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Furmidge R, Jackson CE, Velázquez de la Paz MF, Workman VL, Green NH, Reilly GC, Hearnden V, Claeyssens F. Surfactant-free gelatin-stabilised biodegradable polymerised high internal phase emulsions with macroporous structures. Front Chem 2023; 11:1236944. [PMID: 37681209 PMCID: PMC10481965 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1236944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
High internal phase emulsion (HIPE) templating is a well-established method for the generation of polymeric materials with high porosity (>74%) and degree of interconnectivity. The porosity and pore size can be altered by adjusting parameters during emulsification, which affects the properties of the resulting porous structure. However, there remain challenges for the fabrication of polyHIPEs, including typically small pore sizes (∼20-50 μm) and the use of surfactants, which can limit their use in biological applications. Here, we present the use of gelatin, a natural polymer, during the formation of polyHIPE structures, through the use of two biodegradable polymers, polycaprolactone-methacrylate (PCL-M) and polyglycerol sebacate-methacrylate (PGS-M). When gelatin is used as the internal phase, it is capable of stabilising emulsions without the need for an additional surfactant. Furthermore, by changing the concentration of gelatin within the internal phase, the pore size of the resulting polyHIPE can be tuned. 5% gelatin solution resulted in the largest mean pore size, increasing from 53 μm to 80 μm and 28 μm to 94 µm for PCL-M and PGS-M respectively. In addition, the inclusion of gelatin further increased the mechanical properties of the polyHIPEs and increased the period an emulsion could be stored before polymerisation. Our results demonstrate the potential to use gelatin for the fabrication of surfactant-free polyHIPEs with macroporous structures, with potential applications in tissue engineering, environmental and agricultural industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Furmidge
- Materials Science and Engineering, The Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Insigneo Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Caitlin E. Jackson
- Materials Science and Engineering, The Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Insigneo Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - María Fernanda Velázquez de la Paz
- Materials Science and Engineering, The Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Insigneo Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria L. Workman
- Materials Science and Engineering, The Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Insigneo Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola H. Green
- Materials Science and Engineering, The Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Insigneo Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Gwendolen C. Reilly
- Materials Science and Engineering, The Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Insigneo Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa Hearnden
- Materials Science and Engineering, The Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Insigneo Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Frederik Claeyssens
- Materials Science and Engineering, The Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Insigneo Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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2
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McKenzie T, Ayres N. Synthesis and Applications of Elastomeric Polymerized High Internal Phase Emulsions (PolyHIPEs). ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:20178-20195. [PMID: 37323392 PMCID: PMC10268022 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polymer foams (PFs) are among the most industrially produced polymeric materials, and they are found in applications including aerospace, packaging, textiles, and biomaterials. PFs are predominantly prepared using gas-blowing techniques, but PFs can also be prepared from templating techniques such as polymerized high internal phase emulsions (polyHIPEs). PolyHIPEs have many experimental design variables which control the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of the resulting PFs. Both rigid and elastic polyHIPEs can be prepared, but while elastomeric polyHIPEs are less commonly reported than hard polyHIPEs, elastomeric polyHIPEs are instrumental in the realization of new materials in applications including flexible separation membranes, energy storage in soft robotics, and 3D-printed soft tissue engineering scaffolds. Furthermore, there are few limitations to the types of polymers and polymerization methods that have been used to prepare elastic polyHIPEs due to the wide range of polymerization conditions that are compatible with the polyHIPE method. In this review, an overview of the chemistry used to prepare elastic polyHIPEs from early reports to modern polymerization methods is provided, focusing on the applications that flexible polyHIPEs are used in. The review consists of four sections organized around polymer classes used in the preparation of polyHIPEs: (meth)acrylics and (meth)acrylamides, silicones, polyesters and polyurethanes, and naturally occurring polymers. Within each section, the common properties, current challenges, and an outlook is suggested on where elastomeric polyHIPEs can be expected to continue to make broad, positive impacts on materials and technology for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neil Ayres
