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Gunathilaka TM, Shimomura M. Nanoscale Evaluation of the Degradation Stability of Black Phosphorus Nanosheets Functionalized with PEG and Glutathione-Stabilized Doxorubicin Drug-Loaded Gold Nanoparticles in Real Functionalized System. Molecules 2024; 29:1746. [PMID: 38675567 PMCID: PMC11051985 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional black phosphorus (2D BP) has attracted significant research interest in the field of biomedical applications due to its unique characteristics, including high biocompatibility, impressive drug-loading efficiency, phototherapeutic ability, and minimal side effects. However, its puckered honeycomb lattice structure with lone-pair electrons of BP leads to higher sensitivity and chemical reactivity towards H2O and O2 molecules, resulting in the degradation of the structure with physical and chemical changes. In our study, we synthesize polyethylene glycol (PEG) and glutathione-stabilized doxorubicin drug-assembled Au nanoparticle (Au-GSH-DOX)-functionalized BP nanosheets (BP-PEG@Au-GSH-DOX) with improved degradation stability, biocompatibility, and tumor-targeting ability. Transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy indicate the nanoscale degradation behavior of synthesized nanoconjugates in three different environmental exposure conditions, and the results demonstrate the remarkable nanoscale stability of BP-PEG@Au-GSH-DOX against the degradation of BP, which provides significant interest in employing 2D BP-based nanotherapeutic agents for tumor-targeted cancer phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masaru Shimomura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Chuo-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Shizuoka, Japan;
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2
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Xu N, Shi L, Pei X, Zhang W, Chen J, Han Z, Samorì P, Wang J, Wang P, Shi Y, Li S. Oxidation kinetics and non-Marcusian charge transfer in dimensionally confined semiconductors. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4074. [PMID: 37429836 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39781-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical reactions represent essential processes in fundamental chemistry that foster a wide range of applications. Although most electrochemical reactions in bulk substances can be well described by the classical Marcus-Gerischer charge transfer theory, the realistic reaction character and mechanism in dimensionally confined systems remain unknown. Here, we report the multiparametric survey on the kinetics of lateral photooxidation in structurally identical WS2 and MoS2 monolayers, where electrochemical oxidation occurs at the atomically thin monolayer edges. The oxidation rate is correlated quantitatively with various crystallographic and environmental parameters, including the density of reactive sites, humidity, temperature, and illumination fluence. In particular, we observe distinctive reaction barriers of 1.4 and 0.9 eV for the two structurally identical semiconductors and uncover an unusual non-Marcusian charge transfer mechanism in these dimensionally confined monolayers due to the limit in reactant supplies. A scenario of band bending is proposed to explain the discrepancy in reaction barriers. These results add important knowledge into the fundamental electrochemical reaction theory in low-dimensional systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Li Shi
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xudong Pei
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Weiyang Zhang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jian Chen
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zheng Han
- Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Paolo Samorì
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jinlan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
- Suzhou Laboratory, Suzhou, 215125, China.
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK.
