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Chen XG, Mei Y, Song QH. Coumarin-based fluorescent probe with 4-phenylselenium as the active site for multi-channel discrimination of biothiols. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:1272-1280. [DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02584h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biological mercaptans, also known as biothiols, play their own roles in a number of important physiological processes, and the abnormal levels of biothiols are closely associated with a variety of...
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2
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Sun YH, Han HH, Huang JM, Li J, Zang Y, Wang CY. A long-wavelength fluorescent probe with a large Stokes shift for lysosome-targeted imaging of Cys and GSH. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 261:120055. [PMID: 34153552 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biothiols including cysteine (Cys) and glutathione (GSH) are biological signaling molecules responsible for cell detoxification, cell metabolism and neutralization of reactive oxygen species. Here, we synthesized a long-wavelength fluorescent probe, DCIMA, for lysosome-targeted imaging of Cys and GSH in living cells. DCIMA is consisted of a dicyanoisophorone core modified with an acrylate group for biothiol detection through the Michael addition reaction and a morpholine group as the lysosome-targeting agent. The presence of the electron-donating morpholine group also enhances the intramolecular charge transfer mechanism of the probe, thereby enabling its long-wavelength fluorescence emission (670 nm) and large Stokes shift (180 nm). In concentration range of 0-30 μM, the probe was determined to react quickly with both Cys and GSH with low detection limits (<5 min, 35.2 nM for GSH and 34.8 nM for Cys) and achieve the sensitive fluorescence imaging of the biothiols located in the lysosomes of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Hai-Hao Han
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Guo Shoujing Rd., Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Jia-Min Huang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Jia Li
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Guo Shoujing Rd., Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Yi Zang
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Guo Shoujing Rd., Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Cheng-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
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Wang Y, Yue Y, Huo F, Ma K, Yin C. Substitution-rearrangement-cyclization strategy to construct fluorescent probe for multicolor discriminative analysis biothiols in cells and zebrafish. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 261:120026. [PMID: 34091363 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Discriminative detection of biothiols (Cysteine, homocysteine and glutathione) is of great significance to clarificate their complex physiological processes, the occurrence and development of related diseases. However, similar structure and reactivity among such species pose huge challenges in developing fluorescent probes to distinguish among of them. In this work, a dual-site probe CTT reacted with the analytes to regulate molecular conjugation through substitution-rearrangement-cyclization strategy, utilizing a multi-channel signal combination mode to realize the distinguishing detection of the three biothiols. Cell and zebrafish imaging experiments sufficiently demonstrated that CTT could semiquantify biothiols, which will provide valuable chemical tool for elucidating the complex biological functions of biothiols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Shanxi Laboraory for Yellow River, China
| | - Yongkang Yue
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Shanxi Laboraory for Yellow River, China
| | - Fangjun Huo
- Research Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Kaiqing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Shanxi Laboraory for Yellow River, China
| | - Caixia Yin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Shanxi Laboraory for Yellow River, China.
