1
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Hoque IU, Samanta A, Pramanik S, Chowdhury SR, Lo R, Maity S. Photocascade chemoselective controlling of ambident thio(seleno)cyanates with alkenes via catalyst modulation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5739. [PMID: 38982050 PMCID: PMC11233607 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49279-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Controlling the ambident reactivity of thiocyanates in reaction manifolds has been a long-standing and formidable challenge. We report herein a photoredox strategy for installing thiocyanates and isothiocyanates in a controlled chemoselective fashion by manipulating the ambident-SCN through catalyst modulation. The methodology allows redox-, and pot-economical 'on-demand' direct access to both hydrothiophene and pyrrolidine heterocycles from the same feedstock alkenes and bifunctional thiocyanomalonates in a photocascade sequence. Its excellent chemoselectivity profile was further expanded to access Se- and N-heterocycles by harnessing selenonitriles. Redox capability of the catalysts, which dictates the substrates to participate in a single or cascade catalytic cycle, was proposed as the key to the present chemodivergency of this process. In addition, detailed mechanistic insights are provided by a conjugation of extensive control experiments and dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Injamam Ul Hoque
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, JH, 826004, India
| | - Apurba Samanta
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, JH, 826004, India
| | - Shyamal Pramanik
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, JH, 826004, India
| | - Soumyadeep Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, JH, 826004, India
| | - Rabindranath Lo
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo námĕstí 542/2, Prague, 160 000, Czech Republic
| | - Soumitra Maity
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, JH, 826004, India.
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2
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Suga M, Fukushima S, Makino K, Nakamura K, Tabata H, Oshitari T, Natsugari H, Kuroda N, Kanemaru K, Oda Y, Takahashi H. Isomerization of E-Cinnamamides into Z-Cinnamamides Using a Recycling Photoreactor. J Org Chem 2024; 89:8836-8844. [PMID: 38836790 PMCID: PMC11197087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The photocatalytic synthesis of thermodynamically less-stable Z-alkenes has received considerable research attention in recent years. In this study, a recycling photoreactor was applied to the photoisomerization of E-alkenes (cinnamamide and Weinreb amide derivatives) to produce Z-alkenes. The closed-loop recycling system comprises an immobilized photosensitizer to achieve rapid photoisomerization and a high-performance liquid chromatography instrument for separation of the Z/E diastereomers. After 4-10 cycles, the desired pure Z-alkenes were obtained efficiently. In the photoreactor system, a photosensitizer (thioxanthone) was covalently immobilized on silica gel via amide bonding, which led to an enhanced photocatalytic activity compared to the parent thioxanthone. This recycling photoreactor shows promise as an alternative system for the production of Z-alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Suga
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University
of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Saki Fukushima
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University
of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kosho Makino
- Research
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino
University, Nishitokyo, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Kayo Nakamura
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University
of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hidetsugu Tabata
- Faculty
of Pharma Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Tetsuta Oshitari
- Faculty
of Pharma Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Hideaki Natsugari
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University
of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Noritaka Kuroda
- YMC
Company Limited, 284 Daigo, Karasuma Nishiiru Gojo-dori, Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto 600-8106, Japan
| | - Kunio Kanemaru
- IWASAKI
Electric Company Limited, 1-1, Ichiriyama-cho, Gyoda-shi, Saitama 361-8505, Japan
| | - Yuji Oda
- IWASAKI
Electric Company Limited, 1-1, Ichiriyama-cho, Gyoda-shi, Saitama 361-8505, Japan
| | - Hideyo Takahashi
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University
of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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3
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Peelikuburage BGD, Martens WN, Waclawik ER. Light switching for product selectivity control in photocatalysis. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:10168-10207. [PMID: 38722105 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00885e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Artificial switchable catalysis is a new, rapidly expanding field that offers great potential advantages for both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic systems. Light irradiation is widely accepted as the best stimulus to artificial switchable chemical systems. In recent years, tremendous progress has been made in the synthesis and application of photo-switchable catalysts that can control when and where bond formation and dissociation take place in reactant molecules. Photo-switchable catalysis is a niche area in current catalysis, on which systematic analysis and reviews are still lacking in the scientific literature, yet it offers many intriguing and versatile applications, particularly in organic synthesis. This review aims to highlight the recent advances in photo-switchable catalyst systems that can result in two different chemical product outcomes and thus achieve a degree of control over organic synthetic reactions. Furthermore, this review evaluates different approaches that have been employed to achieve dynamic control over both the catalytic function and the selectivity of several different types of synthesis reactions, along with the remaining challenges and potential opportunities. Owing to the great diversity of the types of reactions and conditions adopted, a quantitative comparison of efficiencies between considered systems is not the focus of this review, instead the review showcases how insights from successful adopted strategies can help better harness and channel the power of photoswitchability in this new and promising area of catalysis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayan G D Peelikuburage
- Centre of Materials Science & School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.
| | - Wayde N Martens
- Centre of Materials Science & School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.
| | - Eric R Waclawik
- Centre of Materials Science & School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.
