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Xu S, Wang Q, Rajeshkumar T, Jiang S, Maron L, Xu X. Reductive Dimerization of Alkenes and Allenes Enabled by Photochemically Activated Zinc-Zinc Bonded Compounds. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19590-19598. [PMID: 38957130 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Metal radicals have shown versatile reactivity in modern synthetic chemistry. However, the use of zinc radicals for molecular synthesis has been barely explored. Here, we show that a transient zinc radical can be formed through photoactivation of a zinc-zinc bonded compound, which is able to mediate the selective dimerization of alkenes and allenes. Treatment of dizinc compounds [L2Zn2] [L = CH3C(2,6-iPr2C6H3N)CHC(CH3)(NCH2CH2PR2); R = Ph (LPh) or iPr (LiPr)] with a diverse array of aromatic alkenes under UV irradiation (365 nm) facilely afforded the head-to-head coupling products, i.e., 1,4-dizinciobutanes in high yields. In addition, arylallenes could also be selectively dimerized by the dizinc compound to give 2,5-dizincyl-functionalized 1,5-hexadienes under the same conditions. Control reactions of [LPh2Zn2] in the presence of UV irradiation isolated a zinc phenyl complex and a trimeric zinc phosphide complex resulting from C-P bond cleavage at the tridentate ligand. Reactions of photoactivated dizinc compounds with organic spin traps, i.e., 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) and 2,2'-bipyridine (2,2'-bpy), successfully isolated zinc radical trapping products [LZnOTEMP] and [LPhZn(2,2'-bpy)·-], respectively. The profile of alkene dimerization was elucidated by density functional theory calculations, which confirmed that a transient zinc radical [LZn·] was initially generated through homolytic Zn-Zn bond cleavage via photoactivation followed by single-electron transfer and radical dimerization. The unique selectivity of the current reaction was also studied computationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuilian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Qiujie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Thayalan Rajeshkumar
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA, Université Paul Sabatier, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, Toulouse 31077, France
| | - Shengjie Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Laurent Maron
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA, Université Paul Sabatier, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, Toulouse 31077, France
| | - Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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Liu HY, Neale SE, Hill MS, Mahon MF, McMullin CL, Richards E. [{SiN Dipp}MgNa] 2: A Potent Molecular Reducing Agent. Organometallics 2024; 43:879-888. [PMID: 38665773 PMCID: PMC11041119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.4c00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The bimetallic species, [{SiNDipp}MgNa]2 [{SiNDipp} = {CH2SiMe2N(Dipp)}2; (Dipp = 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3)], is shown to be a potent reducing agent, able to effect one- or two-electron reduction of either dioxygen, TEMPO, anthracene, benzophenone, or diphenylacetylene. In most cases, the bimetallic reaction products imply that the dissimilar alkaline metal centers react with a level of cooperativity. EPR analysis of the benzophenone-derived reaction and the concurrent isolation of [{SiNDipp}Mg(OCPh2)2], however, illustrate that treatment with such reducible, but O-basic, species can also result in reactivity in which the metals provide independent reaction products. The notable E-stereochemistry of the diphenylacetylene reduction product prompted a computational investigation of the PhC≡CPh addition. This analysis invokes a series of elementary steps that necessitate ring-opening via Mg+ → Na+ amido group migration of the SiNDipp ligand, providing insight into the previously observed lability of the bidentate dianion and its consequent proclivity toward macrocyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ying Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Samuel E. Neale
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Michael S. Hill
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Mary F. Mahon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Claire L. McMullin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Emma Richards
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K.
