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Maladeniya CP, Tennyson AG, Smith RC. Single‐stage chemical recycling of plastic waste to yield durable composites via a tandem transesterification‐thiocracking process. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew G. Tennyson
- Department of Chemistry Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
| | - Rhett C. Smith
- Department of Chemistry Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
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2
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Graham MJ, Lopez CV, Maladeniya CP, Tennyson AG, Smith RC. Influence of pozzolans on plant
oil‐sulfur
polymer cements: More sustainable and
chemically‐resistant
alternatives to Portland cement. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Graham
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technology Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
| | - Claudia V. Lopez
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technology Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
| | - Charini P. Maladeniya
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technology Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
| | - Andrew G. Tennyson
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technology Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
| | - Rhett C. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technology Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
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3
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Karunarathna MS, Maladeniya CP, Lauer MK, Tennyson AG, Smith RC. Durable composites by vulcanization of oleyl-esterified lignin. RSC Adv 2023; 13:3234-3240. [PMID: 36756427 PMCID: PMC9855616 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07082k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Productive utilization of lignocellulosic biomass is critical to the continued advancement of human civilization. Whereas the cellulose component can be efficiently upconverted to automotive fuel-grade ethanol, the lack of upconversion methods for the lignin component constitutes one of the grand challenges facing science. Lignin is an attractive feedstock for structural applications, in which its highly-crosslinked architecture can endow composite structures with high strengths. Prior work suggests that high-strength composites can be prepared by the reaction of olefin-modified lignin with sulfur. Those studies were limited to ≤5 wt% lignin, due to phase-separation of hydrophilic lignin from hydrophobic sulfur matrices. Herein we report a protocol to increase lignin hydrophobicity and thus its incorporation into sulfur-rich materials. This improvement is affected by esterifying lignin with oleic acid prior to its reaction with sulfur. This approach allowed preparation of esterified lignin-sulfur (ELS) composites comprising up to 20 wt% lignin. Two reaction temperatures were employed such that the reaction of ELS with sulfur at 180 °C would only produce S-C bonds at olefinic sites, whereas the reaction at 230 °C would produce C-S bonds at both olefin and aryl sites. Mechanistic analyses and microstructural characterization elucidated two ELS composites having compressive strength values (>20 MPa), exceeding the values observed with ordinary Portland cements. Consequently, this new method represents a way to improve lignin utilization to produce durable composites that represent sustainable alternatives to Portland cements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Moira K. Lauer
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson UniversityClemsonSouth Carolina29634USA
| | - Andrew G. Tennyson
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson UniversityClemsonSouth Carolina29634USA,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson UniversityClemsonSouth Carolina29634USA
| | - Rhett C. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson UniversityClemsonSouth Carolina29634USA
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4
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Miao C, Yan P, Liu H, Cai S(D, Dodd LJ, Wang H, Deng X, Li J, Wang XC, Hu X, Wu X, Hasell T, Quan ZJ. Fabrication of TiN-Based Superhydrophobic Anti-Corrosion Coating by Inverse Vulcanization. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20220142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Miao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Material, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Peiyao Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Haichao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Material, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | | | - Liam J. Dodd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Haoran Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Xi Deng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Jian Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Material, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Xi-Cun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Material, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Green Energy Materials Technology and Systems, Department of Physics and Energy, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 40054, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Material, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Tom Hasell
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Material, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Zheng-Jun Quan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Material, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
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5
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Mann M, Zhang B, Tonkin SJ, Gibson CT, Jia Z, Hasell T, Chalker JM. Processes for coating surfaces with a copolymer made from sulfur and dicyclopentadiene. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01416a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A copolymer made from sulfur and dicyclopentadiene was useful as a mercury sorbent, and also as a protective and repairable coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Mann
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Samuel J. Tonkin
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Christopher T. Gibson
- Flinders Microscopy and Microanalysis, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Zhongfan Jia
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Tom Hasell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Justin M. Chalker
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
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6
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Influence of Component Ratio on Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Terpenoid-Sulfur Composites. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs5100257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids are potentially sustainable replacements for petrochemical olefins. Sulfur is a waste product produced in large quantities from fossil fuel refining. Several composites with attractive properties have recently been made from terpenoids and sulfur. This report details the extent to which the ratio of sulfur to terpenoid and the terpenoid olefin content influences the thermal and mechanical properties of such terpenoid-sulfur composites. The terpenoids selected were diunsaturated geraniol and triunsaturated farnesol that, upon their inverse vulcanization with elemental sulfur, yield composites GerSx and FarSx, respectively (x = wt % sulfur). The wt % sulfur in the monomer feed was varied from 30–95 for this study, providing twelve materials. Mechanical analysis of these materials was undertaken by compressive and tensile strength techniques. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis revealed both polymeric and orthorhombic sulfur present in the materials with glass transition temperatures (Tg) of −37 °C to −13 °C and melt temperatures (Tm) of 119 to 104 °C. The crystallinity of composites decreases as the weight fraction of sulfur decreases and composites having the highest olefin content exhibit no detectable crystalline microstructures. The compressive strength of the materials showed increasing strength for higher olefin-content materials for both GerSx (with compressive strength of up to 32 MPa) and FarSx (with compressive strength of up to 43 MPa). The improved strength with increasing olefin content levels off at around 80–85% of terpenoid, after which point both tensile and compressive strength diminish.