- N.A.:
email, ; tel, +01 513 556 9280; fax, +01 513 556 9239
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3
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Zhang T, Xu G, Blum FD. Eco-Friendly Room-Temperature Polymerization in Emulsions and Beyond. POLYM REV 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2023.2176514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tan Zhang
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
- Environmental Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gu Xu
- Brewer Science Inc., Rolla, Missouri, USA
| | - Frank D. Blum
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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Smith A, Ayres N. Open-cell PDMS polyHIPEs prepared using polymethylvinylsiloxane to prevent pore collapse. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Li Z, Anankanbil S, Pedersen JN, Nadzieja M, Guo Z. Nanocellulose Fractionated from TEMPO-Mediated Oxidation of Cellulose as An Energy-free Ingredient for Stabilizing Pickering Emulsion. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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6
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Influence of microstructural alterations of liquid metal and its interfacial interactions with rubber on multifunctional properties of soft composite materials. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 308:102752. [PMID: 36007286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Liquid metal (LM)-based polymer composites are currently new breakthrough and emerging classes of soft multifunctional materials (SMMs) having immense transformative potential for soft technological applications. Currently, room-temperature LMs, mostly eutectic gallium‑indium and Galinstan alloys are used to integrate with soft polymer due to their outstanding properties such as high conductivity, fluidity, low adhesion, high surface tension, low cytotoxicity, etc. The microstructural alterations and interfacial interactions controlling the efficient integration of LMs with rubber are the most critical aspects for successful implementation of multifunctionality in the resulting material. In this review article, a fundamental understanding of microstructural alterations of LMs to the formation of well-defined percolating networks inside an insulating rubber matrix has been established by exploiting several existing theoretical and experimental studies. Furthermore, effects of the chemical modifications of an LM surface and its interfacial interactions on the compatibility between solid rubber and fluid filler phase have been discussed. The presence of thin oxide layer on the LM surface and the effects and challenges it poses to the adequate functionalization of these materials have been discussed. Plausible applications of SMMs in different soft matter technologies, like soft robotics, flexible electronics, soft actuators, sensors, etc. have been provided. Finally, the current technical challenges and further prospective to the development of SMMs using non‑silicone rubbers have been critically discussed. This review is anticipated to infuse a new impetus to the associated research communities for the development of next generation SMMs.
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PEG-in-PDMS drops stabilised by soft silicone skins as a model system for elastocapillary emulsions with explicit morphology control. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 628:1044-1057. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Haake A, Tutika R, Schloer GM, Bartlett MD, Markvicka EJ. On-Demand Programming of Liquid Metal-Composite Microstructures through Direct Ink Write 3D Printing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200182. [PMID: 35353948 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soft, elastically deformable composites with liquid metal (LM) droplets can enable new generations of soft electronics, robotics, and reconfigurable structures. However, techniques to control local composite microstructure, which ultimately governs material properties and performance, is lacking. Here a direct ink writing technique is developed to program the LM microstructure (i.e., shape, orientation, and connectivity) on demand throughout elastomer composites. In contrast to inks with rigid particles that have fixed shape and size, it is shown that emulsion inks with LM fillers enable in situ control of microstructure. This enables filaments, films, and 3D structures with unique LM microstructures that are generated on demand and locked in during printing. This includes smooth and discrete transitions from spherical to needle-like droplets, curvilinear microstructures, geometrically complex embedded inclusion patterns, and connected LM networks. The printed materials are soft (modulus < 200 kPa), highly deformable (>600 % strain), and can be made locally insulating or electrically conductive using a single ink by controlling the process conditions. These capabilities are demonstrated by embedding elongated LM droplets in a soft heat sink, which rapidly dissipates heat from high-power LEDs. These programmable microstructures can enable new composite paradigms for emerging technologies that demand mechanical compliance with multifunctional response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Haake
