1
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Montà-González G, Sancenón F, Martínez-Máñez R, Martí-Centelles V. Purely Covalent Molecular Cages and Containers for Guest Encapsulation. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13636-13708. [PMID: 35867555 PMCID: PMC9413269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cage compounds offer unique binding pockets similar to enzyme-binding sites, which can be customized in terms of size, shape, and functional groups to point toward the cavity and many other parameters. Different synthetic strategies have been developed to create a toolkit of methods that allow preparing tailor-made organic cages for a number of distinct applications, such as gas separation, molecular recognition, molecular encapsulation, hosts for catalysis, etc. These examples show the versatility and high selectivity that can be achieved using cages, which is impossible by employing other molecular systems. This review explores the progress made in the field of fully organic molecular cages and containers by focusing on the properties of the cavity and their application to encapsulate guests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Montà-González
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Félix Sancenón
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain,CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain,Centro
de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF
de Investigación de Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina,
Valencia, Universitat Politècnica
de València, 46012 Valencia, Spain,Instituto
de Investigación Sanitaria la Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación
en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Universitat
Politènica de València, 46026 València, Spain,Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain,CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain,Centro
de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF
de Investigación de Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina,
Valencia, Universitat Politècnica
de València, 46012 Valencia, Spain,Instituto
de Investigación Sanitaria la Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación
en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Universitat
Politènica de València, 46026 València, Spain,Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain,R.M.-M.: email,
| | - Vicente Martí-Centelles
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain,V.M.-C.:
email,
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2
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Rozzi A, Pedrini A, Pinalli R, Massera C, Elmi I, Zampolli S, Dalcanale E. Tuning the conformational flexibility of quinoxaline cavitands for complexation at the gas-solid interface. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7554-7557. [PMID: 35708006 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02710k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The selectivity and efficiency of benzene and toluene uptake at the gas-solid interface by quinoxaline cavitands is strongly enhanced by partial rigidification of the receptor cavity and immobilization of the cavitand onto silica gel particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability and INSTM UdR Parma, University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Pedrini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability and INSTM UdR Parma, University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Roberta Pinalli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability and INSTM UdR Parma, University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Chiara Massera
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability and INSTM UdR Parma, University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Ivan Elmi
- CNR-IMM Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Dalcanale
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability and INSTM UdR Parma, University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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3
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Zhu YJ, Zhao MK, Rebek J, Yu Y. Recent Advances in the Applications of Water-soluble Resorcinarene-based Deep Cavitands. Chemistry 2022; 11:e202200026. [PMID: 35701378 PMCID: PMC9197774 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We review here the use of container molecules known as cavitands for performing organic reactions in water. Central to these endeavors are binding forces found in water, and among the strongest of these is the hydrophobic effect. We describe how the hydrophobic effect can be used to drive organic molecule guests into the confined space of cavitand hosts. Other forces participating in guest binding include cation-π interactions, chalcogen bonding and even hydrogen bonding to water involved in the host structure. The reactions of guests take advantage of their contortions in the limited space of the cavitands which enhance macrocyclic and site-selective processes. The cavitands are applied to the removal of organic pollutants from water and to the separation of isomeric guests. Progress is described on maneuvering the containers from stoichiometric participation to roles as catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Zhu
- Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Ming-Kai Zhao
- Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Julius Rebek
- Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
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4
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Tang MM, Kanagaraj K, Rebek J, Yu Y. Role of Rim Functions in Recognition and Selectivity of Small Molecule Guests in Water‐soluble Cavitand Hosts. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200466. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Min Tang
