1
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Garg K, Futera Z, Wu X, Jeong Y, Chiu R, Pisharam VC, Ha TQ, Aragonès AC, van Wonderen JH, Butt JN, Blumberger J, Díez-Pérez I. Shallow conductance decay along the heme array of a single tetraheme protein wire. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12326-12335. [PMID: 39118640 PMCID: PMC11304805 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01366b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiheme cytochromes (MHCs) are the building blocks of highly conductive micrometre-long supramolecular wires found in so-called electrical bacteria. Recent studies have revealed that these proteins possess a long supramolecular array of closely packed heme cofactors along the main molecular axis alternating between perpendicular and stacking configurations (TST = T-shaped, stacked, T-shaped). While TST arrays have been identified as the likely electron conduit, the mechanisms of outstanding long-range charge transport observed in these structures remain unknown. Here we study charge transport on individual small tetraheme cytochromes (STCs) containing a single TST heme array. Individual STCs are trapped in a controllable nanoscale tunnelling gap. By modulating the tunnelling gap separation, we are able to selectively probe four different electron pathways involving 1, 2, 3 and 4 heme cofactors, respectively, leading to the determination of the electron tunnelling decay constant along the TST heme motif. Conductance calculations of selected single-STC junctions are in excellent agreement with experiments and suggest a mechanism of electron tunnelling with shallow length decay constant through an individual STC. These results demonstrate that an individual TST motif supporting electron tunnelling might contribute to a tunnelling-assisted charge transport diffusion mechanism in larger TST associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Garg
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural, Mathematical & Engineering Sciences, King's College London, Britannia House 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
| | - Zdenek Futera
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia Branisovska 1760 370 05 Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
| | - Xiaojing Wu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Thomas Young Centre, University College London Gower Street London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Yongchan Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural, Mathematical & Engineering Sciences, King's College London, Britannia House 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
| | - Rachel Chiu
- School of Chemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Varun Chittari Pisharam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural, Mathematical & Engineering Sciences, King's College London, Britannia House 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
| | - Tracy Q Ha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural, Mathematical & Engineering Sciences, King's College London, Britannia House 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
| | - Albert C Aragonès
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTC) Marti i Franquès 1 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Jessica H van Wonderen
- School of Chemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Julea N Butt
- School of Chemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Jochen Blumberger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Thomas Young Centre, University College London Gower Street London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Ismael Díez-Pérez
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural, Mathematical & Engineering Sciences, King's College London, Britannia House 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
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2
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Ornago L, Zwick P, van der Poel S, Brandl T, El Abbassi M, Perrin ML, Dulić D, van der Zant HSJ, Mayor M. Influence of Peripheral Alkyl Groups on Junction Configurations in Single-Molecule Electronics. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2024; 128:1413-1422. [PMID: 38293692 PMCID: PMC10823531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c06970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The addition of a lateral alkyl chain is a well-known strategy to reduce π-stacked ensembles of molecules in solution, with the intention to minimize the interactions between the molecules' backbones. In this paper, we study whether this concept generalizes to single-molecule junctions by using a combination of mechanically controllable break junction (MCBJ) measurements and clustering-based data analysis with two small series of model compounds decorated with various bulky groups. The systematic study suggests that introducing alkyl side chains also favors the formation of electrode-molecule configurations that are not observed in their absence, thereby inducing broadening of the conductance peak in the one-dimensional histograms. Thus, the introduction of alkyl chains in aromatic compounds for molecular electronics must be carefully designed and optimized for the specific purpose, balancing between increased solubility and the possibility of additional junction configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ornago
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Zwick
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastiaan van der Poel
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Brandl
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria El Abbassi
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Mickael L. Perrin
- Transport