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4
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Han C, Kundu BK, Liang Y, Sun Y. Near-Infrared Light-Driven Photocatalysis with an Emphasis on Two-Photon Excitation: Concepts, Materials, and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307759. [PMID: 37703435 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Efficient utilization of sunlight in photocatalysis is widely recognized as a promising solution for addressing the growing energy demand and environmental issues resulting from fossil fuel consumption. Recently, there have been significant developments in various near-infrared (NIR) light-harvesting systems for artificial photosynthesis and photocatalytic environmental remediation. This review provides an overview of the most recent advancements in the utilization of NIR light through the creation of novel nanostructured materials and molecular photosensitizers, as well as modulating strategies to enhance the photocatalytic processes. A special focus is given to the emerging two-photon excitation NIR photocatalysis. The unique features and limitations of different systems are critically evaluated. In particular, it highlights the advantages of utilizing NIR light and two-photon excitation compared to UV-visible irradiation and one-photon excitation. Ongoing challenges and potential solutions for the future exploration of NIR light-responsive materials are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Han
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Bidyut Kumar Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Yujun Liang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Yujie Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
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5
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Tian X, Liu Y, Yakubov S, Schütte J, Chiba S, Barham JP. Photo- and electro-chemical strategies for the activations of strong chemical bonds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:263-316. [PMID: 38059728 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00581f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The employment of light and/or electricity - alternatively to conventional thermal energy - unlocks new reactivity paradigms as tools for chemical substrate activations. This leads to the development of new synthetic reactions and a vast expansion of chemical spaces. This review summarizes recent developments in photo- and/or electrochemical activation strategies for the functionalization of strong bonds - particularly carbon-heteroatom (C-X) bonds - via: (1) direct photoexcitation by high energy UV light; (2) activation via photoredox catalysis under irradiation with relatively lower energy UVA or blue light; (3) electrochemical reduction; (4) combination of photocatalysis and electrochemistry. Based on the types of the targeted C-X bonds, various transformations ranging from hydrodefunctionalization to cross-coupling are covered with detailed discussions of their reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Tian
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Yuliang Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Shahboz Yakubov
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Jonathan Schütte
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Joshua P Barham
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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6
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Horsewill SJ, Cao C, Dabney N, Yang ES, Faulkner S, Scott DJ. Isolation of the elusive [Ru(bipy) 3] +: a key intermediate in photoredox catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 37991841 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04375d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis has flourished in recent years, but due to its widespread utility applications have grown faster than mechanistic understanding. In this report we help to address this deficit by isolating and characterising one of the intermediates of the iconic photocatalyst [Ru(bipy)3]2+, and testing its initial photoreactivity towards common substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Horsewill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Chengyang Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Noah Dabney
- Department of Chemistry, Guilford College, 5800 W Friendly Ave., Greensboro, NC 27410, USA
| | - Eric S Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Stephen Faulkner
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Daniel J Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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7
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Žurauskas J, Boháčová S, Wu S, Butera V, Schmid S, Domański M, Slanina T, Barham JP. Electron-Poor Acridones and Acridiniums as Super Photooxidants in Molecular Photoelectrochemistry by Unusual Mechanisms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307550. [PMID: 37584300 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Electron-deficient acridones and in situ generated acridinium salts are reported as potent, closed-shell photooxidants that undergo surprising mechanisms. When bridging acyclic triarylamine catalysts with a carbonyl group (acridones), this completely diverts their behavior away from open-shell, radical cationic, 'beyond diffusion' photocatalysis to closed-shell, neutral, diffusion-controlled photocatalysis. Brønsted acid activation of acridones dramatically increases excited state oxidation power (by +0.8 V). Upon reduction of protonated acridones, they transform to electron-deficient acridinium salts as even more potent photooxidants (*E1/2 =+2.56-3.05 V vs SCE). These oxidize even electron-deficient arenes where conventional acridinium salt photooxidants have thusfar been limited to electron-rich arenes. Surprisingly, upon photoexcitation these electron-deficient acridinium salts appear to undergo two electron reductive quenching to form acridinide anions, spectroscopically-detected as their protonated forms. This new behaviour is partly enabled by a catalyst preassembly with the arene, and contrasts to conventional SET reductive quenching of acridinium salts. Critically, this study illustrates how redox active chromophoric molecules initially considered photocatalysts can transform during the reaction to catalytically active species with completely different redox and spectroscopic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Žurauskas
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Soňa Boháčová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16000, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Shangze Wu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Valeria Butera
- Central European Institute of Technology, CEITEC, 61200 Brno (Czech Republic), Department of Science and Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, University of Palermo, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Simon Schmid
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michał Domański
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tomáš Slanina
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16000, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Joshua P Barham
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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8
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Zähringer TJB, Wienhold M, Gilmour R, Kerzig C. Direct Observation of Triplet States in the Isomerization of Alkenylboronates by Energy Transfer Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:21576-21586. [PMID: 37729087 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Alkenylboronates are versatile building blocks for stereocontrolled synthesis owing to the traceless nature of the boron group that can be leveraged to achieve highly selective geometric isomerization. Using thioxanthone as an inexpensive photocatalyst, the photoisomerization of these species continues to provide an expansive platform for stereodivergent synthesis, particularly in the construction of bioactive polyenes. Although mechanistic investigations are consistent with light-driven energy transfer, direct experimental evidence remains conspicuously absent. Herein, we report a rigorous mechanistic investigation using two widely used alkenylboronates alongside relevant reference compounds. Through the combination of irradiation experiments, transient absorption spectroscopic studies, kinetic modeling, and DFT calculations with all isomers of the model compounds, it has been possible to unequivocally detect and characterize the perpendicular triplet generated by energy transfer. Our results serve not only as a blueprint for mechanistic studies that are challenging with organic sensitizers, but these guidelines delineated have also enabled the development of more sustainable reaction conditions: for the first time, efficient organocatalytic isomerization under sunlight irradiation has become feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till J B Zähringer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Max Wienhold
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut,Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstraβe 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut,Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstraβe 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Center, Röntgenstraβe 16, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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9
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Continuous Flow Photochemical Synthesis of 3-Methyl-4-arylmethylene Isoxazole-5(4H)-ones through Organic Photoredox Catalysis and Investigation of Their Larvicidal Activity. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13030518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoxazole-5(4H)-ones are heteropentacycle compounds found in several bioactive molecules with pharmaceutical and agrochemical properties. A well-known multicomponent reaction between β-ketoester, hydroxylamine, and aromatic aldehydes leads to 3-methyl-4-arylmethylene isoxazole-5(4H)-ones, in mild conditions. The initial purpose of this work was to investigate whether the reaction might be induced by light, as described in previous works. Remarkable results were obtained using a high-power lamp, reducing reaction times compared to methodologies that used heating or catalysis. Since there are many examples of successful continuous flow heterocycle synthesis, including photochemical reactions, the study evolved to run the reaction in flow conditions and scale up the synthesis of isoxazolones using a photochemical reactor set-up. Eight different compounds were obtained, and among them, three showed larvicidal activity on immature forms of Aedes aegypti in tests that investigated its growth inhibitory character. Mechanistic investigations indicate that the reactions occur through organic photoredox catalysis.
