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Ellenbroek BD, Kahler JP, Evers SR, Pomplun SJ. Synthetic Peptides: Promising Modalities for the Targeting of Disease-Related Nucleic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401704. [PMID: 38456368 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
DNA and RNA play pivotal roles in life processes by storing and transferring genetic information, modulating gene expression, and contributing to essential cellular machinery such as ribosomes. Dysregulation and mutations in nucleic acid-related processes are implicated in numerous diseases. Despite the critical impact on health of nucleic acid mutations or dysregulation, therapeutic compounds addressing these biomolecules remain limited. Peptides have emerged as a promising class of molecules for biomedical research, offering potential solutions for challenging drug targets. This review focuses on the use of synthetic peptides to target disease-related nucleic acids. We discuss examples of peptides targeting double-stranded DNA, including the clinical candidate Omomyc, and compounds designed for regulatory G-quadruplexes. Further, we provide insights into both library-based screenings and the rational design of peptides to target regulatory human RNA scaffolds and viral RNAs, emphasizing the potential of peptides in addressing nucleic acid-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sophie R Evers
- Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Present address, Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Wintherthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Sharma T, Kundu N, Kaur S, Shankaraswamy J, Saxena S. Why to target G-quadruplexes using peptides: Next-generation G4-interacting ligands. J Pept Sci 2023; 29:e3491. [PMID: 37009771 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Guanine-rich oligonucleotides existing in both DNA and RNA are able to fold into four-stranded DNA secondary structures via Hoogsteen type hydrogen-bonding, where four guanines self-assemble into a square planar arrangement, which, when stacked upon each other, results in the formation of higher-order structures called G-quadruplexes. Their distribution is not random; they are more frequently present at telomeres, proto-oncogenic promoters, introns, 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions, stem cell markers, ribosome binding sites and so forth and are associated with various biological functions, all of which play a pivotal role in various incurable diseases like cancer and cellular ageing. Several studies have suggested that G-quadruplexes could not regulate biological processes by themselves; instead, various proteins take part in this regulation and can be important therapeutic targets. There are certain limitations in using whole G4-protein for therapeutics purpose because of its high manufacturing cost, laborious structure prediction, dynamic nature, unavailability for oral administration due to its degradation in the gut and inefficient penetration to reach the target site because of the large size. Hence, biologically active peptides can be the potential candidates for therapeutic intervention instead of the whole G4-protein complex. In this review, we aimed to clarify the biological roles of G4s, how we can identify them throughout the genome via bioinformatics, the proteins interacting with G4s and how G4-interacting peptide molecules may be the potential next-generation ligands for targeting the G4 motifs located in biologically important regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taniya Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Nikita Kundu
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Sarvpreet Kaur
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Jadala Shankaraswamy
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, Mojerla, Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural University, Budwel, Telangana, India
| | - Sarika Saxena
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
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Kundu N, Sharma T, Kaur S, Mahto AK, Prasad Dewangan R, Shankaraswamy J, Saxena S. Significant destabilization of human telomeric G-quadruplex upon peptide binding: dramatic effect of flanking bases. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:7119-7127. [PMID: 36038986 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2116602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Human telomere is composed of highly repeated hexanucleotide sequence TTAGGG and a 3' single-stranded DNA tail. Many telomere G4 topologies characterized at atomic level by X-ray crystallography and NMR studies. Until now, various small ligands developed to interact with G-quadruplex mainly to stabilize the structure and least is known for its destabilization. In this study, we provide the first evidence of human telomeric G4 destabilization upon peptide binding in dilute and cell-mimicking molecular crowing conditions due to the changes in flanking bases of human telomeric sequences. Hence, our findings will open the new ways to target diseases related with increasing the efficiency of DNA replication, transcription or duplex reannealing.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Kundu
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Taniya Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Sarvpreet Kaur
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Aman Kumar Mahto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Rikeshwer Prasad Dewangan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - J Shankaraswamy
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, Mojerla, Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sarika Saxena
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
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4
