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Rana N, Chatterjee R, Ro S, Levine D, Ramaswamy S, Perlekar P. Defect turbulence in a dense suspension of polar, active swimmers. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:024603. [PMID: 38491596 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.024603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
We study the effects of inertia in dense suspensions of polar swimmers. The hydrodynamic velocity field and the polar order parameter field describe the dynamics of the suspension. We show that a dimensionless parameter R (ratio of the swimmer self-advection speed to the active stress invasion speed [Phys. Rev. X 11, 031063 (2021)2160-330810.1103/PhysRevX.11.031063]) controls the stability of an ordered swimmer suspension. For R smaller than a threshold R_{1}, perturbations grow at a rate proportional to their wave number q. Beyond R_{1} we show that the growth rate is O(q^{2}) until a second threshold R=R_{2} is reached. The suspension is stable for R>R_{2}. We perform direct numerical simulations to characterize the steady-state properties and observe defect turbulence for R
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Affiliation(s)
- Navdeep Rana
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rayan Chatterjee
- Stanford Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Sunghan Ro
- Department of Physics, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Dov Levine
- Department of Physics, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Sriram Ramaswamy
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560 012, India
| | - Prasad Perlekar
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad 500046, India
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2
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Ureña Marcos JC, Liebchen B. Inverted Sedimentation of Active Particles in Unbiased ac Fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:038201. [PMID: 37540873 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.038201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Gaining control over the motion of active particles is crucial for applications ranging from targeted cargo delivery to nanomedicine. While much progress has been made recently to control active motion based on external forces, flows, or gradients in concentration or light intensity, which all have a well-defined direction or bias, little is known about how to steer active particles in situations where no permanent bias can be realized. Here, we show that ac fields with a vanishing time average provide an alternative route to steering active particles. We exemplify this route for inertial active particles in a gravitational field, observing that a substantial fraction of them persistently travels in the upward direction upon switching on the ac field, resulting in an inverted sedimentation profile at the top wall of a confining container. Our results offer a generic control principle that could be used in the future to steer active motion, direct collective behaviors, and purify mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Ureña Marcos
- Institut für Physik Kondensierter Materie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 8, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Benno Liebchen
- Institut für Physik Kondensierter Materie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 8, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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3
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Montana F, Camporeale C, Porporato A, Rondoni L. Inertial and geometrical effects of self-propelled elliptical Brownian particles. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:054607. [PMID: 37328983 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.054607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Active particles that self-propel by transforming energy into mechanical motion represent a growing area of research in mathematics, physics, and chemistry. Here we investigate the dynamics of nonspherical inertial active particles moving in a harmonic potential, introducing geometric parameters which take into account the role of eccentricity for nonspherical particles. A comparison between the overdamped and underdamped models for elliptical particles is performed. The model of overdamped active Brownian motion has been used to describe most of the basic aspects of micrometer-sized particles moving in a liquid ("microswimmers"). We consider active particles by extending the active Brownian motion model to incorporate translation and rotation inertia and account for the role of eccentricity. We show how the overdamped and the underdamped models behave in the same way for small values of activity (Brownian case) if eccentricity is equal to zero, but increasing eccentricity leads the two dynamics to substantially depart from each other-in particular, the action of a torque induced by external forces, induced a marked difference close to the walls of the domain if eccentricity is high. Effects induced by inertia include an inertial delay time of the self-propulsion direction from the particle velocity, and the differences between the overdamped and underdamped systems are particularly evident in the first and second moments of the particle velocities. Comparison with the experimental results of vibrated granular particles shows good agreement and corroborates the notion that self-propelling massive particles moving in gaseous media are dominated by inertial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Montana
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy and INFN, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Carlo Camporeale
- Department of Environmental, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Amilcare Porporato
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA and High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lamberto Rondoni
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy and INFN, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy
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4