at Nanoscale Interfaces Laboratory, Empa,
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department
of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Quantum
Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Diana Dulić
- Department
of Physics and Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Physical
and Mathematical Sciences, University of
Chile, Avenida Blanco
Encalada 2008, Santiago 8330015, Chile
| | - Herre S. J. van der Zant
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Institute
for Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Lehn
Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510275, China
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3
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Mejía L, Cossio P, Franco I. Microscopic theory, analysis, and interpretation of conductance histograms in molecular junctions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7646. [PMID: 37996422 PMCID: PMC10667247 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular electronics break-junction experiments are widely used to investigate fundamental physics and chemistry at the nanoscale. Reproducibility in these experiments relies on measuring conductance on thousands of freshly formed molecular junctions, yielding a broad histogram of conductance events. Experiments typically focus on the most probable conductance, while the information content of the conductance histogram has remained unclear. Here we develop a microscopic theory for the conductance histogram by merging the theory of force-spectroscopy with molecular conductance. The procedure yields analytical equations that accurately fit the conductance histogram of a wide range of molecular junctions and augments the information content that can be extracted from them. Our formulation captures contributions to the conductance dispersion due to conductance changes during the mechanical elongation inherent to the experiments. In turn, the histogram shape is determined by the non-equilibrium stochastic features of junction rupture and formation. The microscopic parameters in the theory capture the junction's electromechanical properties and can be isolated from separate conductance and rupture force (or junction-lifetime) measurements. The predicted behavior can be used to test the range of validity of the theory, understand the conductance histograms, design molecular junction experiments with enhanced resolution and molecular devices with more reproducible conductance properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopoldo Mejía
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Pilar Cossio
- Center for Computational Mathematics, Flatiron Institute, New York City, NY, 10010, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York City, NY, 10010, USA
- Biophysics of Tropical Diseases Max Planck Tandem Group, University of Antioquia, 050010, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ignacio Franco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA.
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4
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Xu H, Fan H, Luan Y, Yan S, Martin L, Miao R, Pauly F, Meyhofer E, Reddy P, Linke H, Wärnmark K. Electrical Conductance and Thermopower of β-Substituted Porphyrin Molecular Junctions─Synthesis and Transport. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23541-23555. [PMID: 37874166 PMCID: PMC10623571 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Molecular junctions offer significant potential for enhancing thermoelectric power generation. Quantum interference effects and associated sharp features in electron transmission are expected to enable the tuning and enhancement of thermoelectric properties in molecular junctions. To systematically explore the effect of quantum interferences, we designed and synthesized two new classes of porphyrins, P1 and P2, with two methylthio anchoring groups in the 2,13- and 2,12-positions, respectively, and their Zn complexes, Zn-P1 and Zn-P2. Past theory suggests that P1 and Zn-P1 feature destructive quantum interference in single-molecule junctions with gold electrodes and may thus show high thermopower, while P2 and Zn-P2 do not. Our detailed experimental single-molecule break-junction studies of conductance and thermopower, the latter being the first ever performed on porphyrin molecular junctions, revealed that the electrical conductance of the P1 and Zn-P1 junctions is relatively close, and the same holds for P2 and Zn-P2, while there is a 6 times reduction in the electrical conductance between P1 and P2 type junctions. Further, we observed that the thermopower of P1 junctions is slightly larger than for P2 junctions, while Zn-P1 junctions show the largest thermopower and Zn-P2 junctions show the lowest. We relate the experimental results to quantum transport theory using first-principles approaches. While the conductance of P1 and Zn-P1 junctions is robustly predicted to be larger than those of P2 and Zn-P2, computed thermopowers depend sensitively on the level of theory and the single-molecule junction geometry. However, the predicted large difference in conductance and thermopower values between Zn-P1 and Zn-P2 derivatives, suggested in previous model calculations, is not supported by our experimental and theoretical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Xu
- NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry, Centre of Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Box 121, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hao Fan
- Department
of Chemistry, Centre of Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Box 121, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Yuxuan Luan
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Shen Yan