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Ge C, Wang H, Ni T, Yang Z, Chang K. Red-emitting fluorescent turn-on probe with specific isothiocyanate recognition site for cysteine imaging in living systems. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 259:119826. [PMID: 33965890 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine (Cys) is an effective biomarker in life systems and is closely related to a variety of diseases, so developing a specific and efficient detection method for Cys is of great significance. To date, extensive work has been undertaken toward this goal. However, the differentiation of Cys from other biothiols still represents a challenge from an experimental point of view. Toward this end, a selective and sensitive red-emitting probe (TMN-NCS) with an isothiocyanate (ITC)-based structure was proposed in this paper. A large Stokes shift (210 nm) was observed upon addition of Cys to a solution of TMN-NCS. In addition, TMN-NCS showed low toxicity, a low detection limit (120 nM), and excellent cell permeability. The results suggested that TMN-NCS holds great promise for biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunpo Ge
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Huayu Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Tianjun Ni
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Zhijun Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - Kaiwen Chang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
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Li Y, Chen L, Zhu Y, Chen L, Yu X, Li J, Chen D. Structure modulation on fluorescent probes for biothiols and the reversible imaging of glutathione in living cells. RSC Adv 2021; 11:21116-21126. [PMID: 35479348 PMCID: PMC9034037 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03221f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of small molecular biothiols (cysteine, homocysteine and glutathione) is of great importance, as they involve in a series of physiological and pathological processes and are associated with many diseases. To realize the real-time monitoring of a specific biothiol, a rapid and reversible probe is required. Therefore, three probes, namely, o-MNPy, m-MNPy and p-MNPy, with pyridine substituted α, β-unsaturated ketone as the recognition site, were reported here, and the reactivity of the recognition site was finely tuned by the connection mode of the pyridine unit. To single out the optimal one, the response performances of three probes toward each biothiol were systemically studied, taking the differences of the intracellular contents of three biothiols into account during the evaluation. Biothiols reacted with the probes through Michael addition, and results showed that the slight structural variations could affect the performances of the probes obviously. p-MNPy with the pyridine unit connected to the recognition site through the para-position of the nitrogen atom, revealed the best sensing ability among the three probes. It demonstrated rapid response, good selectivity and sensitivity, excellent pH adaptability to Cys and GSH, and displayed reversible detection toward GSH. Finally, p-MNPy was successfully applied to track the GSH fluctuations under the oxidative stress stimulated by H2O2 in living cells. A reversible fluorescent probe for GSH was obtained through structure modulation, by which the intracellular GSH fluctuation was imaged.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Hubei Provincial Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Li Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430205 China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Hubei Provincial Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Liming Chen
- Hubei Provincial Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Xianglin Yu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430205 China
| | - Junbo Li
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430205 China
| | - Dugang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430205 China
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Feng Y, Hu S, Wang Y, Song X, Cao C, Wang K, Jing C, Zhang G, Liu W. A multifunctional fluorescent probe for visualizing H 2S in wastewater with portable smartphone via fluorescent paper strip and sensing GSH in vivo. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 406:124523. [PMID: 33310319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a bifunctional tri-site fluorescent probe was designed for the first time not only for visualization and quantitative analysis of sensing H2S in wastewater by coupling paper strip and smartphone (Color recognizer, Xiyi Technology) but also for sensitively monitoring GSH in living cells, which relied on different emission channels and the pH of solutions. The recognition properties of GH towards H2S/GSH were satisfactorily demonstrated through fluorescence, UV-vis, 1H NMR and DFT calculations. More importantly, integrated with the paper strip, portable smartphone-sensing platform with a color recognizer app would accomplish cost-effective and rapid assays for colorimetric water quality testing, which displayed huge application potential in fields of environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Shanshan Hu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Yingzhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Xuerui Song
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Chen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Chunling Jing
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Guolin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Weisheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
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Lee W, Yudhistira T, Youn W, Han S, Halle MB, Choi JH, Kim Y, Choi IS, Churchill DG. Inexpensive water soluble methyl methacrylate-functionalized hydroxyphthalimide: variations of the mycophenolic acid core for selective live cell imaging of free cysteine. Analyst 2021; 146:2212-2220. [PMID: 33595018 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02185g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Evident from numerous studies, cysteine plays a crucial role in cellular function. Reactions with analyte also enables for molecular recognition to adhere to molecular therapeutic potential; integration between synthetic probes therefore allows for a potentially deep therapy-related interogation of biological systems (theranostics). The development of molecular cysteine probes with extremely accurate detection is still a key challenge for the field. The development of water-soluble organic molecular fluorescent probes able to efficiently distinguish common biothiols such as cysteine (Cys), homocysteine (Hcy) and glutathione (GSH) by chemical recognition means i.e. by (binding, cleavage) in biological systems is a greatly sought research challenge due to the similarity of the small sulfhydryl-containing species. Herein, we have developed a water-soluble and highly cell viable fluorescent organic