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Goodwin RJ, White NG. A Cationic Catechol Derivative Binds Anions in Competitive Aqueous Media. Chem Asian J 2024:e202301121. [PMID: 38269957 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202301121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
A simple dihydroxy isoquinolinium molecule (3+ ) was prepared by a modification of a literature procedure. Interestingly, during optimisation of the synthesis a small amount of the natural product pseudopalmatine was isolated, and characterised for the first time by X-ray crystallography. Compound 3+ contains a catechol motif and positive charge on the same scaffold and was found to be a potent anion receptor, binding sulfate strongly in 8 : 2 d6 -acetone:D2 O and 7 : 3 d6 -acetone:D2 O (Ka >104 and 2,100 M-1 , respectively). Unsurprisingly, chloride binding was much weaker, even in the less polar solvent mixture 9 : 1 d6 -acetone:D2 O. The sulfate binding is remarkably strong for such a simple molecule, however anion binding studies were complicated by the tendency of the molecule to react with BPh4 - or BF4 - species during anion metathesis reactions. This gave two unusual zwitterions containing tetrahedral boronate centres, which were both characterised by X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary J Goodwin
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Nicholas G White
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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2
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Dumon AS, Rzepa HS, Alamillo-Ferrer C, Bures J, Procter R, Sheppard TD, Whiting A. A computational tool to accurately and quickly predict 19F NMR chemical shifts of molecules with fluorine-carbon and fluorine-boron bonds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:20409-20425. [PMID: 35983846 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02317b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the evaluation of density-functional-theory (DFT) based procedures for predicting 19F NMR chemical shifts at modest computational cost for a range of molecules with fluorine bonds, to be used as a tool for assisting the characterisation of reaction intermediates and products and as an aid to identifying mechanistic pathways. The results for a balanced learning set of molecules were then checked using two further testing sets, resulting in the recommendation of the ωB97XD/aug-cc-pvdz DFT method and basis set as having the best combination of accuracy and computational time, with a RMS error of 3.57 ppm. Cationic molecules calculated without counter-anion showed normal errors, whilst anionic molecules showed somewhat larger errors. The method was applied to the prediction of the conformationally averaged 19F chemical shifts of 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoropentan-1-ol, in which gauche stereoelectronic effects involving fluorine dominate and to determining the position of coordination equilibria of fluorinated boranes as an aid to verifying the relative energies of intermediate species involved in catalytic amidation reactions involving boron catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre S Dumon
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 OBZ, UK.
| | - Henry S Rzepa
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 OBZ, UK.
| | | | - Jordi Bures
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Richard Procter
- Department of Chemistry, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Tom D Sheppard
- Department of Chemistry, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Andrew Whiting
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, Science Laboratories, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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3
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Svestka D, Otevrel J, Bobal P. Asymmetric Organocatalyzed Friedel–Crafts Reaction of Trihaloacetaldehydes and Phenols. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Svestka
- Department of Chemical Drugs Faculty of Pharmacy Masaryk University Brno Palackeho 1946/1 612 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Jan Otevrel
- Department of Chemical Drugs Faculty of Pharmacy Masaryk University Brno Palackeho 1946/1 612 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Bobal
- Department of Chemical Drugs Faculty of Pharmacy Masaryk University Brno Palackeho 1946/1 612 00 Brno Czech Republic
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4
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Chowdhury R, Dubey MK, Waser M. Catalytic Enantioselective Decarboxylative Aldol reactions of Malonic acid half thio(oxy)ester and β‐ketoacids. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raghunath Chowdhury
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Bio-Organic Division Tombay 400085 Mumbai INDIA