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - León Martin
- Institute
of Physics and Centre for Advanced Analytics and Predictive Sciences, University of Augsburg, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Ruijiao Miao
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Fabian Pauly
- Institute
of Physics and Centre for Advanced Analytics and Predictive Sciences, University of Augsburg, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Edgar Meyhofer
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Pramod Reddy
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Heiner Linke
- NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Solid State
Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Wärnmark
- NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry, Centre of Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Box 121, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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5
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Zhou P, Fu Y, Wang M, Qiu R, Wang Y, Stoddart JF, Wang Y, Chen H. Robust Single-Supermolecule Switches Operating in Response to Two Different Noncovalent Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18800-18811. [PMID: 37590178 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular electronics provide an opportunity to introduce molecular assemblies into electronic devices through a combination of noncovalent interactions such as [π···π] and hydrogen-bonding interactions. The fidelity and dynamics of noncovalent interactions hold considerable promise when it comes to building devices with controllable and reproducible switching functions. Here, we demonstrate a strategy for building electronically robust switches by harnessing two different noncovalent interactions between a couple of pyridine derivatives. The single-supermolecule switch is turned ON when compressing the junction enabling [π···π] interactions to dominate the transport, while the switch is turned OFF by stretching the junction to form hydrogen-bonded dimers, leading to a dramatic decrease in conductance. The robustness and reproducibility of these single-supermolecule switches were achieved by modulating the junction with Ångström precision at frequencies of up to 190 Hz while obtaining high ON/OFF ratios of ∼600. The research presented herein opens up an avenue for designing robust bistable mechanoresponsive devices which will find applications in the building of integrated circuits for microelectromechanical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Yanjun Fu
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Maolin Wang
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Renhui Qiu
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yuping Wang
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
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6
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Nguyen QV, Martin P, Lacroix JC. Probing the Effect of the Density of Active Molecules in Large-Area Molecular Junctions. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:11990-11995. [PMID: 36537879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the density of active molecules in molecular junctions (MJs) has been investigated by using a host/guest strategy. Mixed layers consisting of oligothiophene (BTB) encapsulated by β-cyclodextrin (BTB@β-CD) were generated. Cyclodextrins were then removed, and the pinholes generated were filled with BTB to obtain BTB@BTB films. MJs based on mixed BTB@β-CD and BTB@BTB layers, as well as single-component BTB MJs, were compared. The variation of ln J vs thickness is similar for all systems while the Jo of BTB@β-CD MJs is 20 times lower than that of BTB MJs. After β-cyclodextrin has been removed, and the pinholes filled, Jo increases and reaches the same value as for the BTB MJs, showing that the conductance scales with the number of active molecules. This strategy provides a unique method for investigating molecular interactions in direct tunneling MJs as well as the possibility of fabricating new functionalized MJs based on mixed layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quyen Van Nguyen
- Université Paris Cité, ITODYS, CNRS UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, 11307 Cau Giay, Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Pascal Martin
- Université Paris Cité, ITODYS, CNRS UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Jean Christophe Lacroix
- Université Paris Cité, ITODYS, CNRS UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, 11307 Cau Giay, Hanoi Vietnam
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7
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Bro-Jørgensen W, Hamill JM, Bro R, Solomon GC. Trusting our machines: validating machine learning models for single-molecule transport experiments. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:6875-6892. [PMID: 35686581 PMCID: PMC9377421 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00884f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this tutorial review, we will describe crucial aspects related to the application of machine learning to help users avoid the most common pitfalls. The examples we present will be based on data from the field of molecular electronics, specifically single-molecule electron transport experiments, but the concepts and problems we explore will be sufficiently general for application in other fields with similar data. In the first part of the tutorial review, we will introduce the field of single-molecule transport, and provide an overview of the most common machine learning algorithms employed. In the second part of the tutorial review, we will show, through examples grounded in single-molecule transport, that the promises of machine learning can only be fulfilled by careful application. We will end the tutorial review with a discussion of where we, as a field, could go from here. In this tutorial review, we will describe crucial aspects related to the application of machine learning to help users avoid the most common pitfalls.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bro-Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry and Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Joseph M Hamill