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Mullins JC, Yuvaraj K, Sowden MJ, Sherburn MS, Jones C. Reductive Metallation of Dendralenes and Myrcene Using Dimagnesium(I) Compounds: A Facile Route to Unsaturated Organomagnesium Compounds. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303219. [PMID: 37985926 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The two-electron reduction of 2,3-dimethylbuta-1,3-diene (DMB) with β-diketiminate and guanidinate substituted dimagnesium(I) compounds has given complexes in which two bidentate amido-magnesium fragments are bridged through the π-system of the DMB dianion, viz. [(LMg)2 (μ-DMB)] (L=Xyl Nacnac, [HC(MeCNXyl)2 ]- , Xyl=2,6-xylyl; or Priso=[(DipN)2 CNPri 2 ]- , Dip=2,6-diisopropylphenyl). Similar double reductions of [4]dendralene (4dend) have afforded the complexes, [(LMg)2 (μ-4dend)] (L=Ar Nacnac, Ar=Xyl or mesityl (Mes); or Priso) in which the 4dend dianion is π-coordinated to the bidentate amido-magnesium fragments. Treatment of several such complexes with THF leads to Z- to E-isomerization of the dendralene fragment, and formation of purely σ-bonded Mg-C interactions in the THF coordinated products [{(Ar Nacnac)(THF)Mg}2 (μ-4dend)] (Ar=Xyl, Mes or Dip). Reaction of myrcene (Myr) with [{(Xyl Nacnac)Mg}2 ] proceeds via reductive coupling of Myr to give a previously unknown acyclic, branched C20 tetra-olefin dianion complex [{(Xyl Nacnac)(THF)Mg}2 (μ-Myr)2 ]. Preliminary reactions of [(LMg)2 (μ-DMB)] with H2 and/or CO yielded a series of products, including novel magnesium hydride compounds, products derived from couplings of CO with the reduced DMB fragment (viz. magnesium dimethylcyclohexadienediolates), and one magnesium cyclopropanetriolate complex from the magnesium(I) induced coupling of DMB with H2 and CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C Mullins
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - K Yuvaraj
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Madison J Sowden
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Michael S Sherburn
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
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Parr JM, Crimmin MR. Carbon-carbon bond activation by Mg, Al, and Zn complexes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11012-11021. [PMID: 37860653 PMCID: PMC10583701 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03336h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Examples of carbon-carbon bond activation reactions at Mg, Al, and Zn are described in this review. Several distinct mechanisms for C-C bond activation at these metals have been proposed, with the key C-C bond activation step occurring by (i) α-alkyl elimination, (ii) β-alkyl elimination, (iii) oxidative addition, or (iv) an electrocyclic reaction. Many of the known pathways involve an overall 2-electron redox process. Despite this, the direct oxidative addition of C-C bonds to these metals is relatively rare, instead most reactions occur through initial installation of the metal on a hydrocarbon scaffold (e.g. by a cycloaddition reaction or hydrometallation) followed by an α-alkyl or β-alkyl elimination step. Emerging applications of Mg, Al, and Zn complexes as catalysts for the functionalisation of C-C bonds are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Parr
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Science Research Hub, Imperial College London 82 Wood Lane, White City London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Mark R Crimmin
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Science Research Hub, Imperial College London 82 Wood Lane, White City London W12 0BZ UK
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Burnett S, Bourne C, Slawin AMZ, van Mourik T, Stasch A. Umpolung of an Aliphatic Ketone to a Magnesium Ketone‐1,2‐diide Complex with Vicinal Dianionic Charge. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204472. [PMID: 35762819 PMCID: PMC9541192 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The new β‐diketimine iPrDipnacnacH, HC(iPrCNDip)2H, Dip=2,6‐iPr2‐C6H3, was converted to the magnesium(I) complex [{(iPrDipnacnac)Mg}2] and reaction with 2‐adamantanone (OAd) afforded the ketone‐1,2‐diide complex [{(iPrDipnacnac)Mg}2(μ‐OAd)]. The complex contains the first stable dianion of an aliphatic ketone with an electropositive metal and shows an OAd2− unit with long C−O bond and pyramidal carbon centre. DFT studies reveal an anionic charge on both neighbouring C and O atoms. Reductions of aliphatic ketones with magnesium(I) complexes show that these likely proceed via highly reactive dianions and afforded a 1 : 1 mixture of an alkoxide and an enolate when an enolisable ketone was used, and rapid CH activations reactions, e.g., of stabilising ligand moieties, when non‐enolisable ketones were employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Burnett
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews North Haugh St Andrews KY16 9ST UK
| | - Connor Bourne
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews North Haugh St Andrews KY16 9ST UK
| | - Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews North Haugh St Andrews KY16 9ST UK
| | - Tanja van Mourik
