
| | - Christine M. Papadakis
- Physik-Department, Fachgebiet Physik Weicher Materie, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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12
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Oh M, Yoon Y, Lee TS. Synthesis of poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) polymer crosslinked with an AIE-active azonaphthol for thermoreversible fluorescence. RSC Adv 2020; 10:39277-39283. [PMID: 35518410 PMCID: PMC9057382 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08257k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A fluorescent polymer was synthesized using N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) crosslinked with a divinylazonaphthol monomer via radical emulsion polymerization. Because the crosslinked polymer contained an aggregation-induced emissive (AIE) azonaphthol-based crosslinker, a thermoreversible sol-gel transformation and gelation-induced reversible fluorescence alteration were successfully attained in an aqueous medium. Like typical PNIPAM, the size and transmittance of the polymer dramatically decreased near the lower critical solution temperature (LCST, 36 °C). Such gelation facilitated aggregation of the polymer chains, resulting in the close contact between azonaphthol groups producing fluorescence. The crosslinked polymer exhibited changes in dual properties: one is related to PNIPAM structural alteration, which corresponds to conventional swelling/shrinkage behavior; and the other is involved in the reversible fluorescence change in response to the swelling/shrinkage. Because the major backbone of the polymer was composed of NIPAM with an LCST at 36 °C, the resultant polymer is expected to have potential applications in biologically related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mintaek Oh
- Organic and Optoelectronic Materials Laboratory, Department of Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University Daejeon 34134 Korea
| | - Yeoju Yoon
- Organic and Optoelectronic Materials Laboratory, Department of Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University Daejeon 34134 Korea
| | - Taek Seung Lee
- Organic and Optoelectronic Materials Laboratory, Department of Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University Daejeon 34134 Korea
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Yang PC, Chien YH, Tseng SH, Lin CC, Huang KY. Synthesis and Self-Assembly of Multistimulus-Responsive Azobenzene-Containing Diblock Copolymer through RAFT Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E2028. [PMID: 31817773 PMCID: PMC6960709 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper gathered studies on multistimulus-responsive sensing and self-assembly behavior of a novel amphiphilic diblock copolymer through a two-step reverse addition-fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerization technique. N-Isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) macromolecular chain transfer agent and diblock copolymer (poly(NIPAM-b-Azo)) were discovered to have moderate thermal decomposition temperatures of 351.8 and 370.8 °C, respectively, indicating that their thermal stability was enhanced because of the azobenzene segments incorporated into the block copolymer. The diblock copolymer was determined to exhibit a lower critical solution temperature of 34.4 °C. Poly(NIPAM-b-Azo) demonstrated a higher photoisomerization rate constant (kt = 0.1295 s-1) than the Azo monomer did (kt = 0.088 s-1). When ultraviolet (UV) irradiation was applied, the intensity of fluorescence gradually increased, suggesting that UV irradiation enhanced the fluorescence of self-assembled cis-isomers of azobenzene. Morphological aggregates before and after UV irradiation are shown in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analyses of the diblock copolymer. We employed photoluminescence titrations to reveal that the diblock copolymer was highly sensitive toward Ru3+ and Ba2+, as was indicated by the crown ether acting as a recognition moiety between azobenzene units. Micellar aggregates were formed in the polymer aqueous solution through dissolution; their mean diameters were approximately 205.8 and 364.6 nm at temperatures of 25.0 and 40.0 °C, respectively. Our findings contribute to research on photoresponsive and chemosensory polymer material developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chih Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan City 32003, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (S.-H.T.); (C.-C.L.); (K.-Y.H.)
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