- Department of Chemistry and Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Rasmus Bro
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Gemma C Solomon
- Department of Chemistry and Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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8
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Schosser WM, Hsu C, Zwick P, Beltako K, Dulić D, Mayor M, van der Zant HSJ, Pauly F. Mechanical conductance tunability of a porphyrin-cyclophane single-molecule junction. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:984-992. [PMID: 34989747 PMCID: PMC8772887 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06484c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The possibility to study quantum interference phenomena at ambient conditions is an appealing feature of molecular electronics. By connecting two porphyrins in a cofacial cyclophane, we create an attractive platform for mechanically controlling electric transport through the intramolecular extent of π-orbital overlap of the porphyrins facing each other and through the angle of xanthene bridges with regard to the porphyrin planes. We analyze theoretically the evolution of molecular configurations in the pulling process and the corresponding changes in electric conduction by combining density functional theory (DFT) with Landauer scattering theory of phase-coherent elastic transport. Predicted conductances during the stretching process show order of magnitude variations caused by two robust destructive quantum interference features that span through the whole electronic gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). Mechanically-controlled break junction (MCBJ) experiments at room temperature verify the mechanosensitive response of the molecular junctions. During the continuous stretching of the molecule, they show conductance variations of up to 1.5 orders of magnitude over single breaking events. Uncommon triple- and quadruple-frequency responses are observed in periodic electrode modulation experiments with amplitudes of up to 10 Å. This further confirms the theoretically predicted double transmission dips caused by the spatial and energetic rearrangement of molecular orbitals, with contributions from both through-space and through-bond transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner M Schosser
- Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86135 Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Chunwei Hsu
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, Delft 2628 CJ, The Netherlands.
| | - Patrick Zwick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Katawoura Beltako
- Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86135 Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Diana Dulić
- Department of Physics, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Avenida Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago 8330015, Chile
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P. O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), 510275 Guangzhou, China
| | - Herre S J van der Zant
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, Delft 2628 CJ, The Netherlands.
| | - Fabian Pauly
- Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86135 Augsburg, Germany.
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9
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Zwick P, Dulić D, van der Zant HSJ, Mayor M. Porphyrins as building blocks for single-molecule devices. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:15500-15525. [PMID: 34558586 PMCID: PMC8485416 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04523g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Direct measurement of single-molecule electrical transparency by break junction experiments has become a major field of research over the two last decades. This review specifically and comprehensively highlights the use of porphyrins as molecular components and discusses their potential use for the construction of future devices. Throughout the review, the features provided by porphyrins, such as low level misalignments and very low attenuation factors, are shown with numerous examples, illustrating the potential and limitations of these molecular junctions, as well as differences emerging from applied integration/investigation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Zwick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Diana Dulić
- Department of Physics and Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Avenida Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago 8330015, Chile
| | - Herre S J van der Zant
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P. O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), 510275 Guangzhou, China
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10
