1
|
Basu S, Hendler-Neumark A, Bisker G. Monitoring Enzyme Activity Using Near-Infrared Fluorescent Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS Sens 2024; 9:2237-2253. [PMID: 38669585 PMCID: PMC11129355 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Enzymes serve as pivotal biological catalysts that accelerate essential chemical reactions, thereby influencing a variety of physiological processes. Consequently, the monitoring of enzyme activity and inhibition not only yields crucial insights into health and disease conditions but also forms the basis of research in drug discovery, toxicology, and the understanding of disease mechanisms. In this context, near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have emerged as effective tools for tracking enzyme activity and inhibition through diverse strategies. This perspective explores the physicochemical attributes of SWCNTs that render them well-suited for such monitoring. Additionally, we delve into the various strategies developed so far for successfully monitoring enzyme activity and inhibition, emphasizing the distinctive features of each principle. Furthermore, we contrast the benefits of SWCNT-based NIR probes with conventional gold standards in monitoring enzyme activity. Lastly, we highlight the current challenges faced in this field and suggest potential solutions to propel it forward. This perspective aims to contribute to the ongoing progress in biodiagnostics and seeks to engage the wider community in developing and applying enzymatic assays using SWCNTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srestha Basu
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Adi Hendler-Neumark
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Gili Bisker
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Center
for Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Center
for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel
Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Center
for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao L, Xu Y, Chen M, Wu L, Li M, Lu Y, Lu M, Chen Y, Wu X. Design of a chimeric glycosyltransferase OleD for the site-specific O-monoglycosylation of 3-hydroxypyridine in nosiheptide. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:1971-1984. [PMID: 37606280 PMCID: PMC10527214 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify the potential role of the 3-hydroxyl group of the pyridine ring in nosiheptide (NOS) for its antibacterial activity against Gram-positive pathogens, enzymatic glycosylation was utilized to regio-selectively create a monoglycosyl NOS derivative, NOS-G. For this purpose, we selected OleD, a UDP glycosyltransferase from Streptomyces antibioticus that has a low productivity for NOS-G. Activity of the enzyme was increased by swapping domains derived from OleI, both single and in combination. Activity enhancement was best in mutant OleD-10 that contained four OleI domains. This chimer was engineered by site-directed mutagenesis (single and in combination) to increase its activity further, whereby variants were screened using a newly-established colorimetric assay. OleD-10 with I117F and T118G substitutions (FG) had an increased NOS-G productivity of 56%, approximately 70 times higher than that of wild-type OleD. The reason for improved activity of FG towards NOS was structurally attributed to a closer distance (<3 Å) between NOS/sugar donor and the catalytic amino acid H25. The engineered enzyme allowed sufficient activity to demonstrate that the produced NOS-G had enhanced stability and aqueous solubility compared to NOS. Using a murine MRSA infection model, it was established that NOS-G resulted in partial protection within 20 h of administration and delayed the death of infected mice. We conclude that 3-hydroxypyridine is a promising site for structural modification of NOS, which may pave the way for producing nosiheptide derivatives as a potential antibiotic for application in clinical treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhao
- Laboratory of Chemical BiologyCollege of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvincePR China
| | - Yuncong Xu
- Department of BiochemistryCollege of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvincePR China
| | - Manting Chen
- Department of BiochemistryCollege of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvincePR China
| | - Lingrui Wu
- Department of BiochemistryCollege of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvincePR China
| | - Meng Li
- Laboratory of Chemical BiologyCollege of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvincePR China
| | - Yuanyuan Lu
- Department of Marine PharmacyCollege of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvincePR China
| | - Meiling Lu
- Department of BiochemistryCollege of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvincePR China
| | - Yijun Chen
- Laboratory of Chemical BiologyCollege of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvincePR China
| | - Xuri Wu
