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Kaushik A, Khan AH, Pratibha, Dalvi SV, Shekhar H. Effect of temperature on the acoustic response and stability of size-isolated protein-shelled ultrasound contrast agents and SonoVue. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 153:2324. [PMID: 37092939 DOI: 10.1121/10.0017682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Limited work has been reported on the acoustic and physical characterization of protein-shelled UCAs. This study characterized bovine serum albumin (BSA)-shelled microbubbles filled with perfluorobutane gas, along with SonoVue, a clinically approved contrast agent. Broadband attenuation spectroscopy was performed at room (23 ± 0.5 °C) and physiological (37 ± 0.5 °C) temperatures over the period of 20 min for these agents. Three size distributions of BSA-shelled microbubbles, with mean sizes of 1.86 μm (BSA1), 3.54 μm (BSA2), and 4.24 μm (BSA3) used. Viscous and elastic coefficients for the microbubble shell were assessed by fitting de Jong model to the measured attenuation spectra. Stable cavitation thresholds (SCT) and inertial cavitation thresholds (ICT) were assessed at room and physiological temperatures. At 37 °C, a shift in resonance frequency was observed, and the attenuation coefficient was increased relative to the measurement at room temperature. At physiological temperature, SCT and ICT were lower than the room temperature measurement. The ICT was observed to be higher than SCT at both temperatures. These results enhance our understanding of temperature-dependent properties of protein-shelled UCAs. These findings study may guide the rational design of protein-shelled microbubbles and help choose suitable acoustic parameters for applications in imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Kaushik
- Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Aaqib H Khan
- Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Pratibha
- Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Sameer V Dalvi
- Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Himanshu Shekhar
- Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
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2
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Wu B, Luo CJ, Palaniappan A, Jiang X, Gultekinoglu M, Ulubayram K, Bayram C, Harker A, Shirahata N, Khan AH, Dalvi SV, Edirisinghe M. Generating Lifetime-Enhanced Microbubbles by Decorating Shells with Silicon Quantum Nano-Dots Using a 3-Series T-Junction Microfluidic Device. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:10917-10933. [PMID: 36018789 PMCID: PMC9476864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Long-term stability of microbubbles is crucial to their effectiveness. Using a new microfluidic device connecting three T-junction channels of 100 μm in series, stable monodisperse SiQD-loaded bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein microbubbles down to 22.8 ± 1.4 μm in diameter were generated. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed the integration of SiQD on the microbubble surface, which retained the same morphology as those without SiQD. The microbubble diameter and stability in air were manipulated through appropriate selection of T-junction numbers, capillary diameter, liquid flow rate, and BSA and SiQD concentrations. A predictive computational model was developed from the experimental data, and the number of T-junctions was incorporated into this model as one of the variables. It was illustrated that the diameter of the monodisperse microbubbles generated can be tailored by combining up to three T-junctions in series, while the operating parameters were kept constant. Computational modeling of microbubble diameter and stability agreed with experimental data. The lifetime of microbubbles increased with increasing T-junction number and higher concentrations of BSA and SiQD. The present research sheds light on a potential new route employing SiQD and triple T-junctions to form stable, monodisperse, multi-layered, and well-characterized protein and quantum dot-loaded protein microbubbles with enhanced stability for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Wu
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University College
London (UCL), London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - C. J. Luo
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University College
London (UCL), London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Ashwin Palaniappan
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University College
London (UCL), London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Xinyue Jiang
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University College
London (UCL), London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Merve Gultekinoglu
- Department
of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Kezban Ulubayram
- Department
of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Cem Bayram
- Nanotechnology
and Nanomedicine Division, Institute for Graduate Studies in Science
& Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Anthony Harker
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University College
London (UCL), London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Naoto Shirahata
- WPI
International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Graduate
School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0814, Japan
| | - Aaqib H. Khan
- Chemical
Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology
Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Sameer V. Dalvi
- Chemical
Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology
Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Mohan Edirisinghe
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University College
London (UCL), London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
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3
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Khan AH, Jiang X, Kaushik A, Nair HS, Edirisinghe M, Mercado-Shekhar KP, Shekhar H, Dalvi SV. Combining Ultrasound and Capillary-Embedded T-Junction Microfluidic Devices to Scale Up the Production of Narrow-Sized Microbubbles through Acoustic Fragmentation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:10288-10304. [PMID: 35943351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microbubbles are tiny gas-filled bubbles that have a variety of applications in ultrasound imaging and therapeutic drug delivery. Microbubbles can be synthesized using a number of techniques including sonication, amalgamation, and saline shaking. These approaches can produce highly concentrated microbubble suspensions but offer minimal control over the size and polydispersity of the microbubbles. One of the simplest and effective methods for producing monodisperse microbubbles is capillary-embedded T-junction microfluidic devices, which offer great control over the microbubble size. However, lower production rates (∼200 bubbles/s) and large microbubble sizes (∼300 μm) limit the applicability of such devices for biomedical