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews North Haugh St Andrews KY16 9ST UK
| | - Andreas Stasch
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews North Haugh St Andrews KY16 9ST UK
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6
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Burnett S, de Vere-Tucker M, Davitt M, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Ferns R, van Mourik T, Stasch A. Magnesium Complexes with Isomeric Pyrazol‐4‐ylidene and Imidazol‐2‐ylidene Ligands. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202200207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andreas Stasch
- University of St Andrews School of Chemistry North Haugh KY169ST St Andrews UNITED KINGDOM
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7
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Rekhroukh F, Zhang L, Kong RY, White AJP, Crimmin MR. Stereoselective insertion of cyclopropenes into Mg-Mg bonds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8282-8285. [PMID: 35791826 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02931f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of cyclopropenes with compounds containing Mg-Mg bonds is reported. 1,2-Dimagnesiation occurs exclusively by syn-addition to the least hindered face of the alkene forming a single diastereomeric product. DFT calculations support a concerted and stereoselective mechanism. These findings shed new light on the stereochemistry of reactions involving magnesium reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feriel Rekhroukh
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Linxing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London, W12 0BZ, UK. .,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, P. R. China
| | - Richard Y Kong
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Andrew J P White
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Mark R Crimmin
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
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Burnett S, Bourne C, Slawin AMZ, van Mourik T, Stasch A. Umpolung of an Aliphatic Ketone to a Magnesium Ketone‐1,2‐diide Complex with Vicinal Dianionic Charge. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Burnett
- University of St Andrews School of Chemistry School of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Connor Bourne
- University of St Andrews School of Chemistry School of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - Tanja van Mourik
- University of St Andrews School of Chemistry School of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Andreas Stasch
- University of St Andrews School of Chemistry North Haugh KY169ST St Andrews UNITED KINGDOM
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9
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Schüler P, Krieck S, Görls H, Liebing P, Westerhausen M. Sterically shielded primary anilides of the alkaline-earth metals of the type (thf) nAe(NH-Ar*) 2 (Ae = Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba; Ar* = bulky aryl). Dalton Trans 2022; 51:8461-8471. [PMID: 35603695 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01121b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Metalation of 2,4,6-triphenylphenylamine (H2N-C6H2-2,4,6-Ph3, 1a) and 4-methyl-2,6-bis(diphenylmethyl)aniline (2,6-bis(diphenylmethyl)-p-toluidine, H2N-C6H2-4-Me-2,6-(CHPh2)2, 2a) with dibutylmagnesium and Ae[N(SiMe3)2]2 with a stoichiometric 1 : 2 ratio in THF at room temperature yields the corresponding primary anilides [(thf)nAe{N(H)-C6H2-2,4,6-Ph3}2] (Ae/n = Mg/2 (1b), Ca/2 (1c), Sr/3 (1d), and Ba/3 (1e)) and [(thf)nAe{N(H)-C6H2-4-Me-2,6-(CHPh2)2}2] (Ae/n = Mg/2 (2b), Ca/3 (2c) and Sr/2 (2d)), respectively. The 1 : 1 reaction of Mg(n/sBu)2 and MgPh2 with 2a leads to the formation of heteroleptic [(thf)2Mg(R){N(H)-C6H2-4-Me-2,6-(CHPh2)2}] (R = n/sBu (2bBu), Ph (2bPh)). At 50 °C, the strontium complex 2d liberates one equivalent of 2avia intramolecular deprotonation of the triarylmethyl functionality yielding dinuclear [(thf)2Sr{N(H)-C6H2-4-Me-2-(CPh2)-6-(CHPh2)2}]2 (2d'). The barium compound is significantly more reactive and regardless of applied stoichiometry the isotypic barium congener [(thf)2Ba{N(H)-C6H2-4-Me-2-(CPh2)-6-(CHPh2)2}]2 (2e') forms. The molecular structures of 1c, 2d, 2d', and 2e' are stabilized by metal-phenyl π-interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schüler
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Sven Krieck
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Phil Liebing
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Matthias Westerhausen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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McManus C, Crumpton A, Aldridge S. Alkyne insertion into Cu-Al bonds and selective functionalization to form copper acyl compounds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8274-8277. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02578g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report on the insertion of alkynes into heterometallic M–M' bonds, producing (aluminylalkenyl)copper compounds which possess differential reactivity at the two derived M–C functions. Uniquely, this system is capable of...