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10
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Schloemer T, Narayanan P, Zhou Q, Belliveau E, Seitz M, Congreve DN. Nanoengineering Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion: From Materials to Real-World Applications. ACS NANO 2023; 17:3259-3288. [PMID: 36800310 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Using light to control matter has captured the imagination of scientists for generations, as there is an abundance of photons at our disposal. Yet delivering photons beyond the surface to many photoresponsive systems has proven challenging, particularly at scale, due to light attenuation via absorption and scattering losses. Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC), a process which allows for low energy photons to be converted to high energy photons, is poised to overcome these challenges by allowing for precise spatial generation of high energy photons due to its nonlinear nature. With a wide range of sensitizer and annihilator motifs available for TTA-UC, many researchers seek to integrate these materials in solution or solid-state applications. In this Review, we discuss nanoengineering deployment strategies and highlight their uses in recent state-of-the-art examples of TTA-UC integrated in both solution and solid-state applications. Considering both implementation tactics and application-specific requirements, we identify critical needs to push TTA-UC-based applications from an academic curiosity to a scalable technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Schloemer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Pournima Narayanan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Emma Belliveau
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Michael Seitz
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Daniel N Congreve
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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11
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Glaser F, Wenger OS. Sensitizer-controlled photochemical reactivity via upconversion of red light. Chem Sci 2022; 14:149-161. [PMID: 36605743 PMCID: PMC9769107 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05229f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
By combining the energy input from two red photons, chemical reactions that would normally require blue or ultraviolet irradiation become accessible. Key advantages of this biphotonic excitation strategy are that red light usually penetrates deeper into complex reaction mixtures and causes less photo-damage than direct illumination in the blue or ultraviolet. Here, we demonstrate that the primary light-absorber of a dual photocatalytic system comprised of a transition metal-based photosensitizer and an organic co-catalyst can completely alter the reaction outcome. Photochemical reductions are achieved with a copper(i) complex in the presence of a sacrificial electron donor, whereas oxidative substrate activation occurs with an osmium(ii) photosensitizer. Based on time-resolved laser spectroscopy, this changeover in photochemical reactivity is due to different underlying biphotonic mechanisms. Following triplet energy transfer from the osmium(ii) photosensitizer to 9,10-dicyanoanthracene (DCA) and subsequent triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion, the fluorescent singlet excited state of DCA triggers oxidative substrate activation, which initiates the cis to trans isomerization of an olefin, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition, an aryl ether to ester rearrangement, and a Newman-Kwart rearrangement. This oxidative substrate activation stands in contrast to the reactivity with a copper(i) photosensitizer, where photoinduced electron transfer generates the DCA radical anion, which upon further excitation triggers reductive dehalogenations and detosylations. Our study provides the proof-of-concept for controlling the outcome of a red-light driven biphotonic reaction by altering the photosensitizer, and this seems relevant in the greater context of tailoring photochemical reactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, University of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056 BaselSwitzerland
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056 BaselSwitzerland
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12
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Eisenreich F, Palmans ARA. Direct C−H Trifluoromethylation of (Hetero)Arenes in Water Enabled by Organic Photoredox‐Active Amphiphilic Nanoparticles. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201322. [PMID: 35730657 PMCID: PMC9544737 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Photoredox‐catalyzed chemical conversions are predominantly operated in organic media to ensure good compatibility between substrates and catalysts. Yet, when conducted in aqueous media, they are an attractive, mild, and green way to introduce functional groups into organic molecules. We here show that trifluoromethyl groups can be readily installed into a broad range of organic compounds by using water as the reaction medium and light as the energy source. To bypass solubility obstacles, we developed robust water‐soluble polymeric nanoparticles that accommodate reagents and photocatalysts within their hydrophobic interior under high local concentrations. By taking advantage of the high excited state reduction potential of N‐phenylphenothiazine (PTH) through UV light illumination, the direct C−H trifluoromethylation of a wide array of small organic molecules is achieved selectively with high substrate conversion. Key to our approach is slowing down the production of CF3 radicals during the chemical process by reducing the catalyst loading as well as the light intensity, thereby improving effectiveness and selectivity of this aqueous photocatalytic method. Furthermore, the catalyst system shows excellent recyclability and can be fueled by sunlight. The method we propose here is versatile, widely applicable, energy efficient, and attractive for late‐stage introduction of trifluoromethyl groups into biologically active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Eisenreich
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry Institute of Complex Molecular Systems Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven (The Netherlands
| | - Anja R. A. Palmans
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry Institute of Complex Molecular Systems Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven (The Netherlands
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13
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Connell TU. The forgotten reagent of photoredox catalysis. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:13176-13188. [PMID: 35997070 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01491b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Visible light powers an ever-expanding suite of reactions to both make and break chemical bonds under otherwise mild conditions. As a reagent in photochemical synthesis, light is obviously critical for reactivity but rarely optimized other than in light/dark controls. This Frontier Article presents an overview of recent research that investigates the unique ways light may be manipulated, and its unusual interactions with homogeneous transition metal and organic photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy U Connell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.
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14
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Bürgin TH, Glaser F, Wenger OS. Shedding Light on the Oxidizing Properties of Spin-Flip Excited States in a Cr III Polypyridine Complex and Their Use in Photoredox Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14181-14194. [PMID: 35913126 PMCID: PMC9376921 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The photoredox activity of well-known RuII complexes
stems from metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited states,
in which a ligand-based electron can initiate chemical reductions
and a metal-centered hole can trigger oxidations. CrIII polypyridines show similar photoredox properties, although they
have fundamentally different electronic structures. Their photoactive
excited state is of spin-flip nature, differing from the electronic
ground state merely by a change of one electron spin, but with otherwise
identical d-orbital occupancy. We find that the driving-force dependence
for photoinduced electron transfer from 10 different donors to a spin-flip
excited state of a CrIII complex is very similar to that
for a RuII polypyridine, and thereby validate the concept
of estimating the redox potential of d3 spin-flip excited
states in analogous manner as for the MLCT states of d6 compounds. Building on this insight, we use our CrIII complex for photocatalytic reactions not previously explored with
this compound class, including the aerobic bromination of methoxyaryls,
oxygenation of 1,1,2,2-tetraphenylethylene, aerobic hydroxylation
of arylboronic acids, and the vinylation of N-phenyl
pyrrolidine. This work contributes to understanding the fundamental
photochemical properties of first-row transition-metal complexes in
comparison to well-explored precious-metal-based photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias H Bürgin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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15
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Bawden JC, Francis PS, DiLuzio S, Hayne DJ, Doeven EH, Truong J, Alexander R, Henderson LC, Gómez DE, Massi M, Armstrong BI, Draper FA, Bernhard S, Connell TU. Reinterpreting the Fate of Iridium(III) Photocatalysts─Screening a Combinatorial Library to Explore Light-Driven Side-Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11189-11202. [PMID: 35704840 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysts are primarily selected based on ground and excited state properties, but their activity is also intrinsically tied to the nature of their reduced (or oxidized) intermediates. Catalyst reactivity often necessitates an inherent instability, thus these intermediates represent a mechanistic turning point that affords either product formation or side-reactions. In this work, we explore the scope of a previously demonstrated side-reaction that partially saturates one pyridine ring of the ancillary ligand in heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes. Using high-throughput synthesis and screening under photochemical conditions, we identified different chemical pathways, ultimately governed by ligand composition. The ancillary ligand was the key factor that determined photochemical stability. Following photoinitiated electron transfer from a sacrificial tertiary amine, the reduced intermediate of complexes containing 1,10-phenanthroline derivatives exhibited long-term stability. In contrast, complexes containing 2,2'-bipyridines were highly susceptible to hydrogen atom transfer and ancillary ligand modification. Detailed characterization of selected complexes before and after transformation showed differing effects on the ground and excited state reduction potentials dependent on the nature of the cyclometalating ligands and excited states. The implications of catalyst stability and reactivity in chemical synthesis was demonstrated in a model photoredox reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Bawden
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Paul S Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Stephen DiLuzio
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - David J Hayne
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Egan H Doeven
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Johnny Truong
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Richard Alexander
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Luke C Henderson
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Daniel E Gómez
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Massimiliano Massi
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Blake I Armstrong
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Felicity A Draper
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Stefan Bernhard
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Timothy U Connell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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16
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Schreier MR, Guo X, Pfund B, Okamoto Y, Ward TR, Kerzig C, Wenger OS. Water-Soluble Tris(cyclometalated) Iridium(III) Complexes for Aqueous Electron and Energy Transfer Photochemistry. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1290-1300. [PMID: 35414170 PMCID: PMC9069695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
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Cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes are frequently employed in
organic light emitting diodes, and they are popular photocatalysts
for solar energy conversion and synthetic organic chemistry. They
luminesce from redox-active excited states that can have high triplet
energies and long lifetimes, making them well suited for energy transfer
and photoredox catalysis. Homoleptic tris(cyclometalated) iridium(III)
complexes are typically very hydrophobic and do not dissolve well
in polar solvents, somewhat limiting their application scope. We developed
a family of water-soluble sulfonate-decorated variants with tailored
redox potentials and excited-state energies to address several key
challenges in aqueous photochemistry. First, we aimed at combining
enzyme with photoredox catalysis to
synthesize enantioenriched products in a cyclic reaction network.
