1
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Aliev G, Toms R, Melnikov P, Gervald A, Glushchenko L, Sedush N, Chvalun S. Synthesis of L-Lactide from Lactic Acid and Production of PLA Pellets: Full-Cycle Laboratory-Scale Technology. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:624. [PMID: 38475307 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Lactide is one of the most popular and promising monomers for the synthesis of biocompatible and biodegradable polylactide and its copolymers. The goal of this work was to carry out a full cycle of polylactide production from lactic acid. Process conditions and ratios of reagents were optimized, and the key properties of the synthesized polymers were investigated. The influence of synthesis conditions and the molecular weight of lactic acid oligomers on the yield of lactide was studied. Lactide polymerization was first carried out in a 500 mL flask and then scaled up and carried out in a 2000 mL laboratory reactor setup with a combined extruder. Initially, the lactic acid solution was concentrated to remove free water; then, the oligomerization and synthesis of lactide were carried out in one flask in the presence of various concentrations of tin octoate catalyst at temperatures from 150 to 210 °C. The yield of lactide was 67-69%. The resulting raw lactide was purified by recrystallization in solvents. The yield of lactide after recrystallization in butyl acetate (selected as the optimal solvent for laboratory purification) was 41.4%. Further, the polymerization of lactide was carried out in a reactor unit at a tin octoate catalyst concentration of 500 ppm. Conversion was 95%; Mw = 228 kDa; and PDI = 1.94. The resulting products were studied by differential scanning calorimetry, NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. The resulting polylactide in the form of pellets was obtained using an extruder and a pelletizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gadir Aliev
- M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, Moscow 119571, Russia
| | - Roman Toms
- M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, Moscow 119571, Russia
| | - Pavel Melnikov
- M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, Moscow 119571, Russia
| | - Alexander Gervald
- M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, Moscow 119571, Russia
| | | | - Nikita Sedush
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117393, Russia
| | - Sergei Chvalun
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117393, Russia
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2
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Ring-expansion polymerization (REP) of L-lactide with cyclic tin catalysts – About formation of extended ring crystals and optimization of Tm and ΔHm. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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3
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Goonesinghe C, Jung HJ, Roshandel H, Diaz C, Baalbaki HA, Nyamayaro K, Ezhova M, Hosseini K, Mehrkhodavandi P. An Air Stable Cationic Indium Catalyst for Formation of High-Molecular-Weight Cyclic Poly(lactic acid). ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chatura Goonesinghe
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Hyuk-Joon Jung
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Hootan Roshandel
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Carlos Diaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Hassan A. Baalbaki
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Kudzanai Nyamayaro
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Maria Ezhova
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Kimia Hosseini
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Parisa Mehrkhodavandi
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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4
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Abstract
Reaction mechanisms and synthetic methods used for the preparation of homo- and copolylactides based on tin(ii) and tin(iv) catalysts are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans R. Kricheldorf
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Bundesstr. 45, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Steffen M. Weidner
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung – BAM, Richard Willstätter Str. 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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5
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ROPs of l-lactide catalyzed by neat Tin(II)2-ethylhexanoate - Influence of the reaction conditions on Tm and ΔHm. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Kricheldorf HR, Weidner SM, Meyer A. High T m linear poly(l-lactide)s prepared via alcohol-initiated ROPs of l-lactide. RSC Adv 2021; 11:14093-14102. [PMID: 35423910 PMCID: PMC8697697 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01990b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-initiated ROPs of l-lactide were performed in bulk at 160 °C for 72 h with variation of the catalyst or with variation of the initiator (aliphatic alcohols). Spontaneous crystallization was only observed when cyclic Sn(ii) compounds were used as a catalyst. Regardless of initiator, high melting crystallites with melting temperatures (T m) of 189-193 °C were obtained in almost all experiments with Sn(ii) 2,2'-dioxybiphenyl (SnBiph) as catalyst, even when the time was shortened to 24 h. These HTm poly(lactide)s represent the thermodynamically most stable form of poly(l-lactide). Regardless of the reaction conditions, such high melting crystallites were never obtained when Sn(ii) 2-ethylhexanoate (SnOct2) was used as catalyst. SAXS measurements evidenced that formation of HTm poly(l-lactide) involves growth of the crystallite thickness, but chemical modification of the crystallite surface (smoothing) seems to be of greater importance. A hypothesis, why the "surface smoothing" is more effective for crystallites of linear chains than for crystallites composed of cycles is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans R Kricheldorf
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie der Universität Hamburg Bundesstr. 45 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Steffen M Weidner
- BAM, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung Richard Willstätter Straße 11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie der Universität Hamburg Grindelallee 117 D-20147 Hamburg Germany
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7
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Kricheldorf HR, Meyer A, Weidner SM. High T
m
Poly(
l
‐lactide)s by Means of Bismuth Catalysts? MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans R. Kricheldorf
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie Universität Hamburg Bundesstrasse 45 Hamburg 20146 Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Universität Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 45 Hamburg 20146 Germany
| | - Steffen M. Weidner
- BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung 6.3 Strukturanalytik, Richard Willstätter Str. 11 Berlin D‐12489 Germany
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8
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Weidner SM, Kricheldorf HR, Scheliga F. Ring‐Expansion Copolymerization of
l
‐Lactide and Glycolide. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen M. Weidner
- BAM, Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing Richard Willstätter Str. 11 Berlin D‐12489 Germany
| | - Hans R. Kricheldorf
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie Universität Hamburg Bundesstr. 45 Hamburg D‐20146 Germany
| | - Felix Scheliga
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie Universität Hamburg Bundesstr. 45 Hamburg D‐20146 Germany
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9
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Kerr RWF, Ewing PMDA, Raman SK, Smith AD, Williams CK, Arnold PL. Ultrarapid Cerium(III)–NHC Catalysts for High Molar Mass Cyclic Polylactide. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W. F. Kerr