- Department of BiochemistryCollege of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvincePR China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shipton ML, Jamion FA, Wheeler S, Riley AM, Plasser F, Potter BVL, Butler SJ. Expedient synthesis and luminescence sensing of the inositol pyrophosphate cellular messenger 5-PP-InsP 5. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4979-4985. [PMID: 37206391 PMCID: PMC10189900 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06812e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Inositol pyrophosphates are important biomolecules associated with apoptosis, cell growth and kinase regulation, yet their exact biological roles are still emerging and probes do not exist for their selective detection. We report the first molecular probe for the selective and sensitive detection of the most abundant cellular inositol pyrophosphate 5-PP-InsP5, as well as an efficient new synthesis. The probe is based on a macrocyclic Eu(iii) complex bearing two quinoline arms providing a free coordination site at the Eu(iii) metal centre. Bidentate binding of the pyrophosphate group of 5-PP-InsP5 to the Eu(iii) ion is proposed, supported by DFT calculations, giving rise to a selective enhancement in Eu(iii) emission intensity and lifetime. We demonstrate the use of time-resolved luminescence as a bioassay tool for monitoring enzymatic processes in which 5-PP-InsP5 is consumed. Our probe offers a potential screening methodology to identify drug-like compounds that modulate the activity of enzymes of inositol pyrophosphate metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Shipton
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3QT UK
| | - Fathima A Jamion
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University Epinal Way, Loughborough LE11 3TU UK
| | - Simon Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University Epinal Way, Loughborough LE11 3TU UK
| | - Andrew M Riley
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3QT UK
| | - Felix Plasser
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University Epinal Way, Loughborough LE11 3TU UK
| | - Barry V L Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3QT UK
| | - Stephen J Butler
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University Epinal Way, Loughborough LE11 3TU UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Okayasu Y, Wakabayashi K, Yuasa J. Anion-Driven Circularly Polarized Luminescence Inversion of Unsymmetrical Europium(III) Complexes for Target Identifiable Sensing. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:15108-15115. [PMID: 36106989 PMCID: PMC9516667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Okayasu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Kota Wakabayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Junpei Yuasa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang J, Jin Y, Li M, Liu S, Lo KKW, Zhao Q. Time-Resolved Luminescent Sensing and Imaging for Enzyme Catalytic Activity Based on Responsive Probes. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200429. [PMID: 35819359 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes, as a kind of biomacromolecules, play an important role in many physiological processes and relate directly to various diseases. Developing an efficient detection method for enzyme activity is important to achieve early diagnosis of enzyme-relevant diseases and high throughput screening of potential enzyme-relevant drugs. Time-resolved luminescence assay provide a high accuracy and signal-to-noise ratios detection methods for enzyme activity, which has been widely used in high throughput screening of enzyme-relevant drugs and diagnosis of enzyme-relevant diseases. Inspired by these advantages, various responsive probes based on metal complexes and metal-free organic compounds have been developed for time-resolved bioimaging and biosensing of enzyme activity owing to their long luminescence lifetimes, high quantum yields and photostability. In this review, we comprehensively reviewed metal complex- and metal-free organic compound-based responsive probes applied to detect enzyme activity through time-resolved imaging, including their design strategies and sensing principles. Current challenges and future prospects in this rapidly growing field are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Wang
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Institute of Advanced Materials, 9 Wenyuan Road, 210023, Nanjing, CHINA
| | - Yibiao Jin
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Institute of Advanced Materials, 9 Wenyuan Road, 210023, Nanjing, CHINA
| | - Mingdang Li
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Institute of Advanced Materials, 9 Wenyuan Road, 210023, Nanjing, CHINA
| | - Shujuan Liu
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Institute of Advanced Materials, 9 Wenyuan Road, 210023, Nanjing, CHINA
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- City University of Hong Kong, Department of Chemistry, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, CHINA
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, 210023, Nanjing, CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Martinon TLM, Pierre VC. Luminescent Lanthanide Probes for Inorganic and Organic Phosphates. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200495. [PMID: 35750633 PMCID: PMC9388549 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic and organic phosphates-including orthophosphate, nucleotides, and DNA-are some of the most fundamental anions in cellular biology, regulating numerous processes of both medical and environmental significance. The characteristic long lifetimes of emitting lanthanides, including the brighter europium(III) and terbium(III), make them ideally suited for the development of molecular probes for the detection of phosphates directly in complex aqueous media. Moreover, given their high oxophilicity and the exquisite sensitivity of their quantum yields to their hydration number, those luminescent lanthanides are perfect for the detection of phosphates. Herein we discuss the principles that have guided the recent developments of molecular probes selective for inorganic or organic phosphates and how these lanthanide complexes facilitate the study of numerous biological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut L M Martinon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Valérie C Pierre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hu J, Li G. Recent Progress in Fluorescent Chemosensors for Protein Kinases. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200182. [PMID: 35486328 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases are involved in almost all biological activities. The activities of different kinases reflect the normal or abnormal status of the human body. Therefore, detecting the activities of different kinases is important for disease diagnosis and drug discovery. Fluorescent probes offer opportunities for studying kinase behaviors at different times and spatial locations. In this review, we summarize different kinds of fluorescent chemosensors that have been used to detect the activities of many different kinases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hu
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Life Sciences, No.15 Shangxiadian Road, Cangshan District, 350002, Fuzhou, CHINA
| | - Gao Li
- Minjiang University, College of Material and Chemical Engineering, CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wheeler S, Breen C, Li Y, Hewitt SH, Robertson E, Yates EA, Barsukov IL, Fernig DG, Butler SJ. Anion binding to a cationic europium(III) probe enables the first real-time assay of heparan sulfotransferase activity. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:596-605. [PMID: 34951618 PMCID: PMC8767414 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02071d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sulfotransferases constitute a ubiquitous class of enzymes which are poorly understood due to the lack of a convenient tool for screening their activity. These enzymes use the anion PAPS (adenosine-3'-phosphate-5'-phosphosulfate) as a donor for a broad range of acceptor substrates, including carbohydrates, producing sulfated compounds and PAP (adenosine-3',5'-diphosphate) as a side product. We present a europium(III)-based probe that binds reversibly to both PAPS and PAP, producing a larger luminescence enhancement with the latter anion. We exploit this greater emission enhancement with PAP to demonstrate the first direct real-time assay of a heparan sulfate sulfotransferase using a multi-well plate format. The selective response of our probe towards PAP over structurally similar nucleoside phosphate anions, and over other anions, is investigated and discussed. This work opens the possibility of investigating more fully the roles played by this enzyme class in health and disease, including operationally simple inhibitor screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Colum Breen
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Sarah H Hewitt
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Erin Robertson
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Edwin A Yates
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Igor L Barsukov
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - David G Fernig
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Stephen J Butler
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bodman SE, Breen C, Plasser F, Butler SJ. Impact of Varying the Phenylboronic Acid Position in Macrocyclic Eu(III) Complexes on the Recognition of Adenosine Monophosphate. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01067d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The selective recognition of anions in water by artificial receptors remains a significant research challenge. The creation of a receptor selective for adenosine monophosphate (AMP) is particularly difficult due to...
Collapse
|
10
|
Bodman SE, Breen C, Kirkland S, Wheeler S, Robertson E, Plasser F, Butler SJ. Sterically demanding macrocyclic Eu(iii) complexes for selective recognition of phosphate and real-time monitoring of enzymatically generated adenosine monophosphate. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3386-3394. [PMID: 35432862 PMCID: PMC8943852 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05377a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of molecular receptors that bind and sense anions in biologically relevant aqueous solutions is a key challenge in supramolecular chemistry. The recognition of inorganic phosphate is particularly challenging because of its high hydration energy and pH dependent speciation. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) represents a valuable but elusive target for supramolecular detection because of its structural similarity to the more negatively charged anions, ATP and ADP. We report two new macrocyclic Eu(iii) receptors capable of selectively sensing inorganic phosphate and AMP in water. The receptors contain a sterically demanding 8-(benzyloxy)quinoline pendant arm that coordinates to the metal centre, creating a binding pocket suitable for phosphate and AMP, whilst excluding potentially interfering chelating anions, in particular ATP, bicarbonate and lactate. The sensing selectivity of our Eu(iii) receptors follows the order AMP > ADP > ATP, which represents a reversal of the order of selectivity observed for most reported nucleoside phosphate receptors. We have exploited the unique host–guest induced changes in emission intensity and lifetime for the detection of inorganic phosphate in human serum samples, and for monitoring the enzymatic production of AMP in real-time. We present two new europium-based anion receptors that selectively bind to inorganic phosphate and AMP in aqueous media. Their sensing selectivity follows the order AMP > ADP > ATP, representing a reversal of the selectivity order observed for most nucleoside phosphate receptors.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E. Bodman