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Yao X, Vonesch M, Combes M, Weiss J, Sun X, Lacroix JC. Single-Molecule Junctions with Highly Improved Stability. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:6540-6548. [PMID: 34286999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule junctions (SMJs) have been fabricated using layers generated by diazonium electroreduction. This process creates a C-Au covalent bond between the molecule and the electrode. Rigid oligomers of variable length, based on porphyrin derivatives in their free base or cobalt complex forms, have been grafted on the surface. The conductance of the oligomers has been studied by a scanning tunneling microscopy break junction (STM-bj) technique and G(t) measurements, and the lifetime of the SMJs has been investigated. The conductance histograms indicate that charge transport in the porphyrins is relatively efficient and influenced by the presence of the cobalt center. With both systems, random telegraph G(t) signals are easily recorded, showing SMJ on/off states. The SMJs then stabilize and exhibit a surprisingly long lifetime around 10 s, and attenuation plots, obtained by both G(t) and STM-bj measurements, give identical values. This work shows that highly stable SMJs can be prepared using a diazonium grafting approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Yao
- ITODYS, CNRS-UMR 7086, Université de Paris, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Maxime Vonesch
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS-UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Maïwenn Combes
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS-UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean Weiss
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS-UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Xiaonan Sun
- ITODYS, CNRS-UMR 7086, Université de Paris, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lacroix
- ITODYS, CNRS-UMR 7086, Université de Paris, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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11
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O'Driscoll LJ, Bryce MR. A review of oligo(arylene ethynylene) derivatives in molecular junctions. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:10668-10711. [PMID: 34110337 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02023d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oligo(arylene ethynylene) (OAE) derivatives are the "workhorse" molecules of molecular electronics. Their ease of synthesis and flexibility of functionalisation mean that a diverse array of OAE molecular wires have been designed, synthesised and studied theoretically and experimentally in molecular junctions using both single-molecule and ensemble methods. This review summarises the breadth of molecular designs that have been investigated with emphasis on structure-property relationships with respect to the electronic conductance of OAEs. The factors considered include molecular length, connectivity, conjugation, (anti)aromaticity, heteroatom effects and quantum interference (QI). Growing interest in the thermoelectric properties of OAE derivatives, which are expected to be at the forefront of research into organic thermoelectric devices, is also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J O'Driscoll
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham, UKDH1 3LE.
| | - Martin R Bryce
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham, UKDH1 3LE.
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12
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Stefani D, Guo C, Ornago L, Cabosart D, El Abbassi M, Sheves M, Cahen D, van der Zant HSJ. Conformation-dependent charge transport through short peptides. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:3002-3009. [PMID: 33508063 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08556a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report on charge transport across single short peptides using the Mechanically Controlled Break Junction (MCBJ) method. We record thousands of electron transport events across single-molecule junctions and with an unsupervised machine learning algorithm, we identify several classes of traces with multifarious conductance values that may correspond to different peptide conformations. Data analysis shows that very short peptides, which are more rigid, show conductance plateaus at low conductance values of about 10-3G0 and below, with G0 being the conductance quantum, whereas slightly longer, more flexible peptides also show plateaus at higher values. Fully stretched peptide chains exhibit conductance values that are of the same order as that of alkane chains of similar length. The measurements show that in the case of short peptides, different compositions and molecular lengths offer a wide range of junction conformations. Such information is crucial to understand mechanism(s) of charge transport in and across peptide-based biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Stefani
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
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13
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Zwick P, Hsu C, El Abbassi M, Fuhr O, Fenske D, Dulić D, van der Zant HSJ, Mayor M. Synthesis and Transport Studies of a Cofacial Porphyrin Cyclophane. J Org Chem 2020; 85:15072-15081. [PMID: 33166468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrin cyclophane 1, consisting of two rigidly fixed but still movable cofacial porphyrins and exposing acetate-masked thiols in opposed directions of the macrocycle, is designed, synthesized, and characterized. The functional cyclophane 1, as pioneer of mechanosensitive 3D materials, forms stable single-molecule junctions in a mechanically controlled break-junction setup. Its reliable integration in a single-molecule junction is a fundamental prerequisite to explore the potential of these structures as mechanically triggered functional units and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Zwick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chunwei Hsu
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Maria El Abbassi
