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Báti G, Csókás D, Stuparu MC. Mechanochemical Scholl Reaction on Phenylated Cyclopentadiene Core: One-Step Synthesis of Fluoreno[5]helicenes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302971. [PMID: 37870299 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we explore feasibility of the mechanochemical approach in the synthesis of tetrabenzofluorenes (fluoreno[5]helicenes). For this, commercially available phenylated cyclopentadiene precursors are subjected to the Scholl reaction in the solid state using FeCl3 as an oxidant and sodium chloride as the solid reaction medium. This ball milling process gave access to the 5-membered ring containing-helicenes in one synthetic step in high (95-96 %) isolated yields. The solution-phase reactions, however, were found to be moderate to low yielding in this regard (10-40 %).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Báti
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dániel Csókás
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihaiela C Stuparu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Reynes JF, Isoni V, García F. Tinkering with Mechanochemical Tools for Scale Up. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300819. [PMID: 37114517 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry provides an environmentally benign platform to develop more sustainable chemical processes by limiting raw materials, energy use, and waste generation while using physically smaller equipment. A continuously growing research community has steadily showcased examples of beneficial mechanochemistry applications at both the laboratory and the preparative scale. In contrast to solution-based chemistry, mechanochemical processes have not yet been standardized, and thus scaling up is still a nascent discipline. The purpose of this Minireview is to highlight similarities, differences and challenges of the various approaches that have been successfully applied for a range of chemical applications at various scales. We hope to provide a discussion starting point for those interested in further developing mechanochemical processes for commercial use and/or industrialisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier F Reynes
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, Av. Julián Clavería, 8, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Valerio Isoni
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1, Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore
| | - Felipe García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, Av. Julián Clavería, 8, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- School of Chemistry, Monash University Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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3
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Báti G, Laxmi S, Stuparu MC. Mechanochemical Synthesis of Corannulene: Scalable and Efficient Preparation of A Curved Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon under Ball Milling Conditions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202301087. [PMID: 37581302 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Corannulene, a curved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, is prepared in a multigram scale through mechanochemical synthesis. Initially, a mixer mill approach is examined and found to be suitable for a gram scale synthesis. For larger scales, planetary mills are used. For instance, 15 g of corannulene could be obtained in a single milling cycle with an isolated yield of 90 %. The yields are lower when the jar rotation rate is lower or higher than 400 revolutions per minute (rpm). Cumulatively, 98 g of corannulene is produced through the ball milling-based grinding techniques. These results indicate the future potential of mechanochemistry in the rational chemical synthesis of highly curved nanocarbons such as fullerenes and carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Báti
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shoba Laxmi
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mihaiela C Stuparu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore, Singapore
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4
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Margetić D. Recent applications of mechanochemistry in synthetic organic chemistry. PURE APPL CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2022-1202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The promotion of chemical reactions by an unconventional energy source, mechanical energy (mechanochemistry) has increasing number of applications in organic synthesis. The advantages of mechanochemistry are versatile, from reduction of solvent use, increase of reaction efficiency to better environmental sustainability. This paper gives a short review on the recent developments in the fast growing field of organic mechanochemistry which are illustrated by selected examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davor Margetić
- Laboratory for Physical Organic Chemistry, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička c. 54 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia
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5
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Rensch T, Chantrain V, Sander M, Grätz S, Borchardt L. Scale-Up of Solvent-Free, Mechanochemical Precursor Synthesis for Nanoporous Carbon Materials via Extrusion. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200651. [PMID: 35670243 PMCID: PMC9543152 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The mechanochemical synthesis of nitrogen-rich nanoporous carbon materials has been scaled up using an extruder. Lignin, urea, and K2 CO3 were extruded under heat and pressure to yield nanoporous carbons with up to 3500 m2 g-1 specific surface area after pyrolysis. The route was further broadened by applying different nitrogen sources as well as sawdust as a low-cost renewable feedstock to receive carbons with a C/N ratio of up to 15 depending on nitrogen source and extrusion parameters. The texture of obtained carbons was investigated by scanning electron microscopy as well as argon and nitrogen physisorption, while the chemical structure was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The received carbon was tested as a supercapacitor electrode, showing comparable performance to similar ball-mill-synthesized materials. Lastly, the space-time yield was applied to justify the use of a continuous reactor versus the ball mill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilo Rensch
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Viviene Chantrain
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Miriam Sander
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Sven Grätz
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Lars Borchardt
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044801BochumGermany
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6
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Wang C, Yue C, Smith A, Mack J. Rate enhancement of using silica gel as a practical, efficient grinding auxiliary to break π-π stacking under mechanochemical conditions. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Yong T, Báti G, García F, Stuparu MC. Mechanochemical transformation of planar polyarenes to curved fused-ring systems. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5187. [PMID: 34465777 PMCID: PMC8408202 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25495-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The transformation of planar aromatic molecules into π-extended non-planar structures is a challenging task and has not been realized by mechanochemistry before. Here we report that mechanochemical forces can successfully transform a planar polyarene into a curved geometry by creating new C-C bonds along the rim of the molecular structure. In doing so, mechanochemistry does not require inert conditions or organic solvents and provide better yields within shorter reaction times. This is illustrated in a 20-minute synthesis of corannulene, a fragment of fullerene C60, in 66% yield through ball milling of planar tetrabromomethylfluoranthene precursor under ambient conditions. Traditional solution and gas-phase synthetic pathways do not compete with the practicality and efficiency offered by the mechanochemical synthesis, which now opens up a new reaction space for inducing curvature at a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teoh Yong