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Colum Breen
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Sam Kirkland
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Simon Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Erin Robertson
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Felix Plasser
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Stephen J. Butler
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Macreadie LK, Gilchrist AM, McNaughton DA, Ryder WG, Fares M, Gale PA. Progress in anion receptor chemistry. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
12
|
Herath ID, Breen C, Hewitt SH, Berki TR, Kassir AF, Dodson C, Judd M, Jabar S, Cox N, Otting G, Butler SJ. A Chiral Lanthanide Tag for Stable and Rigid Attachment to Single Cysteine Residues in Proteins for NMR, EPR and Time-Resolved Luminescence Studies. Chemistry 2021; 27:13009-13023. [PMID: 34152643 PMCID: PMC8518945 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A lanthanide-binding tag site-specifically attached to a protein presents a tool to probe the protein by multiple spectroscopic techniques, including nuclear magnetic resonance, electron paramagnetic resonance and time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy. Here a new stable chiral LnIII tag, referred to as C12, is presented for spontaneous and quantitative reaction with a cysteine residue to generate a stable thioether bond. The synthetic protocol of the tag is relatively straightforward, and the tag is stable for storage and shipping. It displays greatly enhanced reactivity towards selenocysteine, opening a route towards selective tagging of selenocysteine in proteins containing cysteine residues. Loaded with TbIII or TmIII ions, the C12 tag readily generates pseudocontact shifts (PCS) in protein NMR spectra. It produces a relatively rigid tether between lanthanide and protein, which is beneficial for interpretation of the PCSs by single magnetic susceptibility anisotropy tensors, and it is suitable for measuring distance distributions in double electron-electron resonance experiments. Upon reaction with cysteine or other thiol compounds, the TbIII complex exhibits a 100-fold enhancement in luminescence quantum yield, affording a highly sensitive turn-on luminescence probe for time-resolved FRET assays and enzyme reaction monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iresha D. Herath
- Research School of ChemistryThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT 2605Australia
| | - Colum Breen
- Department of ChemistryLoughborough UniversityEpinal WayLoughboroughLE11 3TUUK
| | - Sarah H. Hewitt
- Department of ChemistryLoughborough UniversityEpinal WayLoughboroughLE11 3TUUK
| | - Thomas R. Berki
- Department of ChemistryLoughborough UniversityEpinal WayLoughboroughLE11 3TUUK
| | - Ahmad F. Kassir
- Department of ChemistryLoughborough UniversityEpinal WayLoughboroughLE11 3TUUK
| | - Charlotte Dodson
- Department of Pharmacy & PharmacologyUniversity of Bath Claverton DownBathBA2 7AYUK
| | - Martyna Judd
- Research School of ChemistryThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT 2605Australia
| | - Shereen Jabar
- Research School of ChemistryThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT 2605Australia
| | - Nicholas Cox
- Research School of ChemistryThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT 2605Australia
| | - Gottfried Otting
- Research School of ChemistryThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT 2605Australia
| | - Stephen J. Butler
- Department of ChemistryLoughborough UniversityEpinal WayLoughboroughLE11 3TUUK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kumawat LK, Wynne C, Cappello E, Fisher P, Brennan LE, Strofaldi A, McManus JJ, Hawes CS, Jolliffe KA, Gunnlaugsson T, Elmes RBP. Squaramide-Based Self-Associating Amphiphiles for Anion Recognition. Chempluschem 2021; 86:1058-1068. [PMID: 34351081 PMCID: PMC8456826 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterisation of two novel self-assembled amphiphiles (SSAs) SQS-1 and SQS-2 are reported. Both compounds, based on the squaramide motif, were fully soluble in a range of solvents and were shown to undergo self-assembly through a range of physical techniques. Self-assembly was shown to favour the formation of crystalline domains on the nanoscale but also fibrillar film formation, as suggested by SEM analysis. Moreover, both SQS-1 and SQS-2 were capable of anion recognition in DMSO solution as demonstrated using 1 H NMR and UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, but displayed lower binding affinities for various anions when compared against other squaramide based receptors. In more competitive solvent mixtures SQS-1 gave rise to a colourimetric response in the presence of HPO42- that was clearly visible to the naked eye. We anticipate that the observed response is due to the basic nature of the HPO42- anion when compared against other biologically relevant anions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh K. Kumawat
- Department of ChemistryMaynooth UniversityNational University of IrelandMaynoothCo. KildareIreland
| | - Conor Wynne
- Department of ChemistryMaynooth UniversityNational University of IrelandMaynoothCo. KildareIreland
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC)Ireland
| | - Emanuele Cappello
- School of ChemistryTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Peter Fisher
- Department of ChemistryMaynooth UniversityNational University of IrelandMaynoothCo. KildareIreland
| | - Luke E. Brennan