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf Fuhr
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.,Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dieter Fenske
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.,Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Diana Dulić
- Department of Physics and Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Avenida Blanco Encalada 2008, 8330015 Santiago, Chile
| | - Herre S J van der Zant
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.,Institute for Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.,Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), 510275 Guangzhou, China
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14
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Aragonès AC, Martín‐Rodríguez A, Aravena D, Puigmartí‐Luis J, Amabilino DB, Aliaga‐Alcalde N, González‐Campo A, Ruiz E, Díez‐Pérez I. Tuning Single-Molecule Conductance in Metalloporphyrin-Based Wires via Supramolecular Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:19193-19201. [PMID: 33448538 PMCID: PMC7590179 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nature has developed supramolecular constructs to deliver outstanding charge-transport capabilities using metalloporphyrin-based supramolecular arrays. Herein we incorporate simple, naturally inspired supramolecular interactions via the axial complexation of metalloporphyrins into the formation of a single-molecule wire in a nanoscale gap. Small structural changes in the axial coordinating linkers result in dramatic changes in the transport properties of the metalloporphyrin-based wire. The increased flexibility of a pyridine-4-yl-methanethiol ligand due to an extra methyl group, as compared to a more rigid 4-pyridinethiol linker, allows the pyridine-4-yl-methanethiol ligand to adopt an unexpected highly conductive stacked structure between the two junction electrodes and the metalloporphyrin ring. DFT calculations reveal a molecular junction structure composed of a shifted stack of the two pyridinic linkers and the metalloporphyrin ring. In contrast, the more rigid 4-mercaptopyridine ligand presents a more classical lifted octahedral coordination of the metalloporphyrin metal center, leading to a longer electron pathway of lower conductance. This works opens to supramolecular electronics, a concept already exploited in natural organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert C. Aragonès
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Natural & Mathematical SciencesKing's College LondonBritannia House, 7 Trinity StreetLondonSE1 1DBUK
- Current address: Molecular Spectroscopy DepartmentMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Alejandro Martín‐Rodríguez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i OrgànicaDiagonal 64508028BarcelonaSpain
- Institut de Química Teòrica i ComputacionalUniversitat de BarcelonaDiagonal 64508028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Daniel Aravena
- Departamento de Química de los MaterialesFacultad de Química y BiologíaUniversidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH)Casilla 40, Correo 33SantiagoChile
| | - Josep Puigmartí‐Luis
- Institute of Chemical and BioengineeringETH ZurichVladimir Prelog Weg 18093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - David B. Amabilino
- The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable ChemistryThe University of NottinghamTriumph RoadNottinghamNG7 2TUUK
| | - Núria Aliaga‐Alcalde
- ICMAB-CSIC (Institut de Ciència dels Materials de Barcelona)Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08193BellaterraSpain
- ICREA (Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats)Passeig Lluis Companys 2308010BarcelonaSpain
| | - Arántzazu González‐Campo
- ICMAB-CSIC (Institut de Ciència dels Materials de Barcelona)Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08193BellaterraSpain
| | - Eliseo Ruiz
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i OrgànicaDiagonal 64508028BarcelonaSpain
- Institut de Química Teòrica i ComputacionalUniversitat de BarcelonaDiagonal 64508028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Ismael Díez‐Pérez
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Natural & Mathematical SciencesKing's College LondonBritannia House, 7 Trinity StreetLondonSE1 1DBUK
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15
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Liu Y, Ornago L, Carlotti M, Ai Y, El Abbassi M, Soni S, Asyuda A, Zharnikov M, van der Zant HSJ, Chiechi RC. Intermolecular Effects on Tunneling through Acenes in Large-Area and Single-Molecule Junctions. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2020; 124:22776-22783. [PMID: 33093933 PMCID: PMC7569675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c05781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the conductance of single-molecules and self-assembled monolayers comprising an oligophenyleneethynylene core, functionalized with acenes of increasing length that extend conjugation perpendicular to the path of tunneling electrons. In the Mechanically Controlled Break Junction (MCBJ) experiment, multiple conductance plateaus were identified. The high conductance plateau, which we attribute to the single molecule conformation, shows an increase of conductance as a function of acene length, in good agreement with theoretical predictions. The lower plateau is attributed to multiple molecules bridging the junctions with intermolecular interactions playing a role. In junctions comprising a self-assembled monolayer with eutectic Ga-In top-contacts (EGaIn), the pentacene derivative exhibits unusually low conductance, which we ascribe to the inability of these molecules to pack in a monolayer without introducing significant intermolecular contacts. This hypothesis is supported by the MCBJ data and theoretical calculations showing suppressed conductance through the PC films. These results highlight the role of intermolecular effects and junction geometries in the observed fluctuations of conductance values between single-molecule and ensemble junctions, and the importance of studying molecules in both platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Liu