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Neugroschl A, Catrina IE. TFOFinder: Python program for identifying purine-only double-stranded stretches in the predicted secondary structure(s) of RNA targets. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011418. [PMID: 37624852 PMCID: PMC10484449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid probes are valuable tools in biology and chemistry and are indispensable for PCR amplification of DNA, RNA quantification and visualization, and downregulation of gene expression. Recently, triplex-forming oligonucleotides (TFO) have received increased attention due to their improved selectivity and sensitivity in recognizing purine-rich double-stranded RNA regions at physiological pH by incorporating backbone and base modifications. For example, triplex-forming peptide nucleic acid (PNA) oligomers have been used for imaging a structured RNA in cells and inhibiting influenza A replication. Although a handful of programs are available to identify triplex target sites (TTS) in DNA, none are available that find such regions in structured RNAs. Here, we describe TFOFinder, a Python program that facilitates the identification of intramolecular purine-only RNA duplexes that are amenable to forming parallel triple helices (pyrimidine/purine/pyrimidine) and the design of the corresponding TFO(s). We performed genome- and transcriptome-wide analyses of TTS in Drosophila melanogaster and found that only 0.3% (123) of total unique transcripts (35,642) show the potential of forming 12-purine long triplex forming sites that contain at least one guanine. Using minimization algorithms, we predicted the secondary structure(s) of these transcripts, and using TFOFinder, we found that 97 (79%) of the identified 123 transcripts are predicted to fold to form at least one TTS for parallel triple helix formation. The number of transcripts with potential purine TTS increases when the strict search conditions are relaxed by decreasing the length of the probe or by allowing up to two pyrimidine inversions or 1-nucleotide bulge in the target site. These results are encouraging for the use of modified triplex forming probes for live imaging of endogenous structured RNA targets, such as pre-miRNAs, and inhibition of target-specific translation and viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atara Neugroschl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stern College for Women, Yeshiva University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Irina E. Catrina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Yeshiva College, Yeshiva University, New York, New York, United States of America
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Miclot T, Froux A, D'Anna L, Bignon E, Grandemange S, Barone G, Monari A, Terenzi A. Understanding the Interactions of Guanine Quadruplexes with Peptides as Novel Strategies for Diagnosis or Tuning Biological Functions. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200624. [PMID: 36598366 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Guanine quadruplexes (G4s) are nucleic acid structures exhibiting a complex structural behavior and exerting crucial biological functions in both cells and viruses. The specific interactions of peptides with G4s, as well as an understanding of the factors driving the specific recognition are important for the rational design of both therapeutic and diagnostic agents. In this review, we examine the most important studies dealing with the interactions between G4s and peptides, highlighting the strengths and limitations of current analytic approaches. We also show how the combined use of high-level molecular simulation techniques and experimental spectroscopy is the best avenue to design specifically tuned and selective peptides, thus leading to the control of important biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Miclot
- Universita di Palermo, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy.,Université de Lorraine and CNRS, UMR 7019 LPCT, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Aurane Froux
- Universita di Palermo, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy.,Université de Lorraine and CNRS, UMR 7039 CRAN, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Luisa D'Anna
- Universita di Palermo, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Emmanuelle Bignon
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, UMR 7019 LPCT, 54000, Nancy, France
| | | | - Giampaolo Barone
- Universita di Palermo, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Monari
- Université Paris Cité and CNRS, ITODYS, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Alessio Terenzi
- Universita di Palermo, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
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Biswas S, Basak S, Samui S, Pasadi S, Muniyappa K, Naskar J. Co‐Assembly of Peptide with G‐Quadruplex DNA: A Strategic Approach to Develop Anticancer Therapeutics. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumi Biswas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics University of Kalyani Nadia WB 741235 India
| | - Shubhanwita Basak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics University of Kalyani Nadia WB 741235 India
| | - Satyabrata Samui
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics University of Kalyani Nadia WB 741235 India
| | - Sanjeev Pasadi
- Department of Biochemistry Indian Institute of Science Bangalore Karnataka 560 012 India
| | - K. Muniyappa
- Department of Biochemistry Indian Institute of Science Bangalore Karnataka 560 012 India
| | - Jishu Naskar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics University of Kalyani Nadia WB 741235 India