- Department of ChemistryMaynooth UniversityNational University of IrelandMaynoothCo. KildareIreland
| | - Alessandro Strofaldi
- Department of ChemistryMaynooth UniversityNational University of IrelandMaynoothCo. KildareIreland
| | - Jennifer J. McManus
- Department of ChemistryMaynooth UniversityNational University of IrelandMaynoothCo. KildareIreland
- HH Wills Physics LaboratoryUniversity of BristolTyndall AvenueBristolBS8 1TLUnited Kingdom
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC)Ireland
| | - Chris S. Hawes
- School of Chemical and Physical SciencesKeele UniversityKeeleST5 5BGUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- School of ChemistryTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin 2Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC)Ireland
| | - Robert B. P. Elmes
- Department of ChemistryMaynooth UniversityNational University of IrelandMaynoothCo. KildareIreland
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health ResearchMaynooth UniversityMaynoothCo. KildareIreland
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC)Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bodman SE, Butler SJ. Advances in anion binding and sensing using luminescent lanthanide complexes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:2716-2734. [PMID: 34164038 PMCID: PMC8179419 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05419d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Luminescent lanthanide complexes have been actively studied as selective anion receptors for the past two decades. Ln(iii) complexes, particularly of europium(iii) and terbium(iii), offer unique photophysical properties that are very valuable for anion sensing in biological media, including long luminescence lifetimes (milliseconds) that enable time-gating methods to eliminate background autofluorescence from biomolecules, and line-like emission spectra that allow ratiometric measurements. By careful design of the organic ligand, stable Ln(iii) complexes can be devised for rapid and reversible anion binding, providing a luminescence response that is fast and sensitive, offering the high spatial resolution required for biological imaging applications. This review focuses on recent progress in the development of Ln(iii) receptors that exhibit sufficiently high anion selectivity to be utilised in biological or environmental sensing applications. We evaluate the mechanisms of anion binding and sensing, and the strategies employed to tune anion affinity and selectivity, through variations in the structure and geometry of the ligand. We highlight examples of luminescent Ln(iii) receptors that have been utilised to detect and quantify specific anions in biological media (e.g. human serum), monitor enzyme reactions in real-time, and visualise target anions with high sensitivity in living cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E Bodman
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University Epinal Way, Loughborough LE11 3TU UK
| | - Stephen J Butler
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University Epinal Way, Loughborough LE11 3TU UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wu KJ, Wu C, Chen F, Cheng SS, Ma DL, Leung CH. Time-Resolved Luminescent High-Throughput Screening Platform for Lysosomotropic Compounds in Living Cells. ACS Sens 2021; 6:166-174. [PMID: 33356166 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles that regulate protein degradation and cellular organelle recycling. Homeostatic alteration by lysosomotropic compounds has been suggested as a potential approach for the treatment of cancer. However, because of the high false-negative rate resulting from strong fluorescent background noise, few luminescent high-throughput screening methods for lysosomotropic compounds have been developed for cancer therapy. Imidazole is a five-membered heterocycle that can act within the acidic interior of lysosomes. To develop an efficient lysosomotropic compound screening system, we introduced an imidazole group to iridium-based complexes and designed a long-lifetime lysosomal probe to monitor lysosomal activity in living cells. By integrating time-resolved emission spectroscopy (TRES) with the novel iridium-based lysosomal probe, a high-throughput screening platform capable of overcoming background fluorescent interference in living cells was developed for discovering lysosomotropic drugs. As a proof-of-concept, 400 FDA/EMA-approved drugs were screened using the TRES system, revealing five compounds as potential lysosomotropic agents. Significantly, the most promising potent lysosomotropic compound (mitoxantrone) identified in this work would have showed less activity if screened using a commercial lysosomal probe because of interference from the intrinsic fluorescence of mitoxantrone. We anticipate that this TRES-based high-throughput screening system could facilitate the development of more lysosomotropic drugs by avoiding false results arising from the intrinsic fluorescence of both bioactive compounds and/or the cell background.