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gábor Báti
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Felipe García
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Mihaiela C Stuparu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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Wang CS, Sun Q, García F, Wang C, Yoshikai N. Robust Cobalt Catalyst for Nitrile/Alkyne [2+2+2] Cycloaddition: Synthesis of Polyarylpyridines and Their Mechanochemical Cyclodehydrogenation to Nitrogen-Containing Polyaromatics*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9627-9634. [PMID: 33559370 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202017220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The transition-metal-catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloaddition of nitriles and alkynes is an established synthetic approach to pyridines; however, these cycloadditions often rely on the use of tethered diynes or cyanoalkynes as one of the reactants. Thus, examples of efficient, fully intermolecular catalytic [2+2+2] pyridine synthesis, especially those employing unactivated nitriles and internal alkynes leading to pentasubstituted pyridines, remain scarce. Herein, we report on simple and inexpensive catalytic systems based on cobalt(II) iodide, 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane, and Zn that promote [2+2+2] cycloaddition of various nitriles and diarylacetylenes for the synthesis of a broad range of polyarylated pyridines. DFT studies support a reaction pathway involving oxidative coupling of two alkynes, insertion of the nitrile into a cobaltacyclopentadiene, and C-N reductive elimination. The resulting tetra- and pentaarylpyridines serve as precursors to hitherto unprecedented nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons via mechanochemically assisted multifold reductive cyclodehydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Sheng Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Qiao Sun
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Felipe García
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Chen Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemical Process, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, P. R. China
| | - Naohiko Yoshikai
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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Wang C, Sun Q, García F, Wang C, Yoshikai N. Robust Cobalt Catalyst for Nitrile/Alkyne [2+2+2] Cycloaddition: Synthesis of Polyarylpyridines and Their Mechanochemical Cyclodehydrogenation to Nitrogen‐Containing Polyaromatics**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202017220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang‐Sheng Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Qiao Sun
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Felipe García
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Chen Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemical Process Shaoxing University Shaoxing 312000 P. R. China
| | - Naohiko Yoshikai
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
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Báti G, Csókás D, Yong T, Tam SM, Shi RRS, Webster RD, Pápai I, García F, Stuparu MC. Mechanochemical Synthesis of Corannulene‐Based Curved Nanographenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Báti
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore Singapore
| | - Dániel Csókás
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Research Centre for Natural Sciences Magyar tudósok körútja 2 1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Teoh Yong
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore Singapore
| | - Si Man Tam
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore Singapore
| | - Raymond R. S. Shi
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore Singapore
| | - Richard D. Webster
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore Singapore
| | - Imre Pápai
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Research Centre for Natural Sciences Magyar tudósok körútja 2 1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Felipe García
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore Singapore
| | - Mihaiela C. Stuparu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore Singapore
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Báti G, Csókás D, Yong T, Tam SM, Shi RRS, Webster RD, Pápai I, García F, Stuparu MC. Mechanochemical Synthesis of Corannulene‐Based Curved Nanographenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21620-21626. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Báti
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore Singapore
| | - Dániel Csókás
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Research Centre for Natural Sciences Magyar tudósok körútja 2 1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Teoh Yong
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore Singapore
| | - Si Man Tam
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore Singapore
| | - Raymond R. S. Shi
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore Singapore
| | - Richard D. Webster
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore Singapore
| | - Imre Pápai
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Research Centre for Natural Sciences Magyar tudósok körútja 2 1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Felipe García
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore Singapore
| | - Mihaiela C. Stuparu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore Singapore
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12
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Avila-Ortiz CG, Juaristi E. Novel Methodologies for Chemical Activation in Organic Synthesis under Solvent-Free Reaction Conditions. Molecules 2020; 25:E3579. [PMID: 32781678 PMCID: PMC7464687 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One central challenge for XXI century chemists is the development of sustainable processes that do not represent a risk either to humanity or to the environment. In this regard, the search for more efficient and clean alternatives to achieve the chemical activation of molecules involved in chemical transformations has played a prominent role in recent years. The use of microwave or UV-Vis light irradiation, and mechanochemical activation is already widespread in many laboratories. Nevertheless, an additional condition to achieve "green" processes comes from the point of view of so-called atom economy. The removal of solvents from chemical reactions generally leads to cleaner, more efficient and more economical processes. This review presents several illustrative applications of the use of sustainable protocols in the synthesis of organic compounds under solvent-free reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gabriela Avila-Ortiz
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Av. IPN 2508, 07360 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Eusebio Juaristi
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Av. IPN 2508, 07360 Ciudad de México, Mexico
- El Colegio Nacional, Donceles 104, Centro Histórico, 06020 Ciudad de México, Mexico
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