- Shanghai University Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | | | - Julius Rebek
- The Scripps Research Institute Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Yang Yu
- Shanghai University Chemistry 99 Shang-da Road 200444 Shanghai CHINA
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5
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Tzeli D, Petsalakis ID, Theodorakopoulos G, Rahman FU, Yu Y, Rebek J. The role of electric field, peripheral chains, and magnetic effects on significant 1H upfield shifts of the encapsulated molecules in chalcogen-bonded capsules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:19647-19658. [PMID: 34524297 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02277f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The chalcogen-bonded homo-cavitand and hetero-cavitand AY+AY' capsules (Y, Y' = Se, Te), as well as their encapsulated complexes with one or two guest molecules have been studied theoretically via density functional theory (DFT), while the 1H NMR spectra of the homo-cavitand encapsulated complexes (in ASe+ASe) have been measured experimentally. There is excellent agreement between theoretical and experimental spectra. In all cases, we found significant 1H upfield shifts which are more intense in the ASe+ASe cage compared to the ATe+ATe and ASe+ATe cages. The non-uniform electron distribution which gives rise to an inherent electric field and a non-zero electric dipole moment of the encapsulated complexes, the induced electric field effects, the magnetic anisotropy which is enhanced due to the polarizability of chalcogen atoms, and the peripheral chains, which are responsible for the solubility of the cages, increase the upfield shifts of 1H of the encapsulated molecules; the peripheral chains lead to an increase of the upfield shifts by up to 1.8 ppm for H of the rim and up to 1.2 ppm for the terminal H in the interior of the cage. Hence, substantial 1H upfield chemical shifts of the guests in these capsules are consequences of (i) the enhanced aromaticity of the walls of the capsules due to the polarizability of chalcogen atoms, (ii) the induced and inherent electric field effects, and (iii) the peripheral chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demeter Tzeli
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens 157 71, Greece. .,Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., Athens 116 35, Greece.
| | - Ioannis D Petsalakis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., Athens 116 35, Greece.
| | - Giannoula Theodorakopoulos
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., Athens 116 35, Greece.
| | - Faiz-Ur Rahman
- Inner Mongolia Mongolia University Research Center for Glycochemistry of Characteristic Medicinal Resources, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Julius Rebek
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China.,Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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6
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Zhang HB, Kanagaraj K, Rebek J, Yu Y. Hydrophobic and Metal-Coordinated Confinement Effects Trigger Recognition and Selectivity. J Org Chem 2021; 86:8873-8881. [PMID: 34114823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of a new water-soluble cavitand 1. The container features 2-aminobenzimidazole panels at the "rim" and pyridiniums at the "feet". In the solid state, a single-crystal X-ray structure of the organic-soluble precursor 2 showed a stable vase form. The structure is stabilized by hydrogen-bonded bridges between adjacent panels through solvents and ions. In aqueous solution, binding of hydrophobic and amphiphilic guest molecules to 1 was investigated using 1H NMR. Alkanes, alcohols, acids, diols, and diacids formed 1:1 host-guest complexes, and the guest conformations were deduced from characteristic chemical shift changes. In the presence of [Pd(ethylenediamine)(H2O)2·2NO3], cavitand 1 formed a complex incorporating two metals. The metal-coordinated cavitand also bound hydrophobic linear alkanes and difluorobenzene isomers in aqueous medium. The metallo-cavitand showed shape and size selectivity and was used to separate o-difluorobenzene from its isomers as observed by 19F NMR spectroscopy. The primary amino function of the cavitands offers possibilities for further elaboration to covalent clusters of these container compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Bin Zhang
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Kuppusamy Kanagaraj
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Julius Rebek
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, China.,Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yang Yu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, China
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7
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Rahman FU, Yang JM, Wan YH, Zhang HB, Petsalakis ID, Theodorakopoulos G, Rebek J, Yu Y. Binding selectivity and separation of p-functionalized toluenes with a metallo-cavitand in water. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:6945-6948. [PMID: 32436496 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02778b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A metallo-cavitand (1-2Pd) showed unprecedented binding selectivity and sequestration of p-functionalized toluene isomers in water. The host-guest complexation was studied using 1H and COSY NMR methods and xylene-isomer complexes were examined by using DFT calculations. A liquid-liquid extraction scheme was developed for the separation of p-functionalized toluenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiz-Ur Rahman
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, China.