molecule (log P = 0.82) for the selective detection of cysteine. The probe (Myco-Cys) shows a "turn-on" response with the cleavage ester linkage of the methacrylate as cysteine is encountered in solution. The probe shows strong fluorescence enhancement (16.5-fold) when treated with Cys (1 equiv., 10 μM) compared to closely related species such as amino acids, including HCy/GSH, and the limit of detection was determined as 45.0 nM. DFT calculations helped confirm the photomechanism of Myco-Cys. Furthermore, the sensing ability of the probe was demonstrated by living cell assays through the use of confocal fluorescence microscopy. Myco-Cys could selectively detect cysteine among biothiols. Myco-Cys was able to monitor the cysteine level, apart from the oxidative stress present in the form of H2O2 in A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woohyun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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Hou X, Li Z, Li Y, Zhou Q, Liu C, Fan D, Wang J, Xu R, Xu Z. ICT-modulated NIR water-soluble fluorescent probe with large Stokes shift for selective detection of cysteine in living cells and zebrafish. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 246:119030. [PMID: 33049474 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The fluorescent probes with good water-solubility, long-wavelength emission and large Stokes shift are greatly desirable for in vivo detection. Herein, we designed a novel 1,8-naphthalimide-based near-infrared (NIR) optical and fluorescent probe (NTC) for sensing cysteine (Cys). Using acrylate as the recognition site, the probe demonstrated high selectivity and sensitivity for Cys with a low detection limit (0.093 μM) in aqueous buffer solution due to the excellent water-solubility. Upon the reaction with Cys, the recovery of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) in the probe led to about 40-fold fluorescence enhancement. Furthermore, the reaction result was investigated by 1H NMR, and HRMS analyses, and the sensing mechanism was validated by quantum calculations. Finally, NTC was applied to image exogenous and endogenous Cys in HeLa cells and zebrafish selectively, implying that the probe possessed great potential application in biological fluorescence sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Hou
- Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Detection, College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Xuchang University, Henan 461000, PR China
| | - Zhensheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Detection, College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Xuchang University, Henan 461000, PR China
| | - Yunqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Detection, College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Xuchang University, Henan 461000, PR China
| | - Qihang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Detection, College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Xuchang University, Henan 461000, PR China; Department of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - Chunhui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Detection, College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Xuchang University, Henan 461000, PR China
| | - Dang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Detection, College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Xuchang University, Henan 461000, PR China
| | - Jinjin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Detection, College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Xuchang University, Henan 461000, PR China
| | - Ruijie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Detection, College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Xuchang University, Henan 461000, PR China
| | - Zhihong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Detection, College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Xuchang University, Henan 461000, PR China; Department of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China.
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A novel NIR fluorescence probe with cysteine-activated structure for specific detection of cysteine and its application in vitro and in vivo. Talanta 2021; 223:121758. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Zhang X, Jin X, Zhang C, Zhong H, Zhu H. A fluorescence turn-on probe for hydrogen sulfide and biothiols based on PET & TICT and its imaging in HeLa cells. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 244:118839. [PMID: 32882655 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a photoinduced electron transfer (PET)& twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT)-based fluorescent probe (1) for detecting biothiols (GSH/Cys/Hcy) and hydrogen sulfide with fluorescence turn on was developed. The probe could recognize hydrogen sulfide over primary ions and selectively detect GSH/Cys/Hcy over other amino acids with fluorescence turn-on (an ESIPT process). H2S can be distinguished from GSH/Cys/Hcy with wavelength shift by UV-Vis spectra. In addition, detection limits for H2S/GSH/Cys/Hcy of probe 1 were 1.42 μM (0-100 μM), 0.13 μM (0-40 μM), 0.27 (0-30 μM), 0.22 μM (0-40 μM), respectively. The proposed thiolysis of the 2,4-dinitrochlorophenyl ether reaction in identification process was verified by the characteristic peak in 1H NMR and HRMS spectra. Finally, the biological imaging experiments and low cytotoxicity investigations in HeLa cells demonstrated that probe 1 could provide a promising method for the determination of H2S and biothiols in aqueous solution and living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqiong Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiaodong Jin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Jiangsu Police Institute, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210031, China
| | - Caiting Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Hui Zhong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Low-Dimensional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China.
| | - Hongjun Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
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12
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Fu YL, Chen XG, Li H, Feng W, Song QH. Quinolone-based fluorescent probes for distinguished detection of Cys and GSH through different fluorescence channels. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj03274c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dual-channel discrimination of Cys and GSH using a red fluorescent probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Long Fu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
- P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Gen Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
- P. R. China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
- P. R. China
| | - Qin-Hua Song
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
- P. R. China
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