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11
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Rösch B, Harder S. New horizons in low oxidation state group 2 metal chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9354-9365. [PMID: 34528959 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04147a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since the seminal report on Mg in the +I oxidation state in 2007, low-valent complexes featuring a MgI-MgI bond developed from trophy molecules to state-of-the-art reducing agents. Despite increasing interest in low-valency of the other group 2 metals, this area was restricted for a long time to a rare example of a CaI(arene)CaI inverse sandwich. This feature article focuses on the most recent developments in the field, highlighting recent breakthroughs for Be, Mg and Ca. The more exotic metal Be was the first to be isolated as a zero-valent complex which could be oxidized to a BeI species. There also has been interest in breaking the MgI-MgI bond with superbulky β-diketiminate ligands (BDI) that suppress (BDI)Mg-Mg(BDI) bond formation. This led to Mg-Mg bond elongation or Mg-N bond cleavage. Several reports on attempts to isolate (BDI)Mg˙ radicals by combinations of ligand bulk, addition of neutral ligands or UV(vis) irradiation led to reduction of the aromatic solvents, underscoring the high reactivity of these open shell species. Only recently, zero-valent complexes of Mg were introduced. Double reduction of a (BDI)MgI complex with Na gave [(BDI)Mg-]Na+. This Mg0 complex crystallized as a dimer in which the Na+ cations bridge the two (BDI)Mg- anions which react as Mg nucleophiles. Thermal decomposition led to spontaneous formation of Na0 and a trinuclear (BDI)MgMgMg(BDI) complex. This mixed-valence Mg3-complex is a prime example of the fleeting multinuclear Mgn intermediates discussed on the way from Mg metal to Grignard reagent. Attempts to prepare low-valent CaI compounds by reduction of (BDI)CaI led to dearomatization of the arene solvents: (BDI)Ca(arene)Ca(BDI). Reduction in alkanes prevented this decomposition pathway but led to N2 reduction and isolation of (BDI)Ca(N2)Ca(BDI), representing the first example of molecular nitrogen fixation with an early main group metal. As the N22- anion reacts in most cases as a very strong two-electron reductant, LCa(N2)CaL could be seen as a synthon for hitherto elusive CaI-CaI complexes. Theoretical calculations suggest that participation of Ca d-orbitals is relevant for N2 activation. These most recent developments in low-valent group 2 metal chemistry will revive this area and undoubtly lead to new reactivities and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Rösch
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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Yuvaraj K, Jones C. Reductive coupling of CO with magnesium anthracene complexes: formation of magnesium enediolates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9224-9227. [PMID: 34519307 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03890g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two β-diketiminato-magnesium anthracene complexes, [{(ArNacnac)Mg}2(μ-C14H10)] (ArNacnac = [HC(MeCNAr)2]-, Ar = mesityl (Mes) or 2,6-diethylphenyl (Dep)) react with 1 atm. CO at room temperature to give tetra-magnesium enediolate complexes [{(ArNacnac)Mg}4(O2C16H10)2] via coupling of two molecules of CO with the anthracenediyl fragment. Similarly, reaction of magnesium anthracene, [Mg(THF)3(C14H10)], with CO afforded a low isolated yield of a tetra-magnesium complex bearing both dianthraceneylenediolate and dibenzocyclohepteneolateyl ligands. The presented reactions represent very rare examples of magnesium alkyl carbonylations that occur under mild conditions, and in the absence of catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yuvaraj
- School of Chemistry, PO Box 23, Monash Uniersity, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, PO Box 23, Monash Uniersity, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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Czernetzki C, Arrowsmith M, Fantuzzi F, Gärtner A, Tröster T, Krummenacher I, Schorr F, Braunschweig H. A Neutral Beryllium(I) Radical. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20776-20780. [PMID: 34263524 PMCID: PMC8518760 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The reduction of a cyclic alkyl(amino)carbene (CAAC)-stabilized organoberyllium chloride yields the first neutral beryllium radical, which was characterized by EPR, IR, and UV/Vis spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Czernetzki
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Merle Arrowsmith
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Felipe Fantuzzi
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Annalena Gärtner
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Tobias Tröster
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Fabian Schorr
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
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14
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Czernetzki C, Arrowsmith M, Fantuzzi F, Gärtner A, Tröster T, Krummenacher I, Schorr F, Braunschweig H. Ein neutrales Beryllium(I)‐Radikal. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Czernetzki
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Merle Arrowsmith
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Felipe Fantuzzi
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Annalena Gärtner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Tobias Tröster
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Fabian Schorr
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
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15