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Rahman FU, Tzeli D, Petsalakis ID, Theodorakopoulos G, Ballester P, Rebek J, Yu Y. Chalcogen Bonding and Hydrophobic Effects Force Molecules into Small Spaces. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:5876-5883. [PMID: 32125842 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular capsules are desirable containers for the study of molecular behavior in small spaces and offer applications in transport, catalysis, and material science. We report here the use of chalcogen bonding to form container assemblies that are stable in water. Cavitands 1-3 functionalized with 2,1,3-benzoselenadiazole walls were synthesized in good yield from resorcin[4]arenes. The solid-state single-crystal X-ray structure of 3 showed a dimeric assembly cemented together through multiple Se···N chalcogen bonds. Binding of hydrophobic and amphiphilic guests in D2O was investigated by 1H NMR methods and revealed host-guest assemblies of 1:1, 2:1, and 2:2 stoichiometries. Small guests such as n-hexane or cyclohexane assembled as 2:2 capsular complexes, larger guests like cyclohexane carboxylic acid or cyclodecane formed 1:1 cavitand complexes, and longer linear guests like n-dodecane, cyclohexane carboxylic acid anhydride, and amides created 2:1 capsular complexes. The 2:1 complex of the capsule with cyclohexane carboxylic acid anhydride was stable over 2 weeks, showing that the seam of chalcogen bonds is "waterproof". Selective uptake of cyclohexane over benzene and methyl cyclohexane over toluene was observed in aqueous solution with the capsule. Hydrophobic forces and hydrogen-bonding attractions between guest molecules such as 3-methylbutanoic acid stabilized the assemblies in the presence of the competing effects of water. The high polarizability and modest electronegativity of Se provide a capsule lining complementary to guest C-H bonds. The 2,1,3-benzoselenadiazole walls impart an unusually high magnetic anisotropy to the capsule environment, which is supported by density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiz-Ur Rahman
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Demeter Tzeli
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, The National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, Athens 11635, Greece.,Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens 157 71, Greece
| | - Ioannis D Petsalakis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, The National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, Athens 11635, Greece
| | - Giannoula Theodorakopoulos
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, The National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, Athens 11635, Greece
| | - Pablo Ballester
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julius Rebek
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, China.,Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yang Yu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, China
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Abstract
We describe here the effects of metal complexation on the molecular recognition behavior of cavitands with quinoxaline walls. The nitrogen atoms of the quinoxalines are near the upper rim of the vase-like shape and treatment with Pd(II) gave 2:1 metal:cavitand derivatives. Characterization by 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopy, HR ESI-MS, and computations showed that the metals bridged adjacent quinoxaline panels and gave cavitands with C2v symmetry. Both water-soluble and organic-soluble versions were prepared and their host/guest complexes with alkanes, alcohols, acids, and diols (up to C12) were studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Analysis of the binding behavior indicated that the metals rigidified the walls of the receptive vase conformation and enhanced the binding of hydrophobic and even water-soluble guests, compared to related cavitands reported previously. The results demonstrated that the conformational dynamics of the cavitand were slowed by the coordination of Pd(II) and stabilized the host's complexes.
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Angamuthu V, Rahman FU, Petroselli M, Li Y, Yu Y, Rebek J. Mono epoxidation of α,ω-dienes using NBS in a water-soluble cavitand. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00849g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The cavitand induced “yo-yo” motion was applied to mono-epoxidation reaction of α,ω-dienes using N-bromosuccinamide and K2CO3 in D2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatachalam Angamuthu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- P. R. China
| | - Faiz-Ur Rahman
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- P. R. China
| | - Manuel Petroselli
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- P. R. China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- P. R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- P. R. China
| | - Julius Rebek
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- P. R. China
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry
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