| | | | - Mario Waser
- Johannes Kepler Universität Linz: Johannes Kepler Universitat Linz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
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5
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Salazar Marcano DE, Moussawi MA, Anyushin AV, Lentink S, Van Meervelt L, Ivanović-Burmazović I, Parac-Vogt TN. Versatile post-functionalisation strategy for the formation of modular organic-inorganic polyoxometalate hybrids. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2891-2899. [PMID: 35382468 PMCID: PMC8905796 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06326j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid structures incorporating different organic and inorganic constituents are emerging as a very promising class of materials since they synergistically combine the complementary and diverse properties of the individual components. Hybrid materials based on polyoxometalate clusters (POMs) are particularly interesting due to their versatile catalytic, redox, electronic, and magnetic properties, yet the controlled incorporation of different clusters into a hybrid structure is challenging and has been scarcely reported. Herein we propose a novel and general strategy for combining multiple types of metal-oxo clusters in a single hybrid molecule. Two novel hybrid POM structures (HPOMs) bis-functionalised with dipentaerythritol (R-POM1-R; R = (OCH2)3CCH2OCH2C(CH2OH)) were synthesised as building-blocks for the formation of heterometallic hybrid triads (POM2-R-POM1-R-POM2). Such a modular approach resulted in the formation of four novel heterometallic hybrids combing the Lindqvist {V6}, Anderson-Evans {XMo6} (X = Cr or Al) and trisubstituted Wells-Dawson {P2V3W15} POM structures. Their formation was confirmed by multinuclear Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), infrared (IR) and UV-Vis spectroscopy, as well as Mass Spectrometry, Diffusion Ordered Spectroscopy (DOSY) and elemental analysis. The thermal stability of the hybrids was also examined by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), which showed that the HPOM triads exhibit higher thermal stability than comparable hybrid structures containing only one type of POM. The one-pot synthesis of these novel compounds was achieved in high yields in aqueous and organic media under simple reflux conditions, without the need of any additives, and could be translated to create other hybrid materials based on a variety of metal-oxo cluster building-blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Salazar Marcano
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, KU Leuven Department of Chemistry Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Mhamad Aly Moussawi
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, KU Leuven Department of Chemistry Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Alexander V Anyushin
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, KU Leuven Department of Chemistry Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Sarah Lentink
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, KU Leuven Department of Chemistry Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Luc Van Meervelt
- Biomolecular Architecture, KU Leuven Department of Chemistry Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Ivana Ivanović-Burmazović
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Butenandtstr. 5-13, Haus D 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Tatjana N Parac-Vogt
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, KU Leuven Department of Chemistry Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
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6
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Shao N, Monnier V, Charles L, Rodriguez J, Bressy C, Quintard A. Multi‐catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of 1,3‐Diols Containing a Tetrasubstituted Fluorinated Stereocenter. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Shao
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille iSm2 Marseille France
| | - Valérie Monnier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille FSCM Marseille France
| | | | - Jean Rodriguez
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille iSm2 Marseille France
| | - Cyril Bressy
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille iSm2 Marseille France
| | - Adrien Quintard
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille iSm2 Marseille France
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7
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Desrues T, Merad J, Andrei D, Pons J, Parrain J, Médebielle M, Quintard A, Bressy C. Impact of the Difluoromethylene Group in the Organocatalyzed Acylative Kinetic Resolution of α,α‐Difluorohydrins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Titouan Desrues