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Banerjee N, Chatterjee O, Roychowdhury T, Basu D, Dutta A, Chowdhury M, Dastidar SG, Chatterjee S. Sequence driven interaction of amino acids in de-novo designed peptides determines c-Myc G-quadruplex unfolding inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130267. [PMID: 36334788 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
c-MYC proto-oncogene harbors a putative G-quadruplex structure (Pu27) at the NHEIII1 domain, which can shuffle between transcriptional inhibitor quadruplex and transcriptionally active duplex. In cancer cells this quadruplex destabilization is preferred and NHEIII1 domain assume a duplex topology thereby inducing c-MYC overexpression and tumorigenesis. Hence, the c-MYC quadruplex acts as an excellent target for anti-cancer therapy. Though researcher have tried to develop G-quadruplex targeted small molecules, work with G-quadruplex targeting peptides is very limited. Here we present a peptide that can bind to c-MYC quadruplex, destabilize the tetrad core, and permit the formation of a substantially different structure from the quartet core seen in the canonical G-quadruplexes. Such conformation potentially acted as a roadblock for transcription factors thereby reducing cMYC expression. This event sensitizes the cancer cell to activate apoptotic cascade via the c-MYC-VEGF-A-BCL2 axis. This study provides a detailed insight into the peptide-quadruplex interface that encourages better pharmacophore design to target dynamic quadruplex structure. We believe that our results will contribute to the development, characterization, and optimization of G-quadruplex binding peptides for potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilanjan Banerjee
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, Unified Academic campus, EN-80, Sector V, Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Oishika Chatterjee
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, Unified Academic campus, EN-80, Sector V, Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Tanaya Roychowdhury
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Debadrita Basu
- Division of Bioinformatics, Bose Institute, Unified Academic campus, EN-80, Sector V, Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Anindya Dutta
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, Unified Academic campus, EN-80, Sector V, Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Madhurima Chowdhury
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, Unified Academic campus, EN-80, Sector V, Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Shubhra Ghosh Dastidar
- Division of Bioinformatics, Bose Institute, Unified Academic campus, EN-80, Sector V, Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Subhrangsu Chatterjee
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, Unified Academic campus, EN-80, Sector V, Kolkata 700091, India.
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Kundu N, Sharma T, Kaur S, Singh M, Kumar V, Sharma U, Jain A, Shankaraswamy J, Miyoshi D, Saxena S. Significant structural change in human c-Myc promoter G-quadruplex upon peptide binding in potassium. RSC Adv 2022; 12:7594-7604. [PMID: 35424772 PMCID: PMC8982240 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00535b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We selected the G-quadruplex motif located in the nuclease-hypersensitive elements (NHE) III1 region of the c-Myc promoter and for the first time performed its interaction studies with a designed peptide (QW10). Our CD results showed that the peptide bound to the c-Myc G-quadruplex and induced a significant blue shift in the positive peak of 20 nm in KCl alone or with 40wt% PEG200 or 20wt% PEG8000 in comparison to NaCl. Our Native Gel results confirmed that peptide binding destabilized the duplex and stabilized the unimolecular G-quadruplex and not binding to i-motif. UV thermal results confirmed destabilization of bimolecular structure and stabilization of unimolecular G-quadruplex. QW10 showed preferential binding towards c-MYC promoter G4 with binding constant (K b) values of the order of 0.05 ± 0.2 μM, 0.12 ± 0.1 μM and 0.05 ± 0.3 μM for complexes in K+ alone or 40wt% PEG 200 or 20wt% PEG 8000 respectively. QW10 showed preferential cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 11.10 μM and 6.44 μM after 72 and 96 hours' incubation on Human Breast Carcinoma MDA-MB 231 cells and was found to be non-toxic with Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK-1) cells. Interestingly, we observed reduction of c-Myc gene expression by 2.5 fold due to QW10 binding and stabilizing c-MYC G4. Our study for the first time provides an expanded overview of significant structural change in human c-Myc promoter G-quadruplex upon peptide binding in potassium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Kundu
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Structural Biology Lab Sector-125, Expressway Highway Noida 201313 India +91-120-4735600
| | - Taniya Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Structural Biology Lab Sector-125, Expressway Highway Noida 201313 India +91-120-4735600
| | - Sarvpreet Kaur
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Structural Biology Lab Sector-125, Expressway Highway Noida 201313 India +91-120-4735600
| | - Mamta Singh
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Noida 201313 India
| | - Vinit Kumar
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Noida 201313 India
| | - Uttam Sharma
- Department of Animal Sciences, Central University of Punjab Bathinda India
| | - Aklank Jain
- Department of Animal Sciences, Central University of Punjab Bathinda India
| | - Jadala Shankaraswamy
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, Mojerla, Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural University 509382 Telangana India
| | - Daisuke Miyoshi