Since the employed biocatalyst operates best in aqueous solution,
a water-soluble photocatalyst was needed. A new tris(cyclometalated)
iridium(III) complex provided enough reducing power for the photochemical
reduction of imines to racemic mixtures of amines and furthermore
was compatible with monoamine oxidase (MAO-N-9), which deracemized
this mixture through a kinetic resolution of the racemic amine via
oxidation to the corresponding imine. This process led to the accumulation
of the unreactive amine enantiomer over time. In subsequent studies,
we discovered that the same iridium(III) complex photoionizes under
intense irradiation to give hydrated electrons as a result of consecutive
two-photon excitation. With visible light as energy input, hydrated
electrons become available in a catalytic fashion, thereby allowing
the comparatively mild reduction of substrates that would typically
only be reactive under harsher conditions. Finally, we became interested
in photochemical upconversion in aqueous solution, for which it was
desirable to obtain water-soluble iridium(III) compounds with very
high triplet excited-state energies. This goal was achieved through
improved ligand design and ultimately enabled sensitized triplet–triplet
annihilation upconversion unusually far into the ultraviolet spectral
range. Studies of photoredox catalysis, energy transfer catalysis,
and
photochemical upconversion typically rely on the use of organic solvents.
Water could potentially be an attractive alternative in many cases,
but photocatalyst development lags somewhat behind for aqueous solution
compared to organic solvent. The purpose of this Account is to provide
an overview of the breadth of new research perspectives that emerged
from the development of water-soluble fac-[Ir(ppy)]3 complexes (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine) with sulfonated ligands.
We hope to inspire the use of some of these or related coordination
compounds in aqueous photochemistry and to stimulate further conceptual
developments at the interfaces of coordination chemistry, photophysics,
biocatalysis, and sustainable chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam R. Schreier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- National Competence Center in Research, Molecular Systems Engineering, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xingwei Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- National Competence Center in Research, Molecular Systems Engineering, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Björn Pfund
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yasunori Okamoto
- National Competence Center in Research, Molecular Systems Engineering, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas R. Ward
- National Competence Center in Research, Molecular Systems Engineering, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- National Competence Center in Research, Molecular Systems Engineering, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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17
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Zhu Z, Xuan Y, Liu X, Zhang K, Zhang Y, Zhu Q, Wang J. What role does the incident light intensity play in photocatalytic conversion of CO2: Attenuation or intensification? Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202100851. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghui Zhu
- Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics School of Energy and Power Engineering CHINA
| | - Yimin Xuan
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology School of Energy and Power Engineering 200 Xiao Ling Wei 210094 Nanjing CHINA
| | - Xianglei Liu
- Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics school of energy and power engineering CHINA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics school of energy and power engineering CHINA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology School of energy and power engineering CHINA
| | - Qibin Zhu
- Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics school of energy and power engineering CHINA
| | - Jin Wang
- Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics school of energy and power engineering CHINA
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18
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Markushyna Y, Savateev A. Light as a tool in organic photocatalysis: multi‐photon excitation and chromoselective reactions. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yevheniia Markushyna
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces: Max-Planck-Institut fur Kolloid und Grenzflachenforschung Department of Colloid Chemistry Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam GERMANY
| | - Aleksandr Savateev
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces: Max-Planck-Institut fur Kolloid und Grenzflachenforschung Department of Colloid Chemistry GERMANY
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19
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Fu H, Chen H, Gao B, Lu T, Su Y, Zhou L, Liu M, Li H, Yang X. Selectivity control in photocatalytic transfer hydrogenation of bio‐based aldehydes. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Fu
- Zhengzhou University College of Chemistry Zhengzhou CHINA
| | - Haijun Chen
- Zhengzhou University College of Chemistry Zhengzhou CHINA
| | - Beibei Gao
- Zhengzhou University College of Chemistry Zhengzhou CHINA
| | - Tianliang Lu
- Zhengzhou University School of Chemical Engineering Zhengzhou CHINA
| | - Yunlai Su
- Zhengzhou University College of Chemistry Zhengzhou CHINA
| | - Lipeng Zhou
- Zhengzhou University College of Chemistry Zhengzhou CHINA
| | - Meijiang Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy Dalian CHINA
| | - Hongji Li
- Zhengzhou University College of Chemistry 100 Kexue Road, 450001 Zhengzhou P.R. China 450001 Zhengzhou CHINA
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- Zhengzhou University College of Chemistry Zhengzhou CHINA
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20
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Zhao Z, Niu F, Li P, Wang H, Zhang Z, Meyer GJ, Hu K. Visible Light Generation of a Microsecond Long-Lived Potent Reducing Agent. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7043-7047. [PMID: 35271254 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Photoexcitation of molecular radicals can produce strong reducing agents; however, the limited lifetimes of the doublet excited states preclude many applications. Herein, we propose and demonstrate a general strategy to translate a highly energetic electron from a doublet excited state to a ZrO2 insulator, thereby increasing the lifetime by about 6 orders of magnitude while maintaining a reducing potential less than -2.4 V vs SCE. Specifically, red light excitation of a salicylic acid modified perylene diimide radical anion PDI•- anchored to a ZrO2 insulator yields a ZrO2(e-)|PDI charge separated state with an ∼10 μs lifetime in 23% yield. The ZrO2(e-)s were shown to drive CO2 → CO reduction with a Re catalyst present in micromolar concentrations. More broadly, this strategy provides new opportunities to reduce important reagents and catalysts at low concentrations through diffusional electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Fushuang Niu
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Pengju Li
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Hanqi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Zhenghao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Murray Hall 2202B, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Ke Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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21
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Wu S, Kaur J, Karl TA, Tian X, Barham JP. Synthetische molekulare Photoelektrochemie: neue synthetische Anwendungen, mechanistische Einblicke und Möglichkeiten zur Skalierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shangze Wu
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Tobias A. Karl
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Xianhai Tian
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Joshua P. Barham
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
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22
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Li H, Wenger OS. Photophysics of Perylene Diimide Dianions and Their Application in Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Yota Sakakibara
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
- Japanese Science and Technology Agency (JST)−PRESTO, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Kei Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
- Japanese Science and Technology Agency (JST)−PRESTO, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
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24
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Bergamaschi E, Lunic D, McLean LA, Hohenadel M, Chen Y, Teskey CJ. Controlling Chemoselectivity of Catalytic Hydroboration with Light. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Bergamaschi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Danijela Lunic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Liam A. McLean