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Feng M, Hou Z. Mode-coupling theory for the dynamics of dense underdamped active Brownian particle system. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:024102. [PMID: 36641396 DOI: 10.1063/5.0131080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a theory to study the inertial effect on glassy dynamics of the underdamped active Brownian particle (UABP) system. Using the assumption of the nonequilibrium steady-state, we obtain an effective Fokker-Planck equation for the probability distribution function (PDF) as a function of positions and momentums. With this equation, we achieve the evolution equation of the intermediate scattering function through the Zwanzig-Mori projection operator method and the mode-coupling theory (MCT). Theoretical analysis shows that the inertia of the particle affects the memory function and corresponding glass transition by influencing the structure factor and a velocity correlation function. The theory provides theoretical support and guidance for subsequent simulation work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengkai Feng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhonghuai Hou
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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5
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Qi T, Han F, Liu W, Yan Z. Stable Negative Optical Torque in Optically Bound Nanoparticle Dimers. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:8482-8486. [PMID: 36190775 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Negative optical torque is a counterintuitive optomechanical phenomenon that can emerge in light-assembled nanoparticle (NP) clusters (i.e., optical matter) under circular polarization. However, in experiments, stable negative torque was limited to optical matter with 3 or more NPs. Here, we show that by increasing the particle size, the sign of optical torque can be reversed in optical matter dimers, where stable negative torque arises in dimers of 300 nm diameter Au or 490 nm diameter polystyrene NPs. Our computational analysis reveals that the multipolar resonances in large NPs can enhance the forward scattering along the spin angular momentum (SAM) direction of light, creating a recoil negative torque due to momentum conservation. The observation of stable negative torque in dimers pushes the limit to the smallest optical matter, demonstrating the universal existence of negative torque in such a system. The underlying principle also provides new strategies for making light-driven nanomotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tailei Qi
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Fei Han
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Zijie Yan
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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6
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Hecht L, Mandal S, Löwen H, Liebchen B. Active Refrigerators Powered by Inertia. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:178001. [PMID: 36332249 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.178001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We present the operational principle for a refrigerator that uses inertial effects in active Brownian particles to locally reduce their (kinetic) temperature by 2 orders of magnitude below the environmental temperature. This principle exploits the peculiar but so-far unknown shape of the phase diagram of inertial active Brownian particles to initiate motility-induced phase separation in the targeted cooling regime only. Remarkably, active refrigerators operate without requiring isolating walls opening the route toward using them to systematically absorb and trap, e.g., toxic substances from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hecht
- Institut für Physik kondensierter Materie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 8, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Suvendu Mandal
- Institut für Physik kondensierter Materie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 8, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Hartmut Löwen
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II-Soft Matter, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Benno Liebchen
- Institut für Physik kondensierter Materie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 8, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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7
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De Karmakar S, Ganesh R. Motility-induced phase separation of self-propelled soft inertial disks. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:7301-7308. [PMID: 36106916 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00772j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The phase diagram of the phenomenon of motility-induced phase separation (MIPS) for a collection of self-propelled interacting disks over a large inertial range is explored using active Langevin dynamics simulation with particular emphasis on disk softness and effective size. It is shown that the parabola-like phase boundary between the homogeneous and MIPS states in the semi-log space of disk softness and effective size moves towards the hard disk limit with increase in inertia, before complete disappearance in the limit of large inertia. With increase in effective size of the disks, re-entrant phase separation, that is the system phase-separating from a homogeneous phase and eventually re-entering the homogeneous phase, is reported. The structural and the dynamical properties of the different phases are investigated in the considered inertial range. The particular shape of the phase boundary and the re-entrant behavior is explained based on several qualitative and quantitative results. Unlike most of the earlier studies on MIPS, which consider hard particle limits, our findings may be directly applicable to soft active matter for a range of physical and biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen De Karmakar
- Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, Gujarat, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India.
| | - Rajaraman Ganesh
- Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, Gujarat, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India.