applications. To overcome the limitations of these technologies, we demonstrate in this work an alternative approach to combine a capillary-embedded T-junction device with ultrasound to enhance the generation of narrow-sized microbubbles in aqueous suspensions. Two T-junction microfluidic devices were connected in parallel and combined with an ultrasonic horn to produce lipid-coated SF6 core microbubbles in the size range of 1-8 μm. The rate of microbubble production was found to increase from 180 microbubbles/s in the absence of ultrasound to (6.5 ± 1.2) × 106 bubble/s in the presence of ultrasound (100% ultrasound amplitude). When stored in a closed environment, the microbubbles were observed to be stable for up to 30 days, with the concentration of the microbubble suspension decreasing from ∼2.81 × 109/mL to ∼2.3 × 106/mL and the size changing from 1.73 ± 0.2 to 1.45 ± 0.3 μm at the end of 30 days. The acoustic response of these microbubbles was examined using broadband attenuation spectroscopy, and flow phantom imaging was performed to determine the ability of these microbubble suspensions to enhance the contrast relative to the surrounding tissue. Overall, this approach of coupling ultrasound with microfluidic parallelization enabled the continuous production of stable microbubbles at high production rates and low polydispersity using simple T-junction devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaqib H Khan
- Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Xinyue Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Anuj Kaushik
- Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Hari S Nair
- Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Mohan Edirisinghe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Karla P Mercado-Shekhar
- Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Himanshu Shekhar
- Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Sameer V Dalvi
- Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
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Impact of fluorescent dyes on the physicochemical parameters of microbubbles stabilized by albumin-dye complex. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Khan AH, Surwase S, Jiang X, Edirisinghe M, Dalvi SV. Enhancing In Vitro Stability of Albumin Microbubbles Produced Using Microfluidic T-Junction Device. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:5052-5062. [PMID: 34264681 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics is an efficient technique for continuous synthesis of monodispersed microbubbles. However, microbubbles produced using microfluidic devices possess lower stability due to quick dissolution of core gas when exposed to an aqueous environment. This work aims at generating highly stable monodispersed albumin microbubbles using microfluidic T-junction devices. Microbubble generation was facilitated by an aqueous phase consisting of bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein and nitrogen (N2) gas. Microbubbles were chemically cross-linked using dilute glutaraldehyde (0.75% v/v) solution and thermally cross-linked by collecting microbubbles in hot water maintained at 368 (±2) K. These microbubbles were then subjected to in vitro dissolution in an air-saturated water. Microbubbles cross-linked with a combined treatment of thermal and chemical cross-linking (TC & CC) had longer dissolution time compared to microbubbles chemically cross-linked (CC) alone, thermally cross-linked (TC) alone, and non-cross-linked microbubbles. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy analysis revealed that percent reduction in alpha-helices of BSA was higher for the combined treatment of TC & CC when compared to other treatments. In contrast to non-cross-linked microbubbles where microbubble shell dissolved completely, a significant shell detachment was observed during the final phase of the dissolution for cross-linked microbubbles captured using high speed camera, depending upon the extent of cross-linking of the microbubble shell. SEM micrographs of the microbubble shell revealed the shell thickness of microbubbles treated with TC & CC to be highest compared to only thermally or only chemically cross-linked microbubbles. Comparison of microbubble dissolution data to a mass transfer model showed that shell resistance to gas permeation was highest for microbubbles subjected to a combined treatment of TC & CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaqib H Khan
- Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat India
| | - Swarupkumar Surwase
- Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat India
| | - Xinyue Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Mohan Edirisinghe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Sameer V Dalvi
- Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat India
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6
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Langeveld SAG, Meijlink B, Beekers I, Olthof M, van der Steen AFW, de Jong N, Kooiman K. Theranostic Microbubbles with Homogeneous Ligand Distribution for Higher Binding Efficacy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020311. [PMID: 35214044 PMCID: PMC8878664 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipid-coated targeted microbubbles are used for ultrasound molecular imaging and locally enhanced drug delivery, with the binding efficacy being an important trait. The use of organic solvent in microbubble production makes the difference between a heterogeneous or homogeneous ligand distribution. This study demonstrates the effect of ligand distribution on the binding efficacy of phospholipid-coated ανβ3-targeted microbubbles in vitro using a monolayer of human umbilical-vein endothelial cells and in vivo using chicken embryos. Microbubbles with a homogeneous ligand distribution had a higher binding efficacy than those with a heterogeneous ligand distribution both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, 1.55× more microbubbles with a homogeneous ligand distribution bound under static conditions, while this was 1.49× more under flow with 1.25 dyn/cm2, 1.56× more under flow with 2.22 dyn/cm2, and 1.25× more in vivo. The in vitro dissociation rate of bound microbubbles with homogeneous ligand distribution was lower at low shear stresses (1–5 dyn/cm2). The internalized depth of bound microbubbles was influenced by microbubble size, not by ligand distribution. In conclusion, for optimal binding the use of organic solvent in targeted microbubble production is preferable over directly dispersing phospholipids in aqueous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone A. G. Langeveld
- Thorax Center, Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (B.M.); (I.B.); (M.O.); (A.F.W.v.d.S.); (N.d.J.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Bram Meijlink
- Thorax Center, Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (B.M.); (I.B.); (M.O.); (A.F.W.v.d.S.); (N.d.J.); (K.K.)
| | - Inés Beekers
- Thorax Center, Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (B.M.); (I.B.); (M.O.); (A.F.W.v.d.S.); (N.d.J.); (K.K.)