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Melissa Hohenadel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Yi‐Kai Chen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Christopher J. Teskey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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25
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Kerr E, Hayne DJ, Soulsby LC, Bawden JC, Blom SJ, Doeven EH, Henderson LC, Hogan CF, Francis PS. A redox-mediator pathway for enhanced multi-colour electrochemiluminescence in aqueous solution. Chem Sci 2022; 13:469-477. [PMID: 35126979 PMCID: PMC8729815 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05609c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The classic and most widely used co-reactant electrochemiluminescence (ECL) reaction of tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(ii) ([Ru(bpy)3]2+) and tri-n-propylamine is enhanced by an order of magnitude by fac-[Ir(sppy)3]3- (where sppy = 5'-sulfo-2-phenylpyridinato-C 2,N), through a novel 'redox mediator' pathway. Moreover, the concomitant green emission of [Ir(sppy)3]3-* enables internal standardisation of the co-reactant ECL of [Ru(bpy)3]2+. This can be applied using a digital camera as the photodetector by exploiting the ratio of R and B values of the RGB colour data, providing superior sensitivity and precision for the development of low-cost, portable ECL-based analytical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Kerr
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - David J Hayne
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Lachlan C Soulsby
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Joseph C Bawden
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Steven J Blom
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Egan H Doeven
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Luke C Henderson
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Conor F Hogan
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - Paul S Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
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26
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Bergamaschi E, Lunic D, McLean L, Hohenadel M, Chen YK, Teskey C. Controlling Chemoselectivity of Catalytic Hydroboration with Light. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202114482. [PMID: 34905284 PMCID: PMC9305532 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability to selectively react one functional group in the presence of another underpins efficient reaction sequences. Despite many designer catalytic systems being reported for hydroboration reactions, which allow introduction of a functional handle for cross‐coupling or act as mild method for reducing polar functionality, these platforms rarely deal with more complex systems where multiple potentially reactive sites exist. Here we demonstrate, for the first time, the ability to use light to distinguish between ketones and carboxylic acids in more complex molecules. By taking advantage of different activation modes, a single catalytic system can be used for hydroboration, with the chemoselectivity dictated only by the presence or absence of visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Bergamaschi
- RWTH Aachen: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Institute of Organic Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Danijela Lunic
- RWTH: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Institute of Organic Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Liam McLean
- RWTH: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Institute of Organic Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Melissa Hohenadel
- RWTH: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Institute of Organic Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Yi-Kai Chen
- RWTH: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Institute of Organic Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Christopher Teskey
- RWTH Aachen: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, GERMANY
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27
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Li H, Wenger OS. Photophysics of Perylene Diimide Dianions and Their Application in Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202110491. [PMID: 34787359 PMCID: PMC9299816 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The two‐electron reduced forms of perylene diimides (PDIs) are luminescent closed‐shell species whose photochemical properties seem underexplored. Our proof‐of‐concept study demonstrates that straightforward (single) excitation of PDI dianions with green photons provides an excited state that is similarly or more reducing than the much shorter‐lived excited states of PDI radical monoanions, which are typically accessible after biphotonic excitation with blue photons. Thermodynamically demanding photocatalytic reductive dehalogenations and reductive C−O bond cleavage reactions of lignin model compounds have been performed using sodium dithionite acts as a reductant, either in aqueous solution or in biphasic water–acetonitrile mixtures in the presence of a phase transfer reagent. Our work illustrates the concept of multi‐electron reduction of a photocatalyst by a sacrificial reagent prior to irradiation with low‐energy photons as a means of generating very reactive excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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28
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Yu D, To WP, Liu Y, Wu LL, You T, Ling J, Che CM. Direct photo-induced reductive Heck cyclization of indoles for the efficient preparation of polycyclic indolinyl compounds. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14050-14058. [PMID: 34760188 PMCID: PMC8565399 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04258k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The photo-induced cleavage of C(sp2)-Cl bonds is an appealing synthetic tool in organic synthesis, but usually requires the use of high UV light, photocatalysts and/or photosensitizers. Herein is described a direct photo-induced chloroarene activation with UVA/blue LEDs that can be used in the reductive Heck cyclization of indoles and without the use of a photocatalyst or photosensitizer. The indole compounds examined display room-temperature phosphorescence. The photochemical reaction tolerates a panel of functional groups including esters, alcohols, amides, cyano and alkenes (27 examples, 50-88% yields), and can be used to prepare polycyclic compounds and perform the functionalization of natural product analogues in moderate to good yields. Mechanistic experiments, including time-resolved absorption spectroscopy, are supportive of photo-induced electron transfer between the indole substrate and DIPEA, with the formation of radical intermediates in the photo-induced dearomatization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daohong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University Ganzhou 341000 China
| | - Wai-Pong To
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
| | - Yungen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Liang-Liang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
| | - Tingjie You
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
| | - Jesse Ling
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited Units 1503-1511, 15/F, Building 17W, Hong Kong Science Park New Territories Hong Kong China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
- HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation Shenzhen Guangdong 518057 China
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited Units 1503-1511, 15/F, Building 17W, Hong Kong Science Park New Territories Hong Kong China
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29
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Sansano JM, de Gracia Retamosa M, Döndaş HA, Sobhani S, Nájera C, Yus MA. Photocatalytic Homocoupling Transformations. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1517-7329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHomocoupling reactions promoted by photocatalysts are not very abundant in the literature. However, the products generated from such processes are very interesting. In this review, we highlight the most relevant reports concerning photocatalyzed dimerizations covering the literature until the middle of 2020. Reactions will be classified according to the type of starting material employed, with an emphasis being placed on the corresponding mechanism. 1 Introduction2 Arenes and Heteroarenes3 Alkenes4 Alkanes5 Alkynes6 Aldehydes, Ketones, Alcohols, Amines and Imines7 Carboxylic Acids8 Nitro Compounds9 Conclusions
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Sansano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica, Universidad de Alicante
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)
| | - María de Gracia Retamosa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica, Universidad de Alicante
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)
| | - Haci Ali Döndaş
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Çukurova University
| | - Sara Sobhani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Birjand
| | - Carmen Nájera
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)
| | - Miguel A. Yus
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)