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8
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Rhee E, Hunt R, Thomson SJ, Harris DM. SurferBot: a wave-propelled aquatic vibrobot. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2022; 17:055001. [PMID: 35700721 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ac78b6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nature has evolved a vast array of strategies for propulsion at the air-fluid interface. Inspired by a survival mechanism initiated by the honeybee (Apis mellifera) trapped on the surface of water, we here present theSurferBot: a centimeter-scale vibrating robotic device that self-propels on a fluid surface using analogous hydrodynamic mechanisms as the stricken honeybee. This low-cost and easily assembled device is capable of rectilinear motion thanks to forces arising from a wave-generated, unbalanced momentum flux, achieving speeds on the order of centimeters per second. Owing to the dimensions of the SurferBot and amplitude of the capillary wave field, we find that the magnitude of the propulsive force is similar to that of the honeybee. In addition to a detailed description of the fluid mechanics underpinning the SurferBot propulsion, other modes of SurferBot locomotion are discussed. More broadly, we propose that the SurferBot can be used to explore fundamental aspects of active and driven particles at fluid interfaces, as well as in robotics and fluid mechanics pedagogy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Rhee
- Brown University, Center for Fluid Mechanics and School of Engineering, 184 Hope St., Providence, RI 02912, United States of America
| | - Robert Hunt
- Brown University, Center for Fluid Mechanics and School of Engineering, 184 Hope St., Providence, RI 02912, United States of America
| | - Stuart J Thomson
- Brown University, Center for Fluid Mechanics and School of Engineering, 184 Hope St., Providence, RI 02912, United States of America
- University of Bristol, Department of Engineering Mathematics, Ada Lovelace Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TW, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel M Harris
- Brown University, Center for Fluid Mechanics and School of Engineering, 184 Hope St., Providence, RI 02912, United States of America
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9
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Saghatchi R, Yildiz M, Doostmohammadi A. Nematic order condensation and topological defects in inertial active nematics. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:014705. [PMID: 35974636 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.014705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Living materials at different length scales manifest active nematic features such as orientational order, nematic topological defects, and active nematic turbulence. Using numerical simulations we investigate the impact of fluid inertia on the collective pattern formation in active nematics. We show that an incremental increase in inertial effects due to reduced viscosity results in gradual melting of nematic order with an increase in topological defect density before a discontinuous transition to a vortex-condensate state. The emergent vortex-condensate state at low enough viscosities coincides with nematic order condensation within the giant vortices and the drop in the density of topological defects. We further show flow field around topological defects is substantially affected by inertial effects. Moreover, we demonstrate the strong dependence of the kinetic energy spectrum on the inertial effects, recover the Kolmogorov scaling within the vortex-condensate phase, but find no evidence of universal scaling at higher viscosities. The findings reveal complexities in active nematic turbulence and emphasize the important cross-talk between active and inertial effects in setting flow and orientational organization of active particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roozbeh Saghatchi
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla 34956 Istanbul, Turkey; Integrated Manufacturing Technology Research & Application Center, Sabanci University, Tuzla 34956 Istanbul, Turkey; and Composite Technologies Center of Excellence, Sabanci University-Kordsa, Pendik 34906 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Yildiz
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla 34956 Istanbul, Turkey; Integrated Manufacturing Technology Research & Application Center, Sabanci University, Tuzla 34956 Istanbul, Turkey; and Composite Technologies Center of Excellence, Sabanci University-Kordsa, Pendik 34906 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Amin Doostmohammadi
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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C P S, Joy A. Effective temperature and Einstein relation for particles in active matter flows. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:065114. [PMID: 35854616 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.065114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Active matter are a collection of units with intrinsic supply of energy that is utilized for self-propelled motion. Recent studies have confirmed that these active systems can exist in exotic phases, such as swarming, laning, jamming, and even turbulence, based on the size and density of the constituent units. An interesting question that naturally arises is whether one can identify an effective temperature for particles advected by such an active flow that is far from equilibrium. In this paper, we report using a continuum model of a dense bacterial suspension, an exact expression of the effective temperature for a distribution of interacting particles that are immersed in this suspension. We observe that this effective temperature is linear in particle diffusivity with the slope defining the particle mobility that is higher when the background fluid exhibits global polar ordering and lower when the fluid is in isotropic equilibrium. We believe our paper is a direct verification of the Einstein relation-the simplest fluctuation dissipation relation for interacting particles advected in an active matter flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay C P
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Ashwin Joy
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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11
