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Zhang Y, Wei H, Hua B, Hu C, Zhang W. Preparation and application of the thermo-/pH-/ ion-sensitive semi-IPN hydrogel based on chitosan. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128968. [PMID: 38154725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan based hydrogels with multiple stimulus responses have broad application prospects in many fields. Considering the advantages of semi interpenetrating network (IPN) technology and the special temperature and ion responsiveness of polymers containing zwitterionic groups, a semi-IPN hydrogel was prepared through in situ free radical polymerization of N,N-dimethyl acrylamide and [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium hydroxide with polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a crosslinker and carboxymethyl chitosan as filler. The gel mass fraction and swelling ratio were measured, and the preparation conditions were optimized. The result indicated that the hydrogel possessed a unique thermo-/pH-/ ion-sensitive behavior. The swelling ratio increased with the increase of temperature and ion concentration, and showed a decreasing trend with the increase in pH. In addition, the hydrogel was stable when the stimuli changed. Adsorption behavior of the hydrogel to Eosin Y (EY) was systematically investigated. The adsorption process can be described well by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model, indicating that it was a chemical adsorption. The experiments indicated that the hydrogel exhibited good antifouling and reusability features. Therefore, the semi-IPN hydrogel with antifouling properties and thermo-/pH-/ion-sensitivity can be easily manufactured is expected to find applications in water treatment fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Hongliang Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | - Bingya Hua
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Chunwang Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
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2
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Nasseri R, Bouzari N, Huang J, Golzar H, Jankhani S, Tang XS, Mekonnen TH, Aghakhani A, Shahsavan H. Programmable nanocomposites of cellulose nanocrystals and zwitterionic hydrogels for soft robotics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6108. [PMID: 37777525 PMCID: PMC10542366 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41874-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive hydrogels have garnered significant attention as a versatile class of soft actuators. Introducing anisotropic properties, and shape-change programmability to responsive hydrogels promises a host of opportunities in the development of soft robots. Herein we report the synthesis of pH-responsive hydrogel nanocomposites with predetermined microstructural anisotropy, shape-transformation, and self-healing. Our hydrogel nanocomposites are largely composed of zwitterionic monomers and asymmetric cellulose nanocrystals. While the zwitterionic nature of the network imparts both self-healing and cytocompatibility to our hydrogel nanocomposites, the shear-induced alignment of cellulose nanocrystals renders their anisotropic swelling and mechanical properties. Thanks to the self-healing properties, we utilized a cut-and-paste approach to program reversible, and complex deformation into our hydrogels. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrated the transport of light cargo using tethered and untethered soft robots made from our hydrogels. We believe the proposed material system introduce a powerful toolbox for the development of future generations of biomedical soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasool Nasseri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Negin Bouzari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Junting Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Hossein Golzar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Sarah Jankhani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Xiaowu Shirley Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Tizazu H Mekonnen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Institute for Polymer Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Amirreza Aghakhani
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems (IBBS), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hamed Shahsavan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
- Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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3
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Cao L, Zhao Z, Li J, Yi Y, Wei Y. Gelatin-Reinforced Zwitterionic Organohydrogel with Tough, Self-Adhesive, Long-Term Moisturizing and Antifreezing Properties for Wearable Electronics. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:1278-1290. [PMID: 35171559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Strong mechanical performance, appropriate adhesion capacity, and excellent biocompatibility of conductive hydrogel-based sensors are of great significance for their application. However, conventional conductive hydrogels usually exhibit insufficient mechanical strength and adhesion. In addition, they will lose flexibility and conductivity under subzero temperature and a dry environment owing to inevitable freezing and evaporation of water. In this study, a tough, flexible, self-adhesive, long-term moisturizing, and antifreezing organohydrogel was prepared, which was composed of gelatin, zwitterionic poly [2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl] dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl) (PSBMA), MXene nanosheets, and glycerol. Natural gelatin was incorporated to enhance mechanical performance via the entanglement of a physical cross-linked network and a PSBMA network, which was also used as a stabilizer to disperse MXene into the organohydrogel. Zwitterionic PSBMA endowed the organohydrogel with good adhesion and self-healing properties. Long-term moisturizing properties and antifreeze tolerance could be achieved owing to the synergistic water retention capacity of PSBMA and glycerol. The resulting PSBMA-gelatin-MXene-glycerol (PGMG) organohydrogel exhibited high mechanical fracture strength (0.65 MPa) and stretchability (over 1000%), excellent toughness (3.87 MJ/m3), strong and repeated adhesion to diverse substrates (e.g., paper, glass, silicon rubber, iron, and pig skin), good fatigue resistance (under the cyclic stretching-releasing process), and rapid recovery capacity. Moreover, the PGMG organohydrogel showed good stability under -40 °C. The sensor based on PGMG organohydrogel could tightly attach to the human skin and real-time-monitor the motions of joints (e.g., bending of the finger, wrist, elbow, and knee) and the change in mood such as smiling and frowning. Therefore, PGMG organohydrogels have a huge potential for wearable sensors under room temperature or extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilong Cao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Zhijie Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.,Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Yi
- Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University, Zhangzhou 363000, Fujian Province, P. R. China
| | - Yuping Wei
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.,Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
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4
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Liu S, Tang J, Ji F, Lin W, Chen S. Recent Advances in Zwitterionic Hydrogels: Preparation, Property, and Biomedical Application. Gels 2022; 8:46. [PMID: 35049581 PMCID: PMC8775195 DOI: 10.3390/gels8010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonspecific protein adsorption impedes the sustainability of materials in biologically related applications. Such adsorption activates the immune system by quick identification of allogeneic materials and triggers a rejection, resulting in the rapid failure of implant materials and drugs. Antifouling materials have been rapidly developed in the past 20 years, from natural polysaccharides (such as dextran) to synthetic polymers (such as polyethylene glycol, PEG). However, recent studies have shown that traditional antifouling materials, including PEG, still fail to overcome the challenges of a complex human environment. Zwitterionic materials are a class of materials that contain both cationic and anionic groups, with their overall charge being neutral. Compared with PEG materials, zwitterionic materials have much stronger hydration, which is considered the most important factor for antifouling. Among zwitterionic materials, zwitterionic hydrogels have excellent structural stability and controllable regulation capabilities for various biomedical scenarios. Here, we first describe the mechanism and structure of zwitterionic materials. Following the preparation and property of zwitterionic hydrogels, recent advances in zwitterionic hydrogels in various biomedical applications are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (S.L.); (J.T.); (F.J.)
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of the Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jingyi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (S.L.); (J.T.); (F.J.)
- Zhejiang Development & Planning Institute, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Fangqin Ji
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (S.L.); (J.T.); (F.J.)
- Taizhou Technician College, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Weifeng Lin
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Shengfu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (S.L.); (J.T.); (F.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
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5
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Chen X, Hao W, Lu T, Wang T, Shi C, Zhao Y, Liu Y. Stretchable Zwitterionic Conductive Hydrogels with Semi‐Interpenetrating Network Based on Polyaniline for Flexible Strain Sensors. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Weizhen Hao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Tiao Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Caixin Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Yansheng Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Yongmei Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
- Institute of Fine Chemical Engineering Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
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6
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Lin Y, Wang S, Sun S, Liang Y, Xu Y, Hu H, Luo J, Zhang H, Li G. Highly tough and rapid self-healing dual-physical crosslinking poly(DMAA- co-AM) hydrogel. RSC Adv 2021; 11:32988-32995. [PMID: 35493553 PMCID: PMC9042265 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05896g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introducing double physical crosslinking reagents (i.e., a hydrophobic monomer micelle and the LAPONITE® XLG nano-clay) into the copolymerization reaction of hydrophilic monomers of N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA) and acrylamide (AM) is reported here by a thermally induced free-radical polymerization method, resulting in a highly tough and rapid self-healing dual-physical crosslinking poly(DMAA-co-AM) hydrogel. The mechanical and self-healing properties can be finely tuned by varying the weight ratio of nanoclay to DMAA. The tensile strength and elongation at break of the resulting nanocomposite hydrogel can be modulated in the range of 7.5–60 kPa and 1630–3000%, respectively. Notably, such a tough hydrogel also exhibits fast self-healing properties, e.g., its self-healing rate reaches 48% and 80% within 2 and 24 h, respectively. Introducing a micelle and LAPONITE® XLG nano-clay into N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA)/acrylamide (AM) copolymerization reactions results in a highly tough and rapid self-healing dual-physical crosslinking poly(DMAA-co-AM) hydrogel.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinlei Lin
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University Foshan Guangdong 528000 P. R. China .,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Hydrogen Energy Technologies Foshan 528000 P. R. China
| | - Shuoqi Wang
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University Foshan Guangdong 528000 P. R. China
| | - Sheng Sun
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University Foshan Guangdong 528000 P. R. China
| | - Yaoheng Liang
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University Foshan Guangdong 528000 P. R. China
| | - Yisheng Xu
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University Foshan Guangdong 528000 P. R. China
| | - Huawen Hu
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University Foshan Guangdong 528000 P. R. China .,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Hydrogen Energy Technologies Foshan 528000 P. R. China