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Lunic D, Bergamaschi E, Teskey CJ. Using Light to Modify the Selectivity of Transition Metal Catalysed Transformations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Lunic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Enrico Bergamaschi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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Lunic D, Bergamaschi E, Teskey CJ. Using Light to Modify the Selectivity of Transition Metal Catalysed Transformations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20594-20605. [PMID: 34043248 PMCID: PMC8519094 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Light has a remarkable and often unique ability to promote chemical reactions. In combination with transition metal catalysis, it offers exciting opportunities to modify catalyst function in a non‐invasive manner, most frequently being reported to switch on or accelerate reactions that do not occur in the dark. However, the ability to completely change reactivity or selectivity between two different reaction outcomes is considerably less common. In this Minireview we bring together examples of this concept and highlight their mechanistically distinct approaches. Our overview demonstrates how these non‐natural, photo‐switchable systems provide key fundamental mechanistic insights, enhancing our understanding and stimulating development of new catalytic activity, and how this might lead to tangible applications, impacting fields such as polymer chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Lunic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Enrico Bergamaschi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christopher J Teskey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Wu S, Kaur J, Karl TA, Tian X, Barham JP. Synthetic Molecular Photoelectrochemistry: New Frontiers in Synthetic Applications, Mechanistic Insights and Scalability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202107811. [PMID: 34478188 PMCID: PMC9303540 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic photoelectrochemistry (PEC) is receiving increasing attention as a new frontier for the generation and handling of reactive intermediates. PEC permits selective single‐electron transfer (SET) reactions in a much greener way and broadens the redox window of possible transformations. Herein, the most recent contributions are reviewed, demonstrating exciting new opportunities, namely, the combination of PEC with other reactivity paradigms (hydrogen‐atom transfer, radical polar crossover, energy transfer sensitization), scalability up to multigram scale, novel selectivities in SET super‐oxidations/reductions and the importance of precomplexation to temporally enable excited radical ion catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangze Wu
- University of Regensburg: Universitat Regensburg, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, GERMANY
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- University of Regensburg: Universitat Regensburg, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, GERMANY
| | - Tobias A Karl
- University of Regensburg: Universitat Regensburg, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, GERMANY
| | - Xianhai Tian
- University of Regensburg: Universitat Regensburg, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, GERMANY
| | - Joshua Philip Barham
- Universitat Regensburg, Fakultat fur Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, 93040, Regensburg, GERMANY
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Bertrams MS, Kerzig C. Converting p-terphenyl into a novel organo-catalyst for LED-driven energy and electron transfer photoreactions in water. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6752-6755. [PMID: 34143166 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01947c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
p-Terphenyl is a potent photoredox catalyst under UV-irradiation. Aiming for more sustainable reaction conditions, we added two sulfonate groups to this key structure to achieve water solubility and incorporated an SO2-bridge thereby shifting the absorption spectrum towards the visible. The resulting photocatalyst shows unexpected triplet reactivity in several test reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Sophie Bertrams
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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Schmid L, Kerzig C, Prescimone A, Wenger OS. Photostable Ruthenium(II) Isocyanoborato Luminophores and Their Use in Energy Transfer and Photoredox Catalysis. JACS AU 2021; 1:819-832. [PMID: 34467335 PMCID: PMC8395604 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) polypyridine complexes are among the most popular sensitizers in photocatalysis, but they face some severe limitations concerning accessible excited-state energies and photostability that could hamper future applications. In this study, the borylation of heteroleptic ruthenium(II) cyanide complexes with α-diimine ancillary ligands is identified as a useful concept to elevate the energies of photoactive metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) states and to obtain unusually photorobust compounds suitable for thermodynamically challenging energy transfer catalysis as well as oxidative and reductive photoredox catalysis. B(C6F5)3 groups attached to the CN - ligands stabilize the metal-based t2g-like orbitals by ∼0.8 eV, leading to high 3MLCT energies (up to 2.50 eV) that are more typical for cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes. Through variation of their α-diimine ligands, nonradiative excited-state relaxation pathways involving higher-lying metal-centered states can be controlled, and their luminescence quantum yields and MLCT lifetimes can be optimized. These combined properties make the respective isocyanoborato complexes amenable to photochemical reactions for which common ruthenium(II)-based sensitizers are unsuited, due to a lack of sufficient triplet energy or excited-state redox power. Specifically, this includes photoisomerization reactions, sensitization of nickel-catalyzed cross-couplings, pinacol couplings, and oxidative decarboxylative C-C couplings. Our work is relevant in the greater context of tailoring photoactive coordination compounds to current challenges in synthetic photochemistry and solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucius Schmid
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alessandro Prescimone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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35
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Targos K, Williams OP, Wickens ZK. Unveiling Potent Photooxidation Behavior of Catalytic Photoreductants. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4125-4132. [PMID: 33724018 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe a photocatalytic system that reveals latent photooxidant behavior from one of the most reducing conventional photoredox catalysts, N-phenylphenothiazine (PTH). This aerobic photochemical reaction engages difficult to oxidize feedstocks, such as benzene, in C(sp2)-N coupling reactions through direct oxidation. Mechanistic studies are consistent with activation of PTH via photooxidation and with Lewis acid cocatalysts scavenging inhibitors inextricably formed in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Targos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Oliver P Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Zachary K Wickens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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36
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Yuan T, Zheng M, Antonietti M, Wang X. Ceramic boron carbonitrides for unlocking organic halides with visible light. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6323-6332. [PMID: 34084430 PMCID: PMC8115245 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01028j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Photochemistry provides a sustainable pathway for organic transformations by inducing radical intermediates from substrates through electron transfer process. However, progress is limited by heterogeneous photocatalysts that are required to be efficient, stable, and inexpensive for long-term operation with easy recyclability and product separation. Here, we report that boron carbonitride (BCN) ceramics are such a system and can reduce organic halides, including (het)aryl and alkyl halides, with visible light irradiation. Cross-coupling of halides to afford new C-H, C-C, and C-S bonds can proceed at ambient reaction conditions. Hydrogen, (het)aryl, and sulfonyl groups were introduced into the arenes and heteroarenes at the designed positions by means of mesolytic C-X (carbon-halogen) bond cleavage in the absence of any metal-based catalysts or ligands. BCN can be used not only for half reactions, like reduction reactions with a sacrificial agent, but also redox reactions through oxidative and reductive interfacial electron transfer. The BCN photocatalyst shows tolerance to different substituents and conserved activity after five recycles. The apparent metal-free system opens new opportunities for a wide range of organic catalysts using light energy and sustainable materials, which are metal-free, inexpensive and stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 China
| | - Meifang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 China