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Goswami K. Inertial particle under active fluctuations: Diffusion and work distributions. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:044123. [PMID: 35590542 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.044123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We study the underdamped motion of a passive particle in an active environment. Using the phase space path integral method we find the probability distribution function of position and velocity for a free and a harmonically bound particle. The environment is characterized by an active noise which is described as the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process (OUP). Taking two similar, yet slightly different OUP models, it is shown how inertia along with other relevant parameters affect the dynamics of the particle. Further we investigate the work fluctuations of a harmonically trapped particle by considering the trap center being pulled at a constant speed. Finally, the fluctuation theorem of work is validated with an effective temperature in the steady-state limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Powai 400076, India and Institute of Physics & Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24/25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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12
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Peshkov A, McGaffigan S, Quillen AC. Synchronized oscillations in swarms of nematode Turbatrix aceti. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:1174-1182. [PMID: 35029257 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01572a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There is a recent surge of interest in the behavior of active particles that can at the same time align their direction of movement and synchronize their oscillations, known as swarmalators. While theoretical and numerical models of such systems are now abundant, no real-life examples have been shown to date. We present an experimental investigation of the collective motion of the nematode Turbatrix aceti that self-propel by body undulation. We discover that these nematodes can synchronize their body oscillations, forming striking traveling metachronal waves, which produces strong fluid flows. We uncover that the location and strength of this collective state can be controlled through the shape of the confining structure; in our case the contact angle of a droplet. This opens a way for producing controlled work such as on-demand flows or displacement of objects. We illustrate this by showing that the force generated by this state is sufficient to change the physics of evaporation of fluid droplets, by counteracting the surface-tension force, which allow us to estimate its strength. The relatively large size and ease of culture make Turbatrix aceti a promising model organism for experimental investigation of swarming and oscillating active matter capable of producing controllable work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Peshkov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
| | - Sonia McGaffigan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
| | - Alice C Quillen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
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13
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DiBenedetto M, Helfrich KR, Pires A, Anderson EJ, Mullineaux LS. Responding to the signal and the noise: behavior of planktonic gastropod larvae in turbulence. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274062. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Swimming organisms may actively adjust their behavior in response to the flow around them. Ocean flows are typically turbulent, and characterized by chaotic velocity fluctuations. While some studies have observed planktonic larvae altering their behavior in response to turbulence, it is not always clear whether a plankter is responding to an individual turbulent fluctuation or to the time-averaged flow. To distinguish between these two paradigms, we conducted laboratory experiments with larvae in turbulence. We observed veliger larvae of the gastropod Crepidula fornicata in a jet-stirred turbulence tank while simultaneously measuring two-components of the fluid and larval velocity. Larvae were studied at two different stages of development, early-stage and late-stage, and their behavior was analyzed in response to different characteristics of turbulence: acceleration, dissipation, and vorticity. Our analysis considered both the effects of the time-averaged flow and the instantaneous flow around the larvae. Overall, we found that both stages of larvae increased their upward swimming speeds in response to increasing turbulence. However, we found that the early-stage larvae tended to respond to the time-averaged flow whereas the late-stage larvae tended to respond to the instantaneous flow around them. These observations indicate that larvae can integrate flow information over time and that their behavioral responses to turbulence can depend on both their present and past flow environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle DiBenedetto
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole, 02543, USA
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Biology, Woods Hole, 02543, USA
| | - Karl R. Helfrich
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole, 02543, USA
| | - Anthony Pires
- Dickinson College, Department of Biology, Carlisle, 17013, USA
| | - Erik J. Anderson
- Grove City College, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Grove City, 16127, USA
| | - Lauren S. Mullineaux
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Biology, Woods Hole, 02543, USA
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14
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Exploring the sensitivity in jellyfish locomotion under variations in scale, frequency, and duty cycle. J Math Biol 2021; 83:56. [PMID: 34731319 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-021-01678-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Jellyfish have been called one of the most energy-efficient animals in the world due to the ease in which they move through their fluid environment, by product of their bell kinematics coupled with their morphological, muscular, material properties. We investigated jellyfish locomotion by conducting in silico comparative studies and explored swimming performance across different fluid scales (i.e., Reynolds Number), bell contraction frequencies, and contraction phase kinematics (duty cycle) for a jellyfish with a fineness ratio of 1 (ratio of bell height to bell diameter). To study these relationships, an open source implementation of the immersed boundary method was used (IB2d) to solve the fully coupled fluid-structure interaction problem of a flexible jellyfish bell in a viscous fluid. Thorough 2D parameter subspace explorations illustrated optimal parameter combinations in which give rise to enhanced swimming performance. All performance metrics indicated a higher sensitivity to bell actuation frequency than fluid scale or duty cycle, via Sobol sensitivity analysis, on a higher performance parameter subspace. Moreover, Pareto-like fronts were identified in the overall performance space involving the cost of transport and forward swimming speed. Patterns emerged within these performance spaces when highlighting different parameter regions, which complemented the global sensitivity results. Lastly, an open source computational model for jellyfish locomotion is offered to the science community that can be used as a starting place for future numerical experimentation.