| | - Yi Shi
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Songlin Li
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Benini F, Bassoli N, Restuccia P, Ferrario M, Righi MC. Interaction of Water and Oxygen Molecules with Phosphorene: An Ab Initio Study. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083570. [PMID: 37110804 PMCID: PMC10141136 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorene, the 2D form of black phosphorus, has recently attracted interest for optoelectronic and tribological applications. However, its promising properties are affected by the strong tendency of the layers to oxidize in ambient conditions. A significant effort has been made to identify the role of oxygen and water in the oxidation process. In this work, we introduce a first-principles study of the phosphorene phase diagram and provide a quantitative estimate of the interaction of pristine and fully oxidized phosphorene layers with oxygen and water molecules. Specifically, we study oxidized layers with oxygen coverages of 25% and 50% that keep the typical anisotropic structure of the layers. We found that hydroxilated and hydrogenated phosphorene layers are both energetically unfavorable, leading to structural distortions. We also studied the water physisorption on both pristine and oxidized layers, finding that the adsorption energy gain doubled on the oxidized layers, whereas dissociative chemisorption was always energetically unfavorable. At the same time, further oxidation (i.e., the dissociative chemisorption of O2) was always favorable, even on oxidized layers. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of water intercalated between sliding phosphorene layers showed that even under harsh tribological conditions water dissociation was not activated, thus further strengthening the results obtained from our static calculations. Overall, our results provide a quantitative description of the interaction of phosphorene with chemical species that are commonly found in ambient conditions at different concentrations. The phase diagram that we introduced confirms the tendency of phosphorene layers to fully oxidize due to the presence of O2, resulting in a material with improved hydrophilicity, a piece of information that is relevant for the application of phosphorene, e.g., as a solid lubricant. At the same time, the structural deformations found for the H- and OH- terminated layers undermine their electrical, mechanical, and tribological anisotropic properties and, therefore, the usage of phosphorene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Benini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicolò Bassoli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Restuccia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mauro Ferrario
- Department of Physics, Informatics and Mathematics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Clelia Righi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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Degradation Studies of Air-Exposed Black Phosphorous and Black Arsenic Phosphorous. CHEMENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/chemengineering7020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the effects of oxygen and humidity on black phosphorous (BP) and black arsenic phosphorous (AsxP1−x ) flakes using Raman spectroscopy and in situ electric transport measurements (four-probe resistance and thermoelectric power, TEP). The results show that the incorporation of arsenic into the lattice of BP renders it more stable, with the degradation times for BP, As0.2P0.8, and As0.4P0.6 being 4, 5, and 11 days, respectively. The P-P Raman peak intensities were determined to decrease with exposure to oxygen and moisture. The TEP measurements confirmed that both BP and AsxP1−x are p-type semiconductors with the TEP of As0.4P0.6 stabilizing more slowly than that of BP. In addition, the four-probe resistance of BP and AsxP1−x stabilized significantly faster when exposed to air after being degassed in a vacuum. This was attributed to the charge transfer between the oxygen redox potential of air and the Fermi energy (EF) of the semiconductors.
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Kumar J, Patbhaje U, Shrivastava M. Breathing Mode's Temperature Coefficient Estimation and Interlayer Phonon Scattering Model of Few-Layer Phosphorene. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:43462-43467. [PMID: 36506203 PMCID: PMC9730771 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The breathing mode's Raman characteristic is a key parameter that estimates the number of layers and helps to determine interlayer thermal coupling in multilayer phosphorene. However, its temperature coefficient is not investigated yet, probably due to phosphorene's ambient instability, difficulties in capturing its Raman modes, and relatively weak temperature sensitivity than the corresponding primary intralayer Raman modes. Here, we captured the breathing modes' Raman scattering in multiple phosphorene flakes at different temperatures and estimated the corresponding first-order temperature coefficient. The captured modes show a negative temperature coefficient of around -0.0025 cm-1/K. Besides, we have explored a unique feature of the breathing mode phonon scattering with temperature. The modes closely follow the dominant three-phonon process and four-phonon process scattering phenomena at low- and high-temperature ranges. The three-phonon process scattering is dominant below ∼100 K, shifting to the dominant four-phonon process scattering beyond ∼150 K. Moreover, the phonon modes show anomalous behavior of blue shift with temperature during 100-150 K, probably due to transition in the scattering process. Our study shows the significant dependency of the breathing modes over temperature, which helps to understand and model phosphorene's interlayer thermal and mechanical properties. The study also reflects that phosphorene has significant interlayer heat transport capability due to three- and four-phonon scattering features.