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Noor A. Coordination Chemistry of Bulky Aminopryridinates with Main Group and Transition Metals. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2021; 379:6. [PMID: 33428048 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-020-00320-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The coordination chemistry of bidentate aminopyridinato ligands (ApH), in particular 2-aminopyridines, is a highly popular area of research. Due to easy accessibility and versatility, 2-aminopyridines have played a prominent role as alternatives to cyclopentadienyl ligands in coordination chemistry. Easily modifiable steric bulks and the ability for fine-tuning of electronic effects have allowed researchers to control not only the metal-to-ligand stoichiometry but also the properties of their metal complexes. Previously, ligand redistribution was frequently observed for ligands of small steric demands. Bulky aminopyridinato ligands refer to ligands that incorporate alkyl-substituted phenyl groups at the amine/amido nitrogen and at the sixth position of the pyridine ring. The steric crowding allowed the stabilization of transition metals in unusually low oxidation conditions. One of the remarkable developments, for example, is the stabilization of metal-metal quintuple bonds by these ligands, thus providing a diamagnetic platform to study such systems chemically. Application of metal aminopyridinates in homogeneous catalysis has also broadened considerably in recent years. This review provides a comprehensive account of advances made with such ligands since their development for main group and transition elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awal Noor
- Department of Basic Sciences, Preparatory Year Deanship, King Faisal University, Al-Hassa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
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16
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Yuvaraj K, Douair I, Maron L, Jones C. Activation of Ethylene by N-Heterocyclic Carbene Coordinated Magnesium(I) Compounds. Chemistry 2020; 26:14665-14670. [PMID: 32542741 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of a series of magnesium(I) compounds with ethylene, in the presence of an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC), have been explored. Treating [{(Mes Nacnac)Mg}2 ] (Mes Nacnac=[HC(MeCNMes)2 ]- , Mes=mesityl) with an excess of ethylene in the presence of two equivalents of :C{(MeNCMe)2 } (TMC) leads to the formal reductive coupling of ethylene, and formation of the 1,2-dimagnesiobutane complex, [{(Mes Nacnac)(TMC)Mg}2 (μ-C4 H8 )]. In contrast, when the reaction is repeated in the presence of three equivalents of TMC, a mixture of the β-diketiminato magnesium ethyl, [(Mes Nacnac)(TMC)MgEt], and the NHC coordinated magnesium diamide, [(Mes Nacnac-H )Mg(TMC)2 ], results. Four related products, [(Ar Nacnac)(TMC)MgEt] (Ar=2,6-dimethylphenyl (Xyl) or 2,6-diisopropylphenyl (Dip)) and [(Ar Nacnac-H )Mg(TMC)2 ] (Ar=Xyl or Dip), were similarly synthesised and crystallographically characterized. Computational studies have been employed to investigate the mechanisms of the two observed reaction types, which appear dependent on the substitution pattern of the magnesium(I) compound, and the stoichiometric equivalents of TMC used in the reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yuvaraj
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, VIC 3800, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Iskander Douair
- INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, Université de Toulouse et CNRS, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Maron
- INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, Université de Toulouse et CNRS, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, VIC 3800, Melbourne, Australia
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17
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Zhong T, Zhao J, Lei H. Trianionic binucleating bis(trityl)/aryloxide ligands and their lithium, magnesium, and zinc complexes. CAN J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2020-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of lithium complexes with trianionic bis(trityl)/aryloxide ligands were prepared by triple deprotonation of phenols with two ortho-diarylmethyl substituents. Transmetalation with one of the lithium complexes via salt metathesis resulted in the synthesis of corresponding Mg and Zn complexes, which showed distinct coordination stoichiometry and structures. The metal complexes were characterized by multi-nuclear NMR, UV–vis, and infrared spectroscopy. Additionally, the redox property of a trilithium compound was investigated by electrochemical methods. X-ray crystallography revealed that the new bis(trityl)/aryloxide ligands could simultaneously bind to two nearby metal centers both in chelating κ2-O,C fashion, making themselves rare examples of tridentate binucleating alkyl/aryloxo scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingshan Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jixing Zhao
- Analysis and Testing Center, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Hao Lei
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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18
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Kong RY, Crimmin MR. Activation and Functionalization of C-C σ Bonds of Alkylidene Cyclopropanes at Main Group Centers. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11967-11971. [PMID: 32589418 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum(I) and magnesium(I) compounds are reported for the C-C σ-bond activation of strained alkylidene cyclopropanes. These reactions result in the formal addition of the C-C σ bond to the main group center either at a single site (Al) or across a metal-metal bond (Mg-Mg). Mechanistic studies suggest that rather than occurring by a concerted oxidative addition, these reactions involve stepwise processes in which substrate binding to the main group metal acts as a precursor to α- or β-alkyl migration steps that break the C-C σ bond. This mechanistic understanding is used to develop the magnesium-catalyzed hydrosilylation of the C-C σ bonds of alkylidene cyclopropanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Y Kong
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Mark R Crimmin
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City, London W12 0BZ, U.K
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19
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Martin J, Langer J, Wiesinger M, Elsen H, Harder S. Dibenzotropylidene Substituted Ligands for Early Main Group Metal‐Alkene Bonding. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Martin
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jens Langer