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Sarika Saxena
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Structural Biology Lab Sector-125, Expressway Highway Noida 201313 India +91-120-4735600
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Honisch C, Ragazzi E, Hussain R, Brazier J, Siligardi G, Ruzza P. Interaction of a Short Peptide with G-Quadruplex-Forming Sequences: An SRCD and CD Study. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1104. [PMID: 34452065 PMCID: PMC8401852 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
G-quadruplex (G4) forming DNA sequences were recently found to play a crucial role in the regulation of genomic processes such as replication, transcription and translation, also related to serious diseases. Therefore, systems capable of controlling DNA and RNA G-quadruplex structures would be useful for the modulation of various cellular events. In particular, peptides represent good candidates for targeting G-quadruplex structures, since they are easily tailored to enhance their functionality. In this work, we analyzed, by circular dichroism and synchrotron radiation circular dichroism spectroscopies, the interaction of a 25-residue peptide deriving from RHAU helicases (Rhau25) with three G-quadruplex-forming oligonucleotide sequences, in both sodium- and potassium-containing buffers, the most relevant monovalent cations in physiological conditions. The peptide displayed greater affinity for the G4 sequences adopting a parallel structure. However, it showed the ability to also interact with antiparallel or hybrid G-quadruplex structures, inducing a conformation conversion to the parallel structure. The stability of the oligonucleotide structure alone or in presence of the Rhau25 peptide was studied by temperature melting and UV denaturation experiments, and the data showed that the interaction with the peptide stabilized the conformation of oligonucleotide sequences when subjected to stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Honisch
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry of CNR, Via F. Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova, Italy;
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Via F. Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Eugenio Ragazzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Largo Meneghetti, 2, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Rohanah Hussain
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK; (R.H.); (G.S.)
| | - John Brazier
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DX, UK;
| | - Giuliano Siligardi
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK; (R.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Paolo Ruzza
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry of CNR, Via F. Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova, Italy;
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Biswas S, Samui S, Das AK, Pasadi S, Muniyappa K, Naskar J. Targeting G-quadruplex DNA with synthetic dendritic peptide: modulation of the proliferation of human cancer cells. RSC Adv 2020; 10:26388-26396. [PMID: 35685402 PMCID: PMC9122626 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04780e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomerase, a reverse transcriptase enzyme, is found to over express in most cancer cells. It elongates the telomere region by repeated adding of TTAGGG in the 3′-end and leads to excess cell proliferation which causes cancer. G-quadruplex (G4) formation can inhibit such telomere lengthening. So, stabilization of G4 structure as well as inhibition of telomerase activity is very promising approach in targeted cancer therapy. Herein, the aptitude of a synthetic dendritic peptide, Cδ2–(YEE)–E (peptide 1), to target specifically the human telomeric G4 DNA, dAGGG(TTAGGG)3, has been evaluated. Both biochemical and biophysical techniques including gel mobility shift assay, isothermal titration calorimetry and fluorescence spectroscopy have been employed for the purpose. Circular dichroism study reveals that the targeting results an increase in thermal stability of G4 DNA. Interestingly, replacement of N-terminal tyrosine residue of peptide 1 by valine, Cδ2–(VEE)–E, (peptide 2) consequences in loss of its G4 DNA targeting ability, although both the peptides exhibit comparable affinity toward double-stranded DNA. Of note, peptide 1 causes cessation of growth of human cancer cells (HeLa and U2OS) and induces apoptosis in vitro. But it has no significant inhibitory effect on the growth of normal human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Mechanistically, Telomeric Repeat Amplification Protocol (TRAP) assay indicates that peptide 1 effectively inhibits the telomerase activity in human cell extracts. Overall, this study demonstrates the usefulness of a synthetic dendritic peptide as an inhibitor of tumor cell growth by inducing apoptosis upon targeting the telomeric G4 DNA. A synthetic dendritic peptide, targeting human telomeric G4 DNA, inhibits the telomerase and lessens the proliferation of human cancer cells.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumi Biswas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics
- University of Kalyani
- Nadia
- India
| | - Satyabrata Samui
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics
- University of Kalyani
- Nadia
- India
| | - Apurba K. Das
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore
- Indore 453552
- India
| | - Sanjeev Pasadi
- Department of Biochemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore
- India
| | - K. Muniyappa
- Department of Biochemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore
- India
| | - Jishu Naskar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics
- University of Kalyani
- Nadia
- India
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