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15
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Nguyen GHP, Wittmann R, Löwen H. Active Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model for self-propelled particles with inertia. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 34:035101. [PMID: 34598179 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac2c3f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Self-propelled particles, which convert energy into mechanical motion, exhibit inertia if they have a macroscopic size or move inside a gaseous medium, in contrast to micron-sized overdamped particles immersed in a viscous fluid. Here we study an extension of the active Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model, in which self-propulsion is described by colored noise, to access these inertial effects. We summarize and discuss analytical solutions of the particle's mean-squared displacement and velocity autocorrelation function for several settings ranging from a free particle to various external influences, like a linear or harmonic potential and coupling to another particle via a harmonic spring. Taking into account the particular role of the initial particle velocity in a nonstationary setup, we observe all dynamical exponents between zero and four. After the typical inertial time, determined by the particle's mass, the results inherently revert to the behavior of an overdamped particle with the exception of the harmonically confined systems, in which the overall displacement is enhanced by inertia. We further consider an underdamped model for an active particle with a time-dependent mass, which critically affects the displacement in the intermediate time-regime. Most strikingly, for a sufficiently large rate of mass accumulation, the particle's motion is completely governed by inertial effects as it remains superdiffusive for all times.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Philipp Nguyen
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - René Wittmann
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hartmut Löwen
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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16
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Muhsin M, Sahoo M, Saha A. Orbital magnetism of an active particle in viscoelastic suspension. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:034613. [PMID: 34654210 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.034613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We consider an active (self-propelling) particle in a viscoelastic fluid. The particle is charged and constrained to move in a two-dimensional harmonic trap. Its dynamics is coupled to a constant magnetic field applied perpendicular to its plane of motion via Lorentz force. Due to the finite activity, the generalized fluctuation-dissipation relation (GFDR) breaks down, driving the system away from equilibrium. While breaking GFDR, we have shown that the system can have finite classical orbital magnetism only when the dynamics of the system contains finite inertia. The orbital magnetic moment has been calculated exactly. Remarkably, we find that when the elastic dissipation timescale of the medium is larger (smaller) than the persistence timescale of the self-propelling particle, it is diamagnetic (paramagnetic). Therefore, for a given strength of the magnetic field, the system undergoes a transition from diamagnetic to paramagnetic state (and vice versa) simply by tuning the timescales of underlying physical processes, such as active fluctuations and viscoelastic dissipation. Interestingly, we also find that the magnetic moment, which vanishes at equilibrium, behaves nonmonotonically with respect to increasing persistence of self-propulsion, which drives the system out of equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Muhsin
- Department of Physics, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram-695581, India
| | | | - Arnab Saha
- Department of Physics, University of Calcutta, 92 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata-700009, India
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17
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Kürsten R, Ihle T. Quantitative kinetic theory of flocking with three-particle closure. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:034604. [PMID: 34654183 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.034604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We consider aligning self-propelled particles in two dimensions. Their motion is given by Langevin equations and includes nonadditive N-particle interactions. The qualitative behavior is as for the famous Vicsek model. We develop a kinetic theory of flocking beyond mean field. In particular, we self-consistently take into account the full pair correlation function. We find excellent quantitative agreement of the pair correlations with direct agent-based simulations within the disordered regime. Furthermore we use a closure relation to incorporate spatial correlations of three particles. In that way we achieve good quantitative agreement of the onset of flocking with direct simulations. Compared to mean-field theory, the flocking transition is shifted significantly toward lower noise because directional correlations favor disorder. We compare our theory with a recently developed Landau-kinetic theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Kürsten
- Institut für Physik, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 6, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Ihle
- Institut für Physik, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 6, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
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18
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Hubert M, Trosman O, Collard Y, Sukhov A, Harting J, Vandewalle N, Smith AS. Scallop Theorem and Swimming at the Mesoscale. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:224501. [PMID: 34152187 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.224501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
By comparing theoretical modeling, simulations, and experiments, we show that there exists a swimming regime at low Reynolds numbers solely driven by the inertia of the swimmer itself. This is demonstrated by considering a dumbbell with an asymmetry in coasting time in its two spheres. Despite deforming in a reciprocal fashion, the dumbbell swims by generating a nonreciprocal Stokesian flow, which arises from the asymmetry in coasting times. This asymmetry acts as a second degree of freedom, which allows the scallop theorem to be fulfilled at the mesoscopic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hubert
- PULS Group, Department of Physics and Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - O Trosman
- PULS Group, Department of Physics and Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Y Collard