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Michael Wiesinger
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Holger Elsen
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
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20
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Müller I, Munz D, Werncke CG. Reactions of Alkynes with Quasi-Linear 3d Metal(I) Silylamides of Chromium to Cobalt: A Comparative Study. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:9521-9537. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Müller
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Munz
- Inorganic Chemistry: Coordination Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
- Inorganic and General Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C. Gunnar Werncke
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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21
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Huang Z, Zhong T, Feng T, Zhao J, Zhong H, Lei H. Metal Complexes Bearing Dianionic Trityl/Aryloxide Ligands: Rational Synthesis, Structural Diversity, and Redox Properties. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuanying Huang
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Materials Science Jinan University 510632 Guangzhou China
| | - Tingshan Zhong
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Materials Science Jinan University 510632 Guangzhou China
| | - Tangbiao Feng
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Materials Science Jinan University 510632 Guangzhou China
| | - Jixing Zhao
- Analysis and Testing Center College of Chemistry and Materials Science Shihezi University 832003 Shihezi Xinjiang China
| | - Hailan Zhong
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Materials Science Jinan University 510632 Guangzhou China
| | - Hao Lei
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Materials Science Jinan University 510632 Guangzhou China
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22
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Fromm KM. Chemistry of alkaline earth metals: It is not all ionic and definitely not boring! Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Lawrence SR, Ohlin CA, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Stasch A. Hydrocarbon-soluble, hexaanionic fulleride complexes of magnesium. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10755-10764. [PMID: 32055382 PMCID: PMC6993810 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03857d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fullerene C60 reacts with dimagnesium(i) compounds LMgMgL, where L is a monoanionic β-diketiminate ligand, to contact ion complexes [(LMg)nC60], where n is predominantly 2, 4 or 6.
The reaction of the magnesium(i) complexes [{(Arnacnac)Mg}2], (Arnacnac = HC(MeCNAr)2, Ar = Dip (2,6-iPr2C6H3), Dep (2,6-Et2C6H3), Mes (2,4,6-Me3C6H2), Xyl (2,6-Me2C6H3)) with fullerene C60 afforded a series of hydrocarbon-soluble fulleride complexes [{(Arnacnac)Mg}nC60], predominantly with n = 6, 4 and 2. 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopic studies show both similarities (n = 6) and differences (n = 4, 2) to previously characterised examples of fulleride complexes and materials with electropositive metal ions. The molecular structures of [{(Arnacnac)Mg}nC60] with n = 6, 4 and 2 can be described as inverse coordination complexes of n [(Arnacnac)Mg]+ ions with C60n– anions showing predominantly ionic metal–ligand interactions, and include the first well-defined and soluble complexes of the C606– ion. Experimental studies show the flexible ionic nature of the {(Arnacnac)Mg}+···C606– coordination bonds. DFT calculations on the model complex [{(Menacnac)Mg}6C60] (Menacnac = HC(MeCNMe)2) support the formulation as an ionic complex with a central C606– anion and comparable frontier orbitals to C606– with a small HOMO–LUMO gap. The reduction of C60 to its hexaanion gives an indication about the reducing strength of dimagnesium(i) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R Lawrence
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of St Andrews , North Haugh , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - C André Ohlin
- Department of Chemistry , Umeå University , Linnaeus väg 10 , Umeå , 907 36 , Sweden
| | - David B Cordes
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of St Andrews , North Haugh , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of St Andrews , North Haugh , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Andreas Stasch
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of St Andrews , North Haugh , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
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24
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Juckel M, Dange D, de Bruin‐Dickason C, Jones C. Synthesis and Characterization of Group 12 Metal(I) Complexes Bearing Extremely Bulky Boryl/Silyl Substituted Amide Ligands. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201900229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Juckel
- School of Chemistry Monash University PO Box 23 3800 Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Deepak Dange
- School of Chemistry Monash University PO Box 23 3800 Melbourne VIC Australia
| | | | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry Monash University PO Box 23 3800 Melbourne VIC Australia
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25
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Synthesis and structure of magnesium aminopyridinates and their attempted conversion to magnesium (I) derivatives. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Jones DDL, Matthews AJR, Jones C. The complex reactivity of β-diketiminato magnesium(i) dimers towards pinacolborane: implications for catalysis. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:5785-5792. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01085h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of magnesium(i) dimers with pinacolborane are complex, yielding many products (e.g. see picture). The results of this study bring into question mechanisms proposed for the magnesium(i) catalysed hydroboration of unsaturated substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry
- PO Box 23
- Monash University
- Australia
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