- Department of Health, ORTEC B.V., 2719 EA Zoetermeer, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Olthof
- Thorax Center, Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (B.M.); (I.B.); (M.O.); (A.F.W.v.d.S.); (N.d.J.); (K.K.)
| | - Antonius F. W. van der Steen
- Thorax Center, Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (B.M.); (I.B.); (M.O.); (A.F.W.v.d.S.); (N.d.J.); (K.K.)
| | - Nico de Jong
- Thorax Center, Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (B.M.); (I.B.); (M.O.); (A.F.W.v.d.S.); (N.d.J.); (K.K.)
- Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Klazina Kooiman
- Thorax Center, Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (B.M.); (I.B.); (M.O.); (A.F.W.v.d.S.); (N.d.J.); (K.K.)
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7
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Han Y, Xu X, Liu F, Wei W, Liu Z. Novel Microfluidic Device for the Preparation of Multiple Microproducts. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c01094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Han
- R&D Institute of Fluid and Powder Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaofei Xu
- R&D Institute of Fluid and Powder Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Fengxia Liu
- R&D Institute of Fluid and Powder Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wei Wei
- R&D Institute of Fluid and Powder Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhijun Liu
- R&D Institute of Fluid and Powder Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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8
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Han W, Liu X, Wang L, Zhou X. Engineering of lipid microbubbles-coated copper and selenium nanoparticles: Ultrasound-stimulated radiation of anticancer activity ian human ovarian cancer cells. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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9
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Khan AH, Jiang X, Surwase S, Gultekinoglu M, Bayram C, Sathisaran I, Bhatia D, Ahmed J, Wu B, Ulubayram K, Edirisinghe M, Dalvi SV. Effectiveness of Oil-Layered Albumin Microbubbles Produced Using Microfluidic T-Junctions in Series for In Vitro Inhibition of Tumor Cells. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:11429-11441. [PMID: 32903006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on the synthesis of oil-layered microbubbles using two microfluidic T-junctions in series and evaluation of the effectiveness of these microbubbles loaded with doxorubicin and curcumin for cell invasion arrest from 3D spheroid models of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), MDA-MB-231 cell line. Albumin microbubbles coated in the drug-laden oil layer were synthesized using a new method of connecting two microfluidic T-mixers in series. Double-layered microbubbles thus produced consist of an innermost core of nitrogen gas encapsulated in an aqueous layer of bovine serum albumin (BSA) which in turn, is coated with an outer layer of silicone oil. In order to identify the process conditions leading to the formation of double-layered microbubbles, a regime map was constructed based on capillary numbers for aqueous and oil phases. The microbubble formation regime transitions from double-layered to single layer microbubbles and then to formation of single oil droplets upon gradual change in flow rates of aqueous and oil phases. In vitro dissolution studies of double-layered microbubbles in an air-saturated environment indicated that a complete dissolution of such bubbles produces an oil droplet devoid of a gas bubble. Incorporation of doxorubicin and curcumin was found to produce a synergistic effect, which resulted in higher cell deaths in 2D monolayers of TNBC cells and inhibition of cell proliferation from 3D spheroid models of TNBC cells compared to the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaqib H Khan
- Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Xinyue Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Swarupkumar Surwase
- Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Merve Gultekinoglu
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bioengineering Division, Institute for Graduate Studies in Science & Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Cem Bayram
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Department of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Indumathi Sathisaran
- Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Dhiraj Bhatia
- Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Jubair Ahmed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Bingjie Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Kezban Ulubayram
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bioengineering Division, Institute for Graduate Studies in Science & Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Mohan Edirisinghe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Sameer V Dalvi
- Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
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10
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Chandan R, Mehta S, Banerjee R. Ultrasound-Responsive Carriers for Therapeutic Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:4731-4747. [PMID: 33455210 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound (US)-responsive carriers have emerged as promising theranostic candidates because of their ability to enhance US-contrast, promote image-guided drug delivery, cause on-demand pulsatile release of drugs in response to ultrasound stimuli, as well as to enhance the permeability of physiological barriers such as the stratum corneum, the vascular endothelium, and the blood-brain barrier (BBB). US-responsive carriers include microbubbles MBs, liposomes, droplets, hydrogels, and nanobubble-nanoparticle complexes and have been explored for cavitation-mediated US-responsive drug delivery. Recently, a transient increase in the permeability of the BBB by microbubble (MB)-assisted low-frequency US has shown promise in enhancing the delivery of therapeutic agents in the case of neurological disorders. Further, the periodic mechanical stimulus generated by US-responsive MBs have also been explored in tissue engineering and has directly influenced the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into cartilage. This Review discusses the various types of US-responsive carriers and explores their emerging roles in therapeutics ranging from drug delivery to tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeet Chandan
- Nanomedicine Lab, Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sourabh Mehta
- Nanomedicine Lab, Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.,IIT Bombay-Monash Research Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Rinti Banerjee
- Nanomedicine Lab, Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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