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Colloid Chemistry, Research Campus Golm 14424 Potsdam Germany
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 China
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Abstract
Visible light photocatalysis has become a powerful tool in organic synthesis that uses photons as traceless, sustainable reagents. Most of the activities in the field focus on the development of new reactions via common photoredox cycles, but recently a number of exciting new concepts and strategies entered less charted territories. We survey approaches that enable the use of longer wavelengths and show that the wavelength and intensity of photons are import parameters that enable tuning of the reactivity of a photocatalyst to control or change the selectivity of chemical reactions. In addition, we discuss recent efforts to substitute strong reductants, such as elemental lithium and sodium, by light and technological advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Reischauer
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimalle 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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38
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Shon JH, Kim D, Rathnayake MD, Sittel S, Weaver J, Teets TS. Photoredox catalysis on unactivated substrates with strongly reducing iridium photosensitizers. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4069-4078. [PMID: 34163678 PMCID: PMC8179447 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06306a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis has emerged as a powerful strategy in synthetic organic chemistry, but substrates that are difficult to reduce either require complex reaction conditions or are not amenable at all to photoredox transformations. In this work, we show that strong bis-cyclometalated iridium photoreductants with electron-rich β-diketiminate (NacNac) ancillary ligands enable high-yielding photoredox transformations of challenging substrates with very simple reaction conditions that require only a single sacrificial reagent. Using blue or green visible-light activation we demonstrate a variety of reactions, which include hydrodehalogenation, cyclization, intramolecular radical addition, and prenylation via radical-mediated pathways, with optimized conditions that only require the photocatalyst and a sacrificial reductant/hydrogen atom donor. Many of these reactions involve organobromide and organochloride substrates which in the past have had limited utility in photoredox catalysis. This work paves the way for the continued expansion of the substrate scope in photoredox catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hwa Shon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston 3585 Cullen Blvd., Room 112 Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
| | - Dooyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston 3585 Cullen Blvd., Room 112 Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
| | - Manjula D Rathnayake
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University 107, Physical Science Stillwater OK 74078 USA
| | - Steven Sittel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston 3585 Cullen Blvd., Room 112 Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
| | - Jimmie Weaver
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University 107, Physical Science Stillwater OK 74078 USA
| | - Thomas S Teets
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston 3585 Cullen Blvd., Room 112 Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
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39
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Schiel F, Peinsipp C, Kornigg S, Böse D. A 3D‐Printed Open Access Photoreactor Designed for Versatile Applications in Photoredox‐ and Photoelectrochemical Synthesis**. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202000291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schiel
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5–11 1121 Vienna Austria
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry University of Vienna Währinger Straße 38 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Christoph Peinsipp
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5–11 1121 Vienna Austria
| | - Stefan Kornigg
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5–11 1121 Vienna Austria
| | - Dietrich Böse
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5–11 1121 Vienna Austria
- Current address: Merck Healthcare KGaA Frankfurter Strasse 250 64293 Darmstadt Germany
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40
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Bevernaegie R, Wehlin SAM, Elias B, Troian‐Gautier L. A Roadmap Towards Visible Light Mediated Electron Transfer Chemistry with Iridium(III) Complexes. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202000255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Bevernaegie
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique CP160/06 Université libre de Bruxelles 50 avenue F. R. Roosevelt 1050 Brussels Belgium
- Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN) Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST) Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain) Place Louis Pasteur 1 box L4.01.02 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Sara A. M. Wehlin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique CP160/06 Université libre de Bruxelles 50 avenue F. R. Roosevelt 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Benjamin Elias
- Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN) Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST) Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain) Place Louis Pasteur 1 box L4.01.02 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Ludovic Troian‐Gautier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique CP160/06 Université libre de Bruxelles 50 avenue F. R. Roosevelt 1050 Brussels Belgium
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41
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Wu S, Žurauskas J, Domański M, Hitzfeld PS, Butera V, Scott DJ, Rehbein J, Kumar A, Thyrhaug E, Hauer J, Barham JP. Hole-mediated photoredox catalysis: tris(p-substituted)biarylaminium radical cations as tunable, precomplexing and potent photooxidants. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01609h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Triarylamines are demonstrated as novel, tunable electroactivated photocatalysts that use dispersion precomplexation to harness the full potential of the visible photon (>4.0 V vs. SCE) in anti-Kasha photo(electro)chemical super-oxidations of arenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangze Wu
- Universität Regensburg
- Fakültat für Chemie und Pharmazie
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Jonas Žurauskas
- Universität Regensburg
- Fakültat für Chemie und Pharmazie
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Michał Domański
- Universität Regensburg
- Fakültat für Chemie und Pharmazie
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Patrick S. Hitzfeld
- Universität Regensburg
- Fakültat für Chemie und Pharmazie
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Valeria Butera
- Central European Institute of Technology
- CEITEC
- 61200 Brno
- Czech Republic
| | - Daniel J. Scott
- Universität Regensburg
- Fakültat für Chemie und Pharmazie
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Julia Rehbein
- Universität Regensburg
- Fakültat für Chemie und Pharmazie
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Ajeet Kumar
- Technische Universität München
- Fakültat für Chemie
- 85748 Garching b. München
- Germany
| | - Erling Thyrhaug
- Technische Universität München
- Fakültat für Chemie
- 85748 Garching b. München
- Germany
| | - Jürgen Hauer
- Technische Universität München
- Fakültat für Chemie
- 85748 Garching b. München
- Germany
| | - Joshua P. Barham
- Universität Regensburg
- Fakültat für Chemie und Pharmazie
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
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42
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Larionova NA, Ondozabal JM, Cambeiro XC. Reduction of Electron‐Deficient Alkenes Enabled by a Photoinduced Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A. Larionova
- Department of Chemistry School of Biological and Chemical Sciences Queen Mary University of London. Mile End Rd London E1 4NS UK)
| | - Jun Miyatake Ondozabal
- Department of Chemistry School of Biological and Chemical Sciences Queen Mary University of London. Mile End Rd London E1 4NS UK)
| | - Xacobe C. Cambeiro
- Department of Chemistry School of Biological and Chemical Sciences Queen Mary University of London. Mile End Rd London E1 4NS UK)
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45
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Tsuchiya Y, Onai R, Uraguchi D, Ooi T. Redox-regulated divergence in photocatalytic addition of α-nitro alkyl radicals to styrenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:11014-11017. [PMID: 32785394 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04821f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A divergent photocatalytic system for the reaction of α-bromo nitroalkanes with styrene derivatives is established, wherein the generation of the persistent nitroxyl radical as a junctional intermediate and suitable tuning of the redox ability of the system constitute the crucial elements for achieving rigorous control over the possible reaction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Tsuchiya
