1
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Vo Y, Nothling MD, Raveendran R, Cao C, Stenzel MH. Effects of Drug Conjugation on the Biological Activity of Single-Chain Nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:675-689. [PMID: 38266160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The field of single-chain nanoparticles (SCNPs) continues to mature, and an increasing range of reports have emerged that explore the application of these small nanoparticles. A key application for SCNPs is in the field of drug delivery, and recent work suggests that SCNPs can be readily internalized by cells. However, limited attention has been directed to the delivery of small-molecule drugs using SCNPs. Moreover, studies on the physicochemical effects of drug loading on SCNP performance is so far missing, despite the accepted view that such small nanoparticles should be significantly affected by the drug loading content. To address this gap, we prepared a library of SCNPs bearing different amounts of a covalently conjugated therapeutic drug-sulfasalazine (SSZ). We evaluated the impact of the conjugated drug loading on both the synthesis and biological activity of SCNPs on pancreatic cancer cells (AsPC-1). Our results reveal that covalent drug conjugation to the side chains of the SCNP polymer precursor interferes with chain collapse and cross-linking, which demands optimization of reaction conditions to reach high degrees of cross-linking efficiencies. Small-angle neutron scattering and diffusion-ordered spectroscopy nuclear magnetic resonance (DOSY NMR) analyses reveal that SCNPs with a higher drug loading display larger sizes and looser structures, as well as increased hydrophobicity associated with a higher SSZ content. Increased SSZ loading led to reduced cellular uptake when assessed in vitro, whereby SCNP aggregation on the surface of AsPC-1 cells led to reduced toxicity. This work highlights the effects of drug loading on the drug delivery efficiency and biological behavior of SCNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Vo
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mitchell D Nothling
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Radhika Raveendran
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cheng Cao
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martina H Stenzel
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
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2
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Thümmler JF, Roos AH, Krüger J, Hinderberger D, Schmitt FJ, Tang G, Golmohamadi FG, Laufer J, Binder WH. Tuning the Internal Compartmentation of Single-Chain Nanoparticles as Fluorescent Contrast Agents. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200618. [PMID: 35973086 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the internal structures of single-chain nanoparticles (SCNPs) is an important factor for their targeted chemical design and synthesis, especially in view of nanosized compartments presenting different local environments as a main feature to control functionality. We here design SCNPs bearing near-infrared fluorescent dyes embedded in hydrophobic compartments for use as contrast agents in pump-probe photoacoustic (PA) imaging, displaying improved properties by the location of the dye in the hydrophobic particle core. Compartment formation is controlled via single-chain collapse and subsequent crosslinking of an amphiphilic polymer using external crosslinkers in reaction media of adjustable polarity. Different SCNPs with hydrodynamic diameters of 6-12 nm bearing adjustable label densities are synthesized. It is found that the specific conditions for single-chain collapse have a major impact on the formation of the desired core-shell structure, in turn adjusting the internal nanocompartments together with the formation of excitonic dye couples, which in turn increase their fluorescence lifetime and PA signal generation. SCNPs with the dye molecules accumulate at the core also show a nonlinear PA response as a function of pulse energy-a property that can be exploited as a contrast mechanism in molecular PA tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus F Thümmler
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Andreas H Roos
- Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Jana Krüger
- Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Franz-Josef Schmitt
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Guo Tang
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Farzin Ghane Golmohamadi
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Jan Laufer
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Binder
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, D-06120, Halle, Germany
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3
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Progress in polymer single-chain based hybrid nanoparticles. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Sakamoto Y, Nishimura T. Recent advances in the self-assembly of sparsely grafted amphiphilic copolymers in aqueous solution. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py01018f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the self-assembly of sparsely grafted amphiphilic copolymers and highlights the effects of structural factors and solvents on their self-assembly behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sakamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nishimura
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
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5
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Liao S, Wei L, Abriata LA, Stellacci F. Control and Characterization of the Compactness of Single-Chain Nanoparticles. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suiyang Liao
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 12, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lixia Wei
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 12, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luciano A. Abriata
- Protein Production and Structure Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Stellacci
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 12, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Interfaculty Bioengineering Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 12, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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6
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Nam J, Kwon S, Yu YG, Seo HB, Lee JS, Lee WB, Kim Y, Seo M. Folding of Sequence-Controlled Graft Copolymers to Subdomain-Defined Single-Chain Nanoparticles. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwoo Kwon
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Guen Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Bin Seo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Suk Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Bo Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - YongJoo Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungeun Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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7
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Alqarni MAM, Waldron C, Yilmaz G, Becer CR. Synthetic Routes to Single Chain Polymer Nanoparticles (SCNPs): Current Status and Perspectives. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100035. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gokhan Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - C. Remzi Becer
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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8