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, U.K
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Paul M. D. A. Ewing
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Sumesh K. Raman
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Andrew D. Smith
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Polly L. Arnold
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
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10
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Weidner SM, Meyer A, Chatti S, Kricheldorf HR. About the transformation of low T m into high T m poly(l-lactide)s by annealing under the influence of transesterification catalysts. RSC Adv 2021; 11:2872-2883. [PMID: 35424240 PMCID: PMC8693987 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10012a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic polylactides were prepared in bulk at 170 °C, crystallized at 120 °C and then annealed at temperatures between 130 and 170 °C with variation of catalyst, catalyst concentration and annealing time. The transformation of the initially formed low melting (LT m) crystallites, having melting temperatures (T m) < 180 °C into high melting (HT m) crystallites having T m values > 189 °C was monitored by means of DSC measurements and characterized in selected cases by SAXS measurements. It was confirmed that the formation of HT m crystallites involves a significant growth of the thickness of the lamellar crystallites along with smoothing of their surface. Annealing at 170 °C for 1 d or longer causes thermal degradation with lowering of the molecular weights, a gradual transition of cyclic into linear chains and a moderate decrease of lamellar thickness. An unexpected result revealed by MALDI TOF mass spectrometry is a partial reorganization of the molecular weight distribution driven by a gain of crystallization enthalpy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen M Weidner
- BAM - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung Richard Willstätter Str. 11 D-12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Hamburg Grindelallee 117 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Saber Chatti
- Institute National de la Recherche et D'Analyse (INRAP) Sidi Thabet Tunisia
| | - Hans R Kricheldorf
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Universität Hamburg Bundesstr. 45 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
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11
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Martínez CR, Pérez JM, Arrabal-Campos FM, Batuecas M, Ortuño MA, Fernández I. Cyclic polylactide synthesis initiated by a lithium anthraquinoid: understanding the selectivity through DFT and diffusion NMR. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00547b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present herein the application of a lithium anthraquinoid in the catalytic synthesis of cyclic PLA, showing that the aggregation plays a critical role in cyclic vs. linear selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ruiz Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics
- Research Centre CIAIMBITAL
- University of Almería
- 04120
- Spain
| | - Juana M. Pérez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics
- Research Centre CIAIMBITAL
- University of Almería
- 04120
- Spain
| | | | - María Batuecas
- Department of Chemistry and Physics
- Research Centre CIAIMBITAL
- University of Almería
- 04120
- Spain
| | - Manuel A. Ortuño
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)
- 43007 Tarragona
- Spain
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS)
| | - Ignacio Fernández
- Department of Chemistry and Physics
- Research Centre CIAIMBITAL
- University of Almería
- 04120
- Spain
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12
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Kricheldorf HR, Weidner SM. High molecular weight poly(
l
‐lactide) via
ring‐opening polymerization
with bismuth subsalicylate–The role of cocatalysts. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans R. Kricheldorf
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie Universität Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | - Steffen M. Weidner
- 6.3 Strukturanalytik BAM ‐ Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung (BAM) Berlin Germany
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13
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Investigation of the influence of impurities on the ring-opening polymerisation of L-Lactide from biogenous feedstock. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02339-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn order to use a L-lactide monomer that is derived from fermentation processes it is necessary to understand, how the polymerisation process is influenced by impurities which derive from the production process. We have selected a group of likely contaminants and added them at various concentrations to the polymerisation of L-lactide using tin (II)-2-ethylhexanoate as catalyst and 2-methoxyethanol as initiator. The effect of impurities onto the global properties of the polymers such as glass transition temperature, melting point and molecular mass distribution were investigated and NMR and MALDI mass spectrometry were used to identify structural changes within the polymers. Thus, it could be shown that in reference experiments cyclic polymers and linear polymers with different starting groups are formed. Addition of ethanol and sodium carbonate showed the strongest influence on molecular masses as well as polymer structures, which could be elucidated by interpretation of the MALDI mass spectra and NMR data.
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14
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Kricheldorf HR, Weidner SM. The Ring-Opening Polymerization-Polycondensation (ROPPOC) Approach to Cyclic Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000152. [PMID: 32462747 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A new concept called ring-opening polymerization-polycondensation (ROPPOC) is presented and discussed. This synthetic strategy is based on the intermediate formation of chains having two end groups that can react with each other. The ROPPOC syntheses are subdivided into three groups according to the nature of the chain ends: two ionic end groups, one ionic and one covalent chain end, and a combination of two reactive covalent end groups may be involved, depending on the catalyst. The usefulness for the preparation of cyclic polymers is discussed with a review of numerous previously published examples. These examples concern the following classes of cyclic polymers: polypeptides, polyamides, and polyesters, including polycarbonates and cyclic polysiloxanes. It is demonstrated that the results of certain ROPPOC syntheses are in contradiction to the Jacobson-Stockmayer theory. Finally, the usefulness of ROPPOCs for the detection of polydisperse catenanes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans R Kricheldorf
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 45, Hamburg, D-20146, Germany
| | - Steffen M Weidner
- 6.3 Strukturanalytik, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, Berlin, D-12489, Germany
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15
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Weidner SM, Meyer A, Kricheldorf HR. Ring–Ring Equilibration in Solid, Even‐Numbered Cyclic Poly(
l
‐lactide)s and their Stereocomplexes. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen M. Weidner
- BAMFederal Institute for Material Research and Testing Richard Willstätter Str. 11 Berlin D‐12489 Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry of the University of Hamburg Grindelallee Hamburg D‐20146 Germany
| | - Hans R. Kricheldorf
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry of the University of Hamburg Bundesstr. 45 Hamburg D‐20146 Germany
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