| | - Jie Luo
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University Foshan Guangdong 528000 P. R. China
| | - Haichen Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University Foshan Guangdong 528000 P. R. China
| | - Guangji Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China.,Key Lab of Guangdong Province for High Property and Functional Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
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7
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Ihlenburg RBJ, Mai T, Thünemann AF, Baerenwald R, Saalwächter K, Koetz J, Taubert A. Sulfobetaine Hydrogels with a Complex Multilength-Scale Hierarchical Structure. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:3398-3408. [PMID: 33769825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c10601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels with a hierarchical structure were prepared from a new highly water-soluble crosslinker N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-N,N'-bis(2-ethylmethacrylate)-propyl-1,3-diammonium dibromide and from the sulfobetaine monomer 2-(N-3-sulfopropyl-N,N-dimethyl ammonium)ethyl methacrylate. The free radical polymerization of the two compounds is rapid and yields near-transparent hydrogels with sizes up to 5 cm in diameter. Rheology shows a clear correlation between the monomer-to-crosslinker ratio and the storage and loss moduli of the hydrogels. Cryo-scanning electron microscopy, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and small-angle X-ray scattering show that the gels have a hierarchical structure with features spanning the nanometer to the sub-millimeter scale. The NMR study is challenged by the marked inhomogeneity of the gels and the complex chemical structure of the sulfobetaine monomer. NMR spectroscopy shows how these complications can be addressed via a novel fitting approach that considers the mobility gradient along the side chain of methacrylate-based monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona B J Ihlenburg
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Golm, Germany
| | - Tobias Mai
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Golm, Germany
| | - Andreas F Thünemann
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, D-12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruth Baerenwald
- Institut für Physik-NMR, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 7, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Kay Saalwächter
- Institut für Physik-NMR, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 7, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Joachim Koetz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Golm, Germany
| | - Andreas Taubert
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Golm, Germany
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8
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Xu H, Tu J, Xiang G, Zhang Y, Guo X. A Thermosetting Polyurethane with Excellent Self‐Healing Properties and Stability for Metal Surface Coating. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Xu
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center of China Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing Jiangsu 210094 P. R. China
| | - Jing Tu
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center of China Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing Jiangsu 210094 P. R. China
| | - Guifeng Xiang
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center of China Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing Jiangsu 210094 P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center of China Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing Jiangsu 210094 P. R. China
| | - Xiaode Guo
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center of China Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing Jiangsu 210094 P. R. China
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9
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Yang J, Du Y, Li X, Qiao C, Jiang H, Zheng J, Lin C, Liu L. Fatigue-Resistant, Notch-Insensitive Zwitterionic Polymer Hydrogels with High Self-Healing Ability. Chempluschem 2020; 85:2158-2165. [PMID: 32955799 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Introducing self-healing properties into hydrogels can prolong their application lifetime. However, achieving mechanical strength without sacrificing self-healing properties is still a major challenge. We prepared a series of zwitterionic polymer hydrogels by random copolymerization of zwitterionic ionic monomer (SBMA), cationic monomer (DAC) and hydrophilic monomer (HEMA). The ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds formed in the hydrogels can efficiently dissipate energy and rebuild the network. The resulting hydrogels show high mechanical strength (289-396 KPa of fracture stress, 433-864 % of fracture stress) and have great fatigue resistance. The hydrogel with a 1 : 1 molar ratio of SBMA:DAC possesses the best self-healing properties (self-healing efficiency up to 96.5 % at room temperature for 10 h). The self-healing process is completely spontaneous and does not require external factors to assist. In addition, the hydrogel also possesses notch insensitivity with a fracture energy of 12000 J m-2 . After combining the conductivity of RGO aerogel, the hydrogel/RGO composites show good strain sensitivity with high reliability and self-healing ability, which has certain significance in broadening the application of these zwitterionic hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - Yongxu Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - Xuelin Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - Congde Qiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - Haihui Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - Jiyong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Marine Corrosion and Protection, Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute (LSMRI), Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Cunguo Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Marine Corrosion and Protection, Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute (LSMRI), Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Libin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory for Marine Corrosion and Protection, Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute (LSMRI), Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
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