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Ryota Onai
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Uraguchi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Takashi Ooi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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46
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Schreier MR, Pfund B, Guo X, Wenger OS. Photo-triggered hydrogen atom transfer from an iridium hydride complex to unactivated olefins. Chem Sci 2020; 11:8582-8594. [PMID: 34123118 PMCID: PMC8163408 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01820a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many photoactive metal complexes can act as electron donors or acceptors upon photoexcitation, but hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reactivity is rare. We discovered that a typical representative of a widely used class of iridium hydride complexes acts as an H-atom donor to unactivated olefins upon irradiation at 470 nm in the presence of tertiary alkyl amines as sacrificial electron and proton sources. The catalytic hydrogenation of simple olefins served as a test ground to establish this new photo-reactivity of iridium hydrides. Substrates that are very difficult to activate by photoinduced electron transfer were readily hydrogenated, and structure-reactivity relationships established with 12 different olefins are in line with typical HAT reactivity, reflecting the relative stabilities of radical intermediates formed by HAT. Radical clock, H/D isotope labeling, and transient absorption experiments provide further mechanistic insight and corroborate the interpretation of the overall reactivity in terms of photo-triggered hydrogen atom transfer (photo-HAT). The catalytically active species is identified as an Ir(ii) hydride with an IrII-H bond dissociation free energy around 44 kcal mol-1, which is formed after reductive 3MLCT excited-state quenching of the corresponding Ir(iii) hydride, i.e. the actual HAT step occurs on the ground-state potential energy surface. The photo-HAT reactivity presented here represents a conceptually novel approach to photocatalysis with metal complexes, which is fundamentally different from the many prior studies relying on photoinduced electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam R Schreier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Björn Pfund
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Xingwei Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
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47
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Yu D, To WP, Tong GSM, Wu LL, Chan KT, Du L, Phillips DL, Liu Y, Che CM. Luminescent tungsten(vi) complexes as photocatalysts for light-driven C-C and C-B bond formation reactions. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6370-6382. [PMID: 32874518 PMCID: PMC7448528 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01340d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The realization of photocatalysis for practical synthetic application hinges on the development of inexpensive photocatalysts which can be prepared on a large scale. Herein an air-stable, visible-light-absorbing photoluminescent tungsten(vi) complex which can be conveniently prepared at the gram-scale is described. This complex could catalyse photochemical organic transformation reactions including borylation of aryl halides, such as aryl chloride, reductive coupling of benzyl bromides for C-C bond formation, reductive coupling of phenacyl bromides, and decarboxylative coupling of redox-active esters of alkyl carboxylic acid with high product yields and broad functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daohong Yu
- Department of Chemistry , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China .
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials , Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
| | - Wai-Pong To
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials , Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
| | - Glenna So Ming Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials , Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
| | - Liang-Liang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials , Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
| | - Kaai-Tung Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials , Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
| | - Lili Du
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials , Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials , Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
| | - Yungen Liu
- Department of Chemistry , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China .
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- Department of Chemistry , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China .
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials , Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
- HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China
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Glaser F, Larsen CB, Kerzig C, Wenger OS. Aryl dechlorination and defluorination with an organic super-photoreductant. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:1035-1041. [PMID: 32588869 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00127a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Direct excitation of the commercially available super-electron donor tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene (TDAE) with light-emitting diodes at 440 or 390 nm provides a stoichiometric reductant that is able to reduce aryl chlorides and fluorides. The method is very simple and requires only TDAE, substrate, and solvent at room temperature. The photoactive excited state of TDAE has a lifetime of 17.3 ns in cyclohexane at room temperature and an oxidation potential of ca.-3.4 V vs. SCE. This makes TDAE one of the strongest photoreductants able to operate on the basis of single excitation with visible photons. Direct substrate activation occurs in benzene, but acetone is reduced by photoexcited TDAE and substrate reduction takes place by a previously unexplored solvent radical anion mechanism. Our work shows that solvent can have a leveling effect on the photochemically available redox power, reminiscent of the pH-leveling effect that solvent has in acid-base chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christopher B Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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Ishibashi Y, Nakai S, Masuda K, Kitagawa D, Kobatake S, Asahi T. Nanosecond laser photothermal effect-triggered amplification of photochromic reactions in diarylethene nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:7088-7091. [PMID: 32500124 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00884b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Intense ns pulse laser excitation to nanoparticle colloids of a photochromic diarylethene induced an amplified cycloreversion reaction. The mechanism was explained as a 'photosynergetic response' coupled with nanoscale laser heating and the photochemical reaction in nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihide Ishibashi
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
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Pfund B, Steffen DM, Schreier MR, Bertrams MS, Ye C, Börjesson K, Wenger OS, Kerzig C. UV Light Generation and Challenging Photoreactions Enabled by Upconversion in Water. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10468-10476. [PMID: 32412242 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation (sTTA) is the most promising mechanism for pooling the energy of two visible photons, but its applications in solution were so far limited to organic solvents, with a current maximum of the excited-singlet state energy of 3.6 eV. By combining tailor-made iridium complexes with naphthalenes, we demonstrate blue-light driven upconversion in water with unprecedented singlet-state energies approaching 4 eV. The annihilators have outstanding excited-state reactivities enabling challenging photoreductions driven by sTTA. Specifically, we found that an aryl-bromide bond activation can be achieved with blue photons, and we obtained full conversion for the very energy-demanding decomposition of a persistent ammonium compound as typical water pollutant, not only with a cw laser but also with an LED light source. These results provide the first proof-of-concept for the usage of low-power light sources for challenging reactions employing blue-to-UV upconversion in water and pave the way for the further development of sustainable light-harvesting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Pfund
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Debora M Steffen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mirjam R Schreier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria-Sophie Bertrams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chen Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 4, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 4, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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