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Smart Materials & Robotics Lab, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Ravi Tutika
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Soft Materials and Structures Lab, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Gwyneth M Schloer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Soft Materials and Structures Lab, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Michael D Bartlett
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Soft Materials and Structures Lab, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Eric J Markvicka
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Smart Materials & Robotics Lab, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
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Darby DR, Cai Z, Mason CR, Pham JT. Modulus and adhesion of Sylgard 184, Solaris, and Ecoflex 00‐30 silicone elastomers with varied mixing ratios. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Darby
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Zhuoyun Cai
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Christopher R. Mason
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Jonathan T. Pham
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
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McKenzie TJ, Smail S, Rost K, Rishi K, Beaucage G, Ayres N. Multi-layered polymerized high internal phase emulsions with controllable porosity and strong interfaces. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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11
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Blancas Flores JM, Pérez García MG, González Contreras G, Coronado Mendoza A, Romero Arellano VH. Polydimethylsiloxane nanocomposite macroporous films prepared via Pickering high internal phase emulsions as effective dielectrics for enhancing the performance of triboelectric nanogenerators. RSC Adv 2020; 11:416-424. [PMID: 35423033 PMCID: PMC8691094 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07934k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanocomposite (NC) macroporous films were prepared by a Pickering high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) templating technique and used as effective dielectrics for enhancing the performance of triboelectric-nanogenerators (TENGs). HIPEs were formulated using commercial PDMS and water as the continuous and dispersed phase, respectively. The formation and solidification of PDMS-based HIPEs were possible through stabilization with silver-nanoparticles (Ag-Nps) and surfactant (Span 20) mixtures. The resulting PDMS-NC-polyHIPE films presented an interconnected 3D macroporous structure with Ag-Nps on their porous surface. The addition of different amounts of Ag-Nps (0, 4, 20, 28, 36 wt%) in HIPE formulations allowed modification of the pore size, total pore volume and dielectric properties of the tribo-materials. Results revealed that both the porosity and dielectric properties of these materials play an important role in enhancing the output performance of TENGs. Thus, the best TENG based on the PDMS-NC-polyHIPE film was achieved with 20 wt% of Ag-Nps, with voltage, current and power values of 4.88 V, 0.433 μA and 2.1 μW, respectively, which gives over 3.28-fold power enhancement compared with the reference TENG (based on a PDMS film without porosity or Ag-Nps). Therefore, the preparation of tribo-materials through a Pickering HIPE templating technique provides a novel, effective and easy way for the improvement of the TENG's performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Miguel Blancas Flores
- Centro Universitario de Tonalá, División de Ingenierías e Innovación Tecnológica, Universidad de Guadalajara Tonalá Jal. 45425 Mexico
| | - María Guadalupe Pérez García
- Centro Universitario de Tonalá, División de Ingenierías e Innovación Tecnológica, Universidad de Guadalajara Tonalá Jal. 45425 Mexico
| | - Gabriel González Contreras
- Cátedras CONACYT, Coordinación para la Innovación y la Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí 78000 Mexico
| | - Alberto Coronado Mendoza
- Centro Universitario de Tonalá, División de Ingenierías e Innovación Tecnológica, Universidad de Guadalajara Tonalá Jal. 45425 Mexico
| | - Victor Hugo Romero Arellano
- Centro Universitario de Tonalá, División de Ingenierías e Innovación Tecnológica, Universidad de Guadalajara Tonalá Jal. 45425 Mexico
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McKenzie TJ, Heaton PS, Rishi K, Kumar R, Brunet T, Beaucage G, Mondain-Monval O, Ayres N. Storage Moduli and Porosity of Soft PDMS PolyMIPEs Can Be Controlled Independently Using Thiol–Ene Click Chemistry. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tucker J. McKenzie
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Paul S. Heaton
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Kabir Rishi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45242-0012, United States
| | - Raj Kumar
- University of Bordeaux—CNRS, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, Pessac 33600, France
| | - Thomas Brunet
- Institut de Mécanique et d’Ingénierie, University of Bordeaux—CNRS—Bordeaux INP, Talence 33402, France
| | - Gregory Beaucage
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45242-0012, United States
| | | | - Neil Ayres
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
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