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Shanmugasundaram KB, Ahmed E, Miao X, Kulasinghe A, Fletcher JA, Monkman J, Mainwaring P, Masud MK, Park H, Hossain MSA, Yamauchi Y, Sina AAI, O'Byrne K, Wuethrich A, Trau M. A Mesoporous Gold Sensor Unveils Phospho PD-L1 in Extracellular Vesicles as a Proxy for PD-L1 Expression in Lung Cancer Tissue. ACS Sens 2024; 9:3009-3016. [PMID: 