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Jia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| | - Chun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| | - Sha-Sha Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| | - Dik-Lung Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kim J, Oh J, Han MS. Versatile small molecule kinase assay through real-time, ratiometric fluorescence changes based on a pyrene-DPA-Zn2+ complex. RSC Adv 2021; 11:10375-10380. [PMID: 35423495 PMCID: PMC8695712 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01547h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A real-time kinase assay method based on a ratiometric fluorescence probe that can be applied to various small-molecule kinases is described herein. The probe can trace the reversible interchange of ATP and ADP, which is a common phenomenon in most small-molecule kinase reactions, by a ratiometric fluorescence change. This property facilitates the monitoring of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in small-molecule kinases, whereas most of the existing methods focus on one of these reactions. To prove the applicability of this method for small-molecule kinase assays, hexokinase and creatine kinase, which phosphorylate and dephosphorylate substrates, respectively, were analyzed. The ratiometric fluorescence change was correlated with the enzyme activity, and the inhibition efficiencies of the well-known inhibitors, N-benzoyl-d-glucosamine and iodoacetamide, were also monitored. Notably, the change in fluorescence can be observed with a simple light source by the naked eye. A versatile assay system that can be trace both phosphorylation and dephosphorylation by small molecule kinase is demonstrated, and can be applied regardless of substrate diversity.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)
- Gwangju 61005
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Oh
- Department of Chemistry
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)
- Gwangju 61005
- Republic of Korea
| | - Min Su Han
- Department of Chemistry
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)
- Gwangju 61005
- Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Butler SJ, Jolliffe KA. Anion Receptors for the Discrimination of ATP and ADP in Biological Media. Chempluschem 2020; 86:59-70. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Butler
- Department of Chemistry Loughborough University Loughborough LE11 3TU United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gabr MT, Balupuri A, Kang NS. High-Throughput Platform for Real-Time Monitoring of ATP-Generating Enzymes in Living Cells Based on a Lanthanide Probe. ACS Sens 2020; 5:1872-1876. [PMID: 32610895 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Remarkable variation between cell-free and cellular measurements of enzyme activity triggered the unmet need to develop tools for monitoring enzyme activity in living cells. Such tools will advance our understanding of the biological functions of enzymes and their potential impact on drug discovery. We report in this study a universal assay for monitoring ATP-generating enzymes in living cells using a self-assembled Tb3+ complex probe. Modulation of the rheological properties of cell culture media enabled shifting the lifetime of the Tb3+ complex in the presence of ATP from micro-to-millisecond range. Based on the response of the Tb3+ complex to ATP, cellular assays for 5 ATP-generating enzymes were developed. Remarkably, assessment of the activity of these enzymes in living cells is made possible for the first time. The pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) assay has been optimized for high-throughput screening (HTS) and further implemented in the identification of novel scaffolds as PKM2 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa T. Gabr
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Anand Balupuri
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Sook Kang
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Del Giorgio E, Sørensen TJ. HOCl Responsive Lanthanide Complexes Using Hydroquinone Caging Units. Molecules 2020; 25:E1959. [PMID: 32340115 PMCID: PMC7221670 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox biology is still looking for tools to monitor redox potential in cellular biology and, despite a large and sustained effort, reliable molecular probes have yet to emerge. In contrast, molecular probes for reactive oxygen and nitrogen have been widely explored. In this manuscript, three kinetically inert lanthanide complexes that selectively react with hypochlorous acid are prepared and characterized. The design is based on 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (DO3A) and 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,7-diacetic acid (DO2A) ligands appended with one or two redox active hydroquinone derived arms, thereby forming octadentate ligands ideally suited to complex trivalent lanthanide ions. The three complexes are found to react selectively with hypochlorous acid to form highly symmetric lanthanide(III) 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacedic acid (DOTA) complexes. The conversion of the probe to [Ln.DOTA]- is followed by luminescence, absorption, and NMR spectroscopy in a model system comprised of a Triton-X modified HEPES buffer. It was concluded that the design principle works, and that simple caging units like hydroquinones can work well in conjugation with lanthanide(III) complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Just Sørensen