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Ornago
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, Delft, 2628 CJ The Netherlands
| | - Marco Carlotti
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yong Ai
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria El Abbassi
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, Delft, 2628 CJ The Netherlands
| | - Saurabh Soni
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andika Asyuda
- Angewandte
Physikalische Chemie, Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Zharnikov
- Angewandte
Physikalische Chemie, Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Herre S. J. van der Zant
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, Delft, 2628 CJ The Netherlands
| | - Ryan C. Chiechi
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Aragonès AC, Martín‐Rodríguez A, Aravena D, Puigmartí‐Luis J, Amabilino DB, Aliaga‐Alcalde N, González‐Campo A, Ruiz E, Díez‐Pérez I. Tuning Single‐Molecule Conductance in Metalloporphyrin‐Based Wires via Supramolecular Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert C. Aragonès
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences King's College London Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
- Current address: Molecular Spectroscopy Department Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Alejandro Martín‐Rodríguez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional Universitat de Barcelona Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Daniel Aravena
- Departamento de Química de los Materiales Facultad de Química y Biología Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH) Casilla 40, Correo 33 Santiago Chile
| | - Josep Puigmartí‐Luis
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering ETH Zurich Vladimir Prelog Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - David B. Amabilino
- The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry The University of Nottingham Triumph Road Nottingham NG7 2TU UK
| | - Núria Aliaga‐Alcalde
- ICMAB-CSIC (Institut de Ciència dels Materials de Barcelona) Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08193 Bellaterra Spain
- ICREA (Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats) Passeig Lluis Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
| | - Arántzazu González‐Campo
- ICMAB-CSIC (Institut de Ciència dels Materials de Barcelona) Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - Eliseo Ruiz
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional Universitat de Barcelona Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Ismael Díez‐Pérez
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences King's College London Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
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17
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Structure, Properties, and Reactivity of Porphyrins on Surfaces and Nanostructures with Periodic DFT Calculations. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10030740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins are fascinating molecules with applications spanning various scientific fields. In this review we present the use of periodic density functional theory (PDFT) calculations to study the structure, electronic properties, and reactivity of porphyrins on ordered two dimensional surfaces and in the formation of nanostructures. The focus of the review is to describe the application of PDFT calculations for bridging the gaps in experimental studies on porphyrin nanostructures and self-assembly on 2D surfaces. A survey of different DFT functionals used to study the porphyrin-based system as well as their advantages and disadvantages in studying these systems is presented.
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18
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Zwick P, Weiland KJ, Malinčík J, Stefani D, Häussinger D, van der Zant HSJ, Dulić D, Mayor M. Mechanical Fixation by Porphyrin Connection: Synthesis and Transport Studies of a Bicyclic Dimer. J Org Chem 2019; 85:118-128. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Zwick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kevin J. Weiland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Juraj Malinčík
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Davide Stefani
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Häussinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Herre S. J. van der Zant
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Dulić
- Department of Physics and Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Physicaland Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Avenida Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago 8330015, Chile
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), 510275 Guangzhou, China
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19
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Delarue Bizzini L, Zwick P, Mayor M. Preparation of Unsymmetrical Disulfides from Thioacetates and Thiosulfonates. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Zwick
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); P. O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM); School of Chemistry; Sun Yat-Sen University; 510275 Guangzhou China
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