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Hoffmann JF, Roos AH, Schmitt FJ, Hinderberger D, Binder WH. Fluorescent and Water Dispersible Single-Chain Nanoparticles: Core-Shell Structured Compartmentation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7820-7827. [PMID: 33373475 PMCID: PMC8048794 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Single-chain nanoparticles (SCNPs) are highly versatile structures resembling proteins, able to function as catalysts or biomedical delivery systems. Based on their synthesis by single-chain collapse into nanoparticular systems, their internal structure is complex, resulting in nanosized domains preformed during the crosslinking process. In this study we present proof of such nanocompartments within SCNPs via a combination of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and fluorescence spectroscopy. A novel strategy to encapsulate labels within these water dispersible SCNPs with hydrodynamic radii of ≈5 nm is presented, based on amphiphilic polymers with additional covalently bound labels, attached via the copper catalyzed azide/alkyne "click" reaction (CuAAC). A detailed profile of the interior of the SCNPs and the labels' microenvironment was obtained via electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments, followed by an assessment of their photophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus F Hoffmann
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Andreas H Roos
- Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Franz-Josef Schmitt
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Binder
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle, Germany
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9
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Hoffmann JF, Roos AH, Schmitt F, Hinderberger D, Binder WH. Fluorescent and Water Dispersible Single‐Chain Nanoparticles: Core–Shell Structured Compartmentation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justus F. Hoffmann
- Macromolecular Chemistry Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics) Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg von-Danckelmann-Platz 4 06120 Halle Germany
| | - Andreas H. Roos
- Physical Chemistry Institute of Chemistry Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics) Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg von-Danckelmann-Platz 4 06120 Halle Germany
| | - Franz‐Josef Schmitt
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics) Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg von-Danckelmann-Platz 3 06120 Halle Germany
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Physical Chemistry Institute of Chemistry Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics) Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg von-Danckelmann-Platz 4 06120 Halle Germany
| | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Macromolecular Chemistry Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics) Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg von-Danckelmann-Platz 4 06120 Halle Germany
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10
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Blazquez-Martín A, Verde-Sesto E, Moreno AJ, Arbe A, Colmenero J, Pomposo JA. Advances in the Multi-Orthogonal Folding of Single Polymer Chains into Single-Chain Nanoparticles. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:293. [PMID: 33477597 PMCID: PMC7831314 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The folding of certain proteins (e.g., enzymes) into perfectly defined 3D conformations via multi-orthogonal interactions is critical to their function. Concerning synthetic polymers chains, the "folding" of individual polymer chains at high dilution via intra-chain interactions leads to so-called single-chain nanoparticles (SCNPs). This review article describes the advances carried out in recent years in the folding of single polymer chains into discrete SCNPs via multi-orthogonal interactions using different reactive chemical species where intra-chain bonding only occurs between groups of the same species. First, we summarize results from computer simulations of multi-orthogonally folded SCNPs. Next, we comprehensively review multi-orthogonally folded SCNPs synthesized via either non-covalent bonds or covalent interactions. Finally, we conclude by summarizing recent research about multi-orthogonally folded SCNPs prepared through both reversible (dynamic) and permanent bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Blazquez-Martín
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Materials Physics Center MPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain; (A.B.-M.); (E.V.-S.); (A.J.M.); (A.A.); (J.C.)
| | - Ester Verde-Sesto
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Materials Physics Center MPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain; (A.B.-M.); (E.V.-S.); (A.J.M.); (A.A.); (J.C.)
| | - Angel J. Moreno
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Materials Physics Center MPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain; (A.B.-M.); (E.V.-S.); (A.J.M.); (A.A.); (J.C.)
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Arantxa Arbe
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Materials Physics Center MPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain; (A.B.-M.); (E.V.-S.); (A.J.M.); (A.A.); (J.C.)
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Juan Colmenero
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Materials Physics Center MPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain; (A.B.-M.); (E.V.-S.); (A.J.M.); (A.A.); (J.C.)
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química y Tecnología, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 1072, E-20800 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - José A. Pomposo
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Materials Physics Center MPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain; (A.B.-M.); (E.V.-S.); (A.J.M.); (A.A.); (J.C.)
- Departamento de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química y Tecnología, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 1072, E-20800 San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE—Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, E-48009 Bilbao, Spain
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11
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Scheutz GM, Elgoyhen J, Bentz KC, Xia Y, Sun H, Zhao J, Savin DA, Sumerlin BS. Mediating covalent crosslinking of single-chain nanoparticles through solvophobicity in organic solvents. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00780g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photoinduced intrachain crosslinking of coumarin-containing copolymers in various organic solvents was mediated through the solvophobic effect, providing control over the reaction rate and the compaction of the final single-chain nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg M. Scheutz
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
| | - Justine Elgoyhen
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
| | - Kyle C. Bentz
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
| | - Yening Xia
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
| | - Hao Sun
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
| | - Junpeng Zhao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- People's Republic of China
| | - Daniel A. Savin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
| | - Brent S. Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
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12
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Chen R, Berda EB. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Re-examining Single-Chain Nanoparticles. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1836-1843. [PMID: 35653673 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Single-chain nanoparticles (SCNP) are a class of polymeric nanoparticles obtained from the intramolecular cross-linking of polymers bearing reactive pendant groups. The development of SCNP has drawn tremendous attention since the fabrication of SCNP mimics the self-folding behavior in natural biomacromolecules and is highly desirable for a variety of applications ranging from catalysis, nanomedicine, nanoreactors, and sensors. The versatility of novel chemistries available for SCNP synthesis has greatly expanded over the past decade. Significant progress was also made in the understanding of a structure-property relationship in the single-chain folding process. In this Viewpoint, we discuss the effect of precursor polymer topology on single polymer folding. We summarize the progress in SCNP of complex architectures and highlight unresolved issues in the field, such as scalability and topological purity of SCNP.
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