- Aix-Marseille Univ CNRS Centrale Marseille, iSm2 Marseille France
| | - Jérémy Merad
- Univ Lyon Université Lyon 1 CNRS INSA CPE-Lyon ICBMS UMR 5246 Bât. Lederer 1 rue Victor Grignard 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Daniela Andrei
- Univ Lyon Université Lyon 1 CNRS INSA CPE-Lyon ICBMS UMR 5246 Bât. Lederer 1 rue Victor Grignard 69622 Villeurbanne France
- Dominican University 7900 West Division Street River Forest IL 60305 USA
| | - Jean‐Marc Pons
- Aix-Marseille Univ CNRS Centrale Marseille, iSm2 Marseille France
| | - Jean‐Luc Parrain
- Aix-Marseille Univ CNRS Centrale Marseille, iSm2 Marseille France
| | - Maurice Médebielle
- Univ Lyon Université Lyon 1 CNRS INSA CPE-Lyon ICBMS UMR 5246 Bât. Lederer 1 rue Victor Grignard 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Adrien Quintard
- Aix-Marseille Univ CNRS Centrale Marseille, iSm2 Marseille France
| | - Cyril Bressy
- Aix-Marseille Univ CNRS Centrale Marseille, iSm2 Marseille France
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8
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Desrues T, Merad J, Andrei D, Pons JM, Parrain JL, Médebielle M, Quintard A, Bressy C. Impact of the Difluoromethylene Group in the Organocatalyzed Acylative Kinetic Resolution of α,α-Difluorohydrins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24924-24929. [PMID: 34473886 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Due to the omnipresence of chiral organofluorine compounds in pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and material chemistry, the development of enantioselective methods for their preparation is highly desirable. In the present study, the enantioselective organocatalyzed acylation of α,α-difluorohydrins using a commercially available chiral isothiourea is reported through a kinetic resolution (KR) process. It reveals that the difluoromethylene moiety (C(sp3 )F2 ) can serve as a directing group through electrostatic fluorine-cation interactions, greatly improving the enantioselectivity of the KR. In this context, a broad range of fluorinated alcohols such as valuable 4,4-difluoro-1,3-diols could be synthesized with exquisite enantiocontrol (typically >99:1 er). Turning to 2,2-difluoro-1,3-diols, we also demonstrated that aromatic and fluorinated groups were mutually compatible to provide the expected enantioenriched adducts with >99:1 er.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titouan Desrues
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Jérémy Merad
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246, Bât. Lederer, 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Daniela Andrei
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246, Bât. Lederer, 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69622, Villeurbanne, France.,Dominican University, 7900 West Division Street, River Forest, IL, 60305, USA
| | - Jean-Marc Pons
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Luc Parrain
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Maurice Médebielle
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246, Bât. Lederer, 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Adrien Quintard
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Cyril Bressy
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
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9
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Xiao P, Pannecoucke X, Bouillon JP, Couve-Bonnaire S. Wonderful fusion of organofluorine chemistry and decarboxylation strategy. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:6094-6151. [PMID: 34027960 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00216c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Decarboxylation strategy has been emerging as a powerful tool for the synthesis of fluorine-containing organic compounds that play important roles in various fields such as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials science. Considerable progress in decarboxylation has been made over the past decade towards the construction of diverse valuable fluorinated fine chemicals for which the fluorinated part can be brought in two ways. The first way is described as the reaction of non-fluorinated carboxylic acids (and their derivatives) with fluorinating reagents, as well as fluorine-containing building blocks. The second way is dedicated to the exploration and the use of fluorine-containing carboxylic acids (and their derivatives) in decarboxylative transformations. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the development and applications of decarboxylative radical, nucleophilic and cross-coupling strategies in organofluorine chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Xiao
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Xavier Pannecoucke
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France.
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10
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Quintard A. Copper Catalyzed Decarboxylative Functionalization of Ketoacids. CHEM REC 2021; 21:3382-3393. [PMID: 33750015 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Selective copper catalyzed activation of ketoacids and notably bio-sourced 1,3-acetonedicarboxylic acid, represents an attractive strategy to solve key synthetic challenges. Condensation with aldehydes under exceedingly mild conditions can create more rapidly known natural products scaffolds such as 1,3 polyols. In this account, the recent progress in this field, notably through multicatalytic combination with organocatalysis is described. In addition to the rapid preparation of natural product fragments, cascade incorporation of fluorine also provided new type of synthetic analogues of improved properties in a broad range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Quintard
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
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11
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Funabiki K, Gotoh T, Kani R, Inuzuka T, Kubota Y. Highly diastereo- and enantioselective organocatalytic synthesis of trifluoromethylated erythritols based on the in situ generation of unstable trifluoroacetaldehyde. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:1296-1304. [PMID: 33315035 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02067b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thus far, only a few methods for the asymmetric synthesis of erythritols bearing a trifluoromethyl group have been developed, and these methods present serious disadvantages such as the requirement of multiple steps for the preparation of their starting materials, low stereoselectivity, and the use of highly toxic reagents. Herein, we have developed a highly diastereo- and enantioselective organocatalytic method to synthesise erythritols bearing a trifluoromethyl group using (1) a commercially available organocatalyst to produce unstable trifluoroacetaldehyde in situ from its corresponding hemiacetal, followed by the simultaneous asymmetric carbon-carbon bond-forming reaction of the organocatalyst with an in situ-generated chiral enamine derived from 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-5-one to obtain the corresponding aldol product in good yield (65-80%) with high diastereoselectivity (up to 94% de) and excellent enantioselectivity (up to >98% ee), (2) the highly diastereoselective reduction of the ketone moiety in the aldol product (up to 98% de), and (3) the deprotection of the acetal moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Funabiki
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Gifu University, 1-1, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Toshiya Gotoh
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Gifu University, 1-1, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Ryunosuke Kani
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Gifu University, 1-1, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Toshiyasu Inuzuka
- Division of Instrumental Analysis, Life Science Research Centre, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kubota
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Gifu University, 1-1, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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12
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Takemoto Y, Tokuhiro Y, Hayama N, Kobayashi Y. Bifunctional-Benzothiadiazine-Catalyzed Regio- and Stereoselective Aldol Reactions Using A 1,3-Acetonedicarboxylic Acid Monoester. HETEROCYCLES 2021. [DOI: 10.3987/com-20-s(k)12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Sperandio C, Rodriguez J, Quintard A. Organocatalytic carbon dioxide fixation to epoxides by perfluorinated 1,3,5-triols catalysts. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:2637-2640. [PMID: 32196062 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00402b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve epoxides conversion to carbonates by fixation of CO2 a new type of perfluorinated triol catalysts was developed. These simple acyclic scaffolds of enhanced acidity are efficient for catalysis through selective H-bonding activation of the epoxide. In combination with TBAI as co-catalyst, this useful transformation is performed under only 1 atmosphere of CO2 and between 30 to 80 °C. Both the 1,3,5-triol motif and the perfluorinated side chains are crucial in order to observe this epoxide opening under such mild conditions. In addition, the stereochemistry of the starting epoxide can efficiently be conserved during the carbonate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Sperandio
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France.
| | - Jean Rodriguez
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France.
| | - Adrien Quintard
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France.
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14
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Sperandio C, Rodriguez J, Quintard A. Three-Component Multi-Catalytic Enantioselective Oxa-Michael/Aldolization Sequence and Application to (+)-Yashabushitriol Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Sperandio
- Centrale Marseille, iSm2; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Marseille France
| | - Jean Rodriguez
- Centrale Marseille, iSm2; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Marseille France
| | - Adrien Quintard
- Centrale Marseille, iSm2; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Marseille France
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15
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Sperandio C, Rodriguez J, Quintard A. Catalytic strategies towards 1,3-polyol synthesis by enantioselective cascades creating multiple alcohol functions. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:1025-1035. [PMID: 31976499 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02675d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the different enantioselective catalyst-controlled cascades creating multiple alcohol functions through the formation of several carbon-carbon bonds. Through subsequent simple derivatization, these strategies ensure the rapid preparation of 1,3-polyols. Thanks to the use of efficient metal- or organo-catalysts, these cascades enable the selective assembly of multiple substrates considerably limiting operations and waste generation. For this purpose, several mono- or bi-directional approaches have been devised allowing successive C-C bond-forming events. The considerable synthetic economies these cascades enable have been demonstrated in the preparation of a wide variety of complex bioactive natural products, notably polyketides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Sperandio
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France.
| | - Jean Rodriguez
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France.
| | - Adrien Quintard
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France.
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