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken5, 2100 København Ø, Denmark;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hewitt SH, Macey G, Mailhot R, Elsegood MRJ, Duarte F, Kenwright AM, Butler SJ. Tuning the anion binding properties of lanthanide receptors to discriminate nucleoside phosphates in a sensing array. Chem Sci 2020; 11:3619-3628. [PMID: 34094050 PMCID: PMC8152522 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00343c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of synthetic receptors for the selective binding and discrimination of anions in water requires an understanding of how anions interact with these synthetic receptors. Molecules designed to differentiate nucleoside phosphate anions (e.g. ATP, ADP, GTP, GDP, UDP) under physiological conditions could underpin exciting new sensing tools for biomedical research and drug discovery, but it is very challenging due to the similarities in anion structure, size and charge. We present a series of lanthanide-based anion receptors and establish key structural elements that impact on nucleoside phosphate anion binding and sensing. Structural evidence of anion binding using X-ray crystallographic and NMR data, supported by DFT calculations indicate the binding modes between the lanthanide complexes and certain phosphoanions, revealing a bidentate (α-, γ-) binding mode to ATP. We further use four of the receptors to allow discrimination of eight nucleoside phosphate anions in the first array-based assay using lanthanide complexes, taking advantage of the multiple emission bands and long emission lifetimes associated with luminescent lanthanide complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Hewitt
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University Epinal Way Loughborough LE11 3TU UK
| | - Georgina Macey
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University Epinal Way Loughborough LE11 3TU UK
| | - Romain Mailhot
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University Epinal Way Loughborough LE11 3TU UK
| | - Mark R J Elsegood
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University Epinal Way Loughborough LE11 3TU UK
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Alan M Kenwright
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University South Road Durham DH1 3LE UK
| | - Stephen J Butler
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University Epinal Way Loughborough LE11 3TU UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Breen C, Pal R, Elsegood MRJ, Teat SJ, Iza F, Wende K, Buckley BR, Butler SJ. Time-resolved luminescence detection of peroxynitrite using a reactivity-based lanthanide probe. Chem Sci 2020; 11:3164-3170. [PMID: 34122821 PMCID: PMC8157329 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc06053g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) is a powerful and short-lived oxidant formed in vivo, which can react with most biomolecules directly. To fully understand the roles of ONOO- in cell biology, improved methods for the selective detection and real-time analysis of ONOO- are needed. We present a water-soluble, luminescent europium(iii) probe for the rapid and sensitive detection of peroxynitrite in human serum, living cells and biological matrices. We have utilised the long luminescence lifetime of the probe to measure ONOO- in a time-resolved manner, effectively avoiding the influence of autofluorescence in biological samples. To demonstrate the utility of the Eu(iii) probe, we monitored the production of ONOO- in different cell lines, following treatment with a cold atmospheric plasma device commonly used in the clinic for skin wound treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colum Breen
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University Epinal Way Loughborough LE11 3TU UK
| | - Robert Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University South Road Durham DH1 3LE UK
| | - Mark R J Elsegood
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University Epinal Way Loughborough LE11 3TU UK
| | - Simon J Teat
- Advanced Light Source, Berkeley Lab. 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Felipe Iza
- Centre for Biological Engineering, Department of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University LE11 3TU UK
| | - Kristian Wende
- Leibniz-Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, ZIK plasmatis Felix-Hausdorff-Str.2 17489 Greifswald Germany
| | - Benjamin R Buckley
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University Epinal Way Loughborough LE11 3TU UK
| | - Stephen J Butler
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University Epinal Way Loughborough LE11 3TU UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu Y, Peng S, Angelova L, Nau WM, Hennig A. Label-Free Fluorescent Kinase and Phosphatase Enzyme Assays with Supramolecular Host-Dye Pairs. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:1350-1354. [PMID: 31741820 PMCID: PMC6848908 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of the macrocyclic hosts p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene and cucurbit[7]uril with the fluorescent dyes lucigenin and berberine affords two label-free enzyme assays for the detection of kinase and phosphatase activity by fluorescence monitoring. In contrast to established assays, no substrate labeling is required. Since phosphorylation is one of the most important regulatory mechanisms in biological signal transduction, the assays should be useful for identification of inhibitors and activators in high-throughput screening (HTS) format for drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan‐Cen Liu
- Department of Life Sciences and ChemistryJacobs University Bremen gGmbHCampus Ring 128759BremenGermany
| | - Shu Peng
- Department of Life Sciences and ChemistryJacobs University Bremen gGmbHCampus Ring 128759BremenGermany
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of EducationNankai UniversityTianjin300071 TianjinChina
| | - Lora Angelova
- Department of Life Sciences and ChemistryJacobs University Bremen gGmbHCampus Ring 128759BremenGermany
| | - Werner M. Nau
- Department of Life Sciences and ChemistryJacobs University Bremen gGmbHCampus Ring 128759BremenGermany
| | - Andreas Hennig
- Department of Life Sciences and ChemistryJacobs University Bremen gGmbHCampus Ring 128759BremenGermany
| |
Collapse
|