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Kumar J, Shrivastava M. First-Principles Molecular Dynamics Insight into the Atomic Level Degradation Pathway of Phosphorene. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:696-704. [PMID: 35036736 PMCID: PMC8756585 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite its remarkable properties, phosphorene is not promising for device application due to its instability or gradual degradation under ambient conditions. The issue still persists, and no technological solution is available to address this degradation due to a lack of clarity about degradation dynamics at the atomic level. Here, we discuss atomic level degradation dynamics of phosphorene under ambient conditions while investigating the involvement of degrading agents like oxygen and water using density functional theory and first-principles molecular dynamics computations. The study reveals that the oxygen molecule dissociates spontaneously over pristine phosphorene in an ambient environment, resulting in an exothermic reaction, which is boosted further by increasing the partial pressure and temperature. The surface reaction is mainly due to the lone pair electrons of phosphorous atoms, making the degradation directional and spontaneous under oxygen atoms. We also found that while the pristine phosphorene is hydrophobic, it becomes hydrophilic after surface oxidation. Furthermore, water molecules play a vital role in the degradation process by changing the reaction dynamics path of the phosphorene-oxygen interaction and reducing the activation energy and reaction energy due to its catalyzing action. In addition, our study reveals the role of phosphorous vacancies in the degradation, which we found to act as an epicenter for the observed oxidation. The oxygen attacks directly over the vacant site and reacts faster compared to its pristine counterpart. As a result, phosphorene edges resembling extended vacancy are prominent reaction sites that oxidize anisotropically due to different bond angle strains. Our study clears the ambiguities in the kinetics of phosphorene degradation, which will help engineer passivation techniques to make phosphorene devices stable in the ambient environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeevesh Kumar
- Department of Electronic
Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of
Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Mayank Shrivastava
- Department of Electronic
Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of
Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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Zhao GQ, Hu J, Long X, Zou J, Yu JG, Jiao FP. A Critical Review on Black Phosphorus-Based Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction Application. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2102155. [PMID: 34309180 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Energy shortages and greenhouse effects are two unavoidable problems that need to be solved. Photocatalytically converting CO2 into a series of valuable chemicals is considered to be an effective means of solving the above dilemmas. Among these photocatalysts, the utilization of black phosphorus for CO2 photocatalytic reduction deserves a lightspot not only for its excellent catalytic activity through different reaction routes, but also on account of the great preponderance of this relatively cheap catalyst. Herein, this review offers a summary of the recent advances in synthesis, structure, properties, and application for CO2 photocatalytic reduction. In detail, the review starts from the basic principle of CO2 photocatalytic reduction. In the following section, the synthesis, structure, and properties, as well as CO2 photocatalytic reduction process of black phosphorus-based photocatalyst are discussed. In addition, some possible influencing factors and reaction mechanism are also summarized. Finally, a summary and the possible future perspectives of black phosphorus-based photocatalyst for CO2 reduction are established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qing Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Jun Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Long
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Zou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Gang Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Fei-Peng Jiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
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Bui TX, Fang TH, Lee CI. Anisotropic crack propagation and self-healing mechanism of freestanding black phosphorus nanosheets. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:165704. [PMID: 33418547 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abd9f0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an indentation simulation is employed to study the anisotropic crack propagation and re-forming mechanism of freestanding black phosphorus (FBP) nanosheets by molecular dynamics simulation. The results indicate that the size of the FBP nanosheet decides the crack direction as well as the von Mises stress concentration. It is found that crack directions are not influenced by temperature. With increasing specimen size, the crack propagation rate is nearly the same as at the first stage of crack formation, while in the later stage, cracking develops very quickly in larger specimens. Especially, small FBP nanosheets almost re-form in a short time at ambient temperature. However, after being destroyed, the larger specimen has no possibility of recovery. Besides, when increasing the number of layers of FBP, the energy stored by the top layer and the system undergoing deformation increases. In addition, the specimen with two fixed edges is less stable, leading to increased stress and decreased Young's modulus compared with the specimen with four fixed edges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Xuyen Bui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- University of Technology and Education - The University of Danang, Danang, Vietnam
| | - Te-Hua Fang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chun-I Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Catalysis Mediated by 2D Black Phosphorus Either Pristine or Decorated with Transition Metals Species. SURFACES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/surfaces3020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Among the novel class of mono-elemental two-dimensional (2D) materials, termed Xenes, phosphorene is emerging as a great promise for its peculiar chemical and physical properties. This review collects a selection of the recent breakthroughs that are related to the application of phosphorene in catalysis and electrocatalysis. Noteworthy, thanks to its intrinsic Lewis basic character, pristine phosphorene turned out to be more efficient and more selective than other non-metal catalysts, in chemical processes as the electroreduction of nitrogen to ammonia or the alkylation of nucleophiles with esters. Once functionalized with transition metals nanoparticles (Co, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ag, Au), its catalytic activity has been evaluated in several processes, mainly hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions. Under visible light irradiation, it has shown a great improvement of the activity, demonstrating high potential as a photocatalyst.
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