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Thiounn T, Karunarathna MS, Slann LM, Lauer MK, Smith RC. Sequential crosslinking for mechanical property development in high sulfur content composites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timmy Thiounn
- Department of Chemistry Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
| | | | - Lauren M. Slann
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
| | - Moira K. Lauer
- Department of Chemistry Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
| | - Rhett C. Smith
- Department of Chemistry Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
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8
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Lopez CV, Karunarathna MS, Lauer MK, Maladeniya CP, Thiounn T, Ackley ED, Smith RC. High strength,
acid‐resistant
composites from canola, sunflower, or linseed oils: Influence of triglyceride unsaturation on material properties. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia V. Lopez
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technology Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
| | - Menisha S. Karunarathna
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technology Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
| | - Moira K. Lauer
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technology Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
| | - Charini P. Maladeniya
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technology Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
| | - Timmy Thiounn
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technology Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
| | - Edward D. Ackley
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technology Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
| | - Rhett C. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technology Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
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Abstract
A review with 132 references. Societal and regulatory pressures are pushing industry towards more sustainable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, while the growing popularity of portable cordless electronic devices continues. These trends necessitate the ability to store large amounts of power efficiently in rechargeable batteries that should also be affordable and long-lasting. Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have recently gained renewed interest for their potential low cost and high energy density, potentially over 2600 Wh kg−1. The current review will detail the most recent advances in early 2020. The focus will be on reports published since the last review on Li-S batteries. This review is meant to be helpful for beginners as well as useful for those doing research in the field, and will delineate some of the cutting-edge adaptations of many avenues that are being pursued to improve the performance and safety of Li-S batteries.
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10
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Thiounn T, Smith RC. Advances and approaches for chemical recycling of plastic waste. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20190261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timmy Thiounn
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technology Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
| | - Rhett C. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technology Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
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11
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Valorization of Lignin as a Sustainable Component of Structural Materials and Composites: Advances from 2011 to 2019. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12020734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is the most abundant aromatic biopolymer and is the sustainable feedstock most likely to supplant petroleum-derived aromatics and downstream products. Rich in functional groups, lignin is largely peerless in its potential for chemical modification towards attaining target properties. Lignin’s crosslinked network structure can be exploited in composites to endow them with remarkable strength, as exemplified in timber and other structural elements of plants. Yet lignin may also be depolymerized, modified, or blended with other polymers. This review focuses on substituting petrochemicals with lignin derivatives, with a particular focus on applications more significant in terms of potential commercialization volume, including polyurethane, phenol-formaldehyde resins, lignin-based carbon fibers, and emergent melt-processable waste-derived materials. This review will illuminate advances from the last eight years in the prospective utilization of such lignin-derived products in a range of application such as adhesives, plastics, automotive components, construction materials, and composites. Particular technical issues associated with lignin processing and emerging alternatives for future developments are discussed.
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12
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Smith AD, McMillen CD, Smith RC, Tennyson AG. Copolymers by Inverse Vulcanization of Sulfur with Pure or Technical‐Grade Unsaturated Fatty Acids. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20190138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashlyn D. Smith
- Department of Biology and Chemistry Anderson University Anderson South Carolina 29621
| | - Colin D. McMillen
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technology Clemson University Clemson South Carolina
| | - Rhett C. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technology Clemson University Clemson South Carolina
| | - Andrew G. Tennyson
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technology Clemson University Clemson South Carolina
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Clemson University Clemson South Carolina
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13
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Karunarathna MS, Lauer MK, Tennyson AG, Smith RC. Copolymerization of an aryl halide and elemental sulfur as a route to high sulfur content materials. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01706b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
RASP (radical-induced aryl halide-sulfur polymerization) is reported as a new route to high sulfur-content materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menisha S. Karunarathna
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies
- Clemson University
- Clemson
- USA
| | - Moira K. Lauer
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies
- Clemson University
- Clemson
- USA
| | - Andrew G. Tennyson
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies
- Clemson University
- Clemson
- USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Rhett C. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies
- Clemson University
- Clemson
- USA
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