- GRASP, Research unit CESAM, Institute of Physics B5a, Université de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - A Sukhov
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 90429 Nürnberg, Germany
| | - J Harting
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 90429 Nürnberg, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Physics, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 90429 Nürnberg, Germany
| | - N Vandewalle
- GRASP, Research unit CESAM, Institute of Physics B5a, Université de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - A-S Smith
- PULS Group, Department of Physics and Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Group for Computational Life Sciences, Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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19
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Rossoni S, Fabian ST, Sutton GP, Gonzalez-Bellido PT. Gravity and active acceleration limit the ability of killer flies ( Coenosia attenuata) to steer towards prey when attacking from above. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210058. [PMID: 34034531 PMCID: PMC8150022 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects that predate aerially usually contrast prey against the sky and attack upwards. However, killer flies (Coenosia attenuata) can attack prey flying below them, performing what we term 'aerial dives'. During these dives, killer flies accelerate up to 36 m s-2. Although the trajectories of the killer fly's dives appear highly variable, proportional navigation explains them, as long as the model has the lateral acceleration limit of a real killer fly. The trajectory's steepness is explained by the initial geometry of engagement; steep attacks result from the killer fly taking off when the target is approaching the predator. Under such circumstances, the killer fly dives almost vertically towards the target, and gravity significantly increases its acceleration. Although killer flies usually time their take-off to minimize flight duration, during aerial dives killer flies cannot reach the lateral accelerations necessary to match the increase in speed caused by gravity. Since a close miss still leads the predator closer to the target, and might even slow the prey down, there may not be a selective pressure for killer flies to account for gravity during aerial dives.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Rossoni
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - S. T. Fabian
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EL, UK
| | - G. P. Sutton
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK
| | - P. T. Gonzalez-Bellido
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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20
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Bae Y, Lee S, Kim J, Jeong H. Inertial effects on the Brownian gyrator. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:032148. [PMID: 33862720 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.032148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The recent interest into the Brownian gyrator has been confined chiefly to the analysis of Brownian dynamics both in theory and experiment despite the applicability of general cases with definite mass. Considering mass explicitly in the solution of the Fokker-Planck equation and Langevin dynamics simulations, we investigate how inertia can change the dynamics and energetics of the Brownian gyrator. In the Langevin model, the inertia reduces the nonequilibrium effects by diminishing the declination of the probability density function and the mean of a specific angular momentum, j_{θ}, as a measure of rotation. Another unique feature of the Langevin description is that rotation is maximized at a particular anisotropy while the stability of the rotation is minimized at a particular anisotropy or mass. Our results suggest that the Langevin dynamics description of the Brownian gyrator is intrinsically different from that with Brownian dynamics. In addition, j_{θ} is proven to be essential and convenient for estimating stochastic energetics such as heat currents and entropy production even in the underdamped regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngkyoung Bae
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sangyun Lee
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Juin Kim
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Korea Air Force Academy, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28187, Korea
| | - Hawoong Jeong
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Center for Complex systems, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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21
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Sprenger AR, Jahanshahi S, Ivlev AV, Löwen H. Time-dependent inertia of self-propelled particles: The Langevin rocket. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:042601. [PMID: 34005997 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.042601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many self-propelled objects are large enough to exhibit inertial effects but still suffer from environmental fluctuations. The corresponding basic equations of motion are governed by active Langevin dynamics, which involve inertia, friction, and stochastic noise for both the translational and orientational degrees of freedom coupled via the self-propulsion along the particle orientation. In this paper, we generalize the active Langevin model to time-dependent parameters and explicitly discuss the effect of time-dependent inertia for achiral and chiral particles. Realizations of this situation are manifold, ranging from minirockets (which are self-propelled by burning their own mass), to dust particles in plasma (which lose mass by evaporating material), to walkers with expiring activity. Here we present analytical solutions for several dynamical correlation functions, such as mean-square displacement and orientational and velocity autocorrelation functions. If the parameters exhibit a slow power law in time, we obtain anomalous superdiffusion with a nontrivial dynamical exponent. Finally, we constitute the "Langevin rocket" model by including orientational fluctuations in the traditional Tsiolkovsky rocket equation. We calculate the mean reach of the Langevin rocket and discuss different mass ejection strategies to maximize it. Our results can be tested in experiments on macroscopic robotic or living particles or in self-propelled mesoscopic objects moving in media of low viscosity, such as complex plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Sprenger
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Soudeh Jahanshahi
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexei V Ivlev
- Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Hartmut Löwen
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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22
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Understanding contagion dynamics through microscopic processes in active Brownian particles. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20845. [PMID: 33257706 PMCID: PMC7705763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77860-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Together with the universally recognized SIR model, several approaches have been employed to understand the contagion dynamics of interacting particles. Here, Active Brownian particles (ABP) are introduced to model the contagion dynamics of living agents that perform a horizontal transmission of an infectious disease in space and time. By performing an ensemble average description of the ABP simulations, we statistically describe susceptible, infected, and recovered groups in terms of particle densities, activity, contagious rates, and random recovery times. Our results show that ABP reproduces the time dependence observed in traditional compartmental models such as the Susceptible-Infected-Recovery (SIR) models and allows us to explore the critical densities and the contagious radius that facilitates the virus spread. Furthermore, we derive a first-principles analytical expression for the contagion rate in terms of microscopic parameters, without considering free parameters as the classical SIR-based models. This approach offers a novel alternative to incorporate microscopic processes into analyzing SIR-based models with applications in a wide range of biological systems.
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23
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Battista NA. Diving into a Simple Anguilliform Swimmer’s Sensitivity. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 60:1236-1250. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Synopsis
Computational models of aquatic locomotion range from modest individual simple swimmers in 2D to sophisticated 3D multi-swimmer models that attempt to parse collective behavioral dynamics. Each of these models contain a multitude of model input parameters to which its outputs are inherently dependent, that is, various performance metrics. In this work, the swimming performance’s sensitivity to parameters is investigated for an idealized, simple anguilliform swimming model in 2D. The swimmer considered here propagates forward by dynamically varying its body curvature, similar to motion of a Caenorhabditis elegans. The parameter sensitivities were explored with respect to the fluid scale (Reynolds number), stroke (undulation) frequency, as well as a kinematic parameter controlling the velocity and acceleration of each upstroke and downstroke. The input Reynolds number and stroke frequencies sampled were from [450, 2200] and [1, 3] Hz, respectively. In total, 5000 fluid–structure interaction simulations were performed, each with a unique parameter combination selected via a Sobol sequence, in order to conduct global sensitivity analysis. Results indicate that the swimmer’s performance is most sensitive to variations in its stroke frequency. Trends in swimming performance were discovered by projecting the performance data onto particular 2D subspaces. Pareto-like optimal fronts were identified. This work is a natural extension of the parameter explorations of the same model from Battista in 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Battista
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The College of New Jersey, 2000 Pennington Road, Ewing Township, NJ 08628, USA
- From the symposium “Melding Modeling and Morphology: integrating approaches to understand the evolution of form and function” presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology January 3–7, 2020 at Austin, Texas
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24
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Battista NA. Swimming Through Parameter Subspaces of a Simple Anguilliform Swimmer. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 60:1221-1235. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Synopsis
Computational scientists have investigated swimming performance across a multitude of different systems for decades. Most models depend on numerous model input parameters and performance is sensitive to those parameters. In this article, parameter subspaces are qualitatively identified in which there exists enhanced swimming performance for an idealized, simple swimming model that resembles a Caenorhabditis elegans, an organism that exhibits an anguilliform mode of locomotion. The computational model uses the immersed boundary method to solve the fluid-interaction system. The 1D swimmer propagates itself forward by dynamically changing its preferred body curvature. Observations indicate that the swimmer’s performance appears more sensitive to fluid scale and stroke frequency, rather than variations in the velocity and acceleration of either its upstroke or downstroke as a whole. Pareto-like optimal fronts were also identified within the data for the cost of transport and swimming speed. While this methodology allows one to locate robust parameter subspaces for desired performance in a straight-forward manner, it comes at the cost of simulating orders of magnitude more simulations than traditional fluid–structure interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Battista
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The College of New Jersey, 2000 Pennington Road, Ewing Township, NJ 08628, USA
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The College of New Jersey, 2000 Pennington Road, Ewing Township, NJ 08628, USA
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25
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Eldeen S, Muoio R, Blaisdell-Pijuan P, La N, Gomez M, Vidal A, Ahmed W. Quantifying the non-equilibrium activity of an active colloid. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:7202-7209. [PMID: 32350487 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00398k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Active matter systems exhibit rich emergent behavior due to constant injection and dissipation of energy at the level of individual agents. Since these systems are far from equilibrium, their dynamics and energetics cannot be understood using the framework of equilibrium statistical mechanics. Recent developments in stochastic thermodynamics extend classical concepts of work, heat, and energy dissipation to fluctuating non-equilibrium systems. We use recent advances in experiment and theory to study the non-thermal dissipation of individual light-activated self-propelled colloidal particles. We focus on characterizing the transition from thermal to non-thermal fluctuations and show that energy dissipation rates on the order of ∼kBT s-1 are measurable from finite time series data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Eldeen
- Department of Physics, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA.
| | - Ryan Muoio
- Department of Physics, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA.
| | - Paris Blaisdell-Pijuan
- Department of Physics, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA. and Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, NJ, USA
| | - Ngoc La
- Department of Physics, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA. and Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Mauricio Gomez
- Department of Physics, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA.
| | - Alex Vidal
- Department of Computer Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Wylie Ahmed
- Department of Physics, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA.
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26
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Bormashenko E, Fedorets AA, Frenkel M, Dombrovsky LA, Nosonovsky M. Clustering and self-organization in small-scale natural and artificial systems. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2020; 378:20190443. [PMID: 32008448 PMCID: PMC7015285 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Physical properties of clusters, i.e. systems composed of a 'small' number of particles, are qualitatively different from those of infinite systems. The general approach to the problem of clustering is suggested. Clusters, as they are seen in the graphs theory, are discussed. Various physical mechanisms of clustering are reviewed. Dimensional properties of clusters are addressed. The dimensionality of clusters governs to a great extent their properties. Weakly and strongly coupled clusters are discussed. Hydrodynamic and capillary interactions giving rise to clusters formation are surveyed. Levitating droplet clusters, turbulent clusters and droplet clusters responsible for the breath-figures self-assembly are considered. Entropy factors influencing clustering are considered. Clustering in biological systems results in non-equilibrium multi-scale assembly, where at each scale, self-driven components come together by consuming energy in order to form the hierarchical structure. This article is part of the theme issue 'Bioinspired materials and surfaces for green science and technology (part 3)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Bormashenko
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Sciences Faculty, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | | | - Mark Frenkel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Sciences Faculty, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Leonid A. Dombrovsky
- X-BIO Institute, University of Tyumen, 6 Volodarskogo Street, Tyumen 625003, Russia
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, 17A Krasnokazarmennaya Street, Moscow 111116, Russia
| | - Michael Nosonovsky
- X-BIO Institute, University of Tyumen, 6 Volodarskogo Street, Tyumen 625003, Russia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, 3200 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
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27
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Abstract
Nematocysts are stinging organelles used by members of the phylum Cnidaria (e.g., jellyfish, anemones, hydrozoans) for a variety of important functions including capturing prey and defense. Nematocysts are the fastest-known accelerating structures in the animal world. The small scale (microns) coupled with rapid acceleration (in excess of 5 million g) present significant challenges in imaging that prevent detailed descriptions of their kinematics. The immersed boundary method was used to numerically simulate the dynamics of a barb-like structure accelerating a short distance across Reynolds numbers ranging from 0.9–900 towards a passive elastic target in two dimensions. Results indicate that acceleration followed by coasting at lower Reynolds numbers is not sufficient for a nematocyst to reach its target. The nematocyst’s barb-like projectile requires high accelerations in order to transition to the inertial regime and overcome the viscous damping effects normally encountered at small cellular scales. The longer the barb is in the inertial regime, the higher the final velocity of the projectile when it touches its target. We find the size of the target prey does not dramatically affect the barb’s approach for large enough values of the Reynolds number, however longer barbs are able to accelerate a larger amount of surrounding fluid, which in turn allows the barb to remain in the inertial regime for a longer period of time. Since the final velocity is proportional to the force available for piercing the membrane of the prey, high accelerations that allow the system to persist in the inertial regime have implications for the nematocyst’s ability to puncture surfaces such as cellular membranes or even crustacean cuticle.
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28
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Löwen H. Inertial effects of self-propelled particles: From active Brownian to active Langevin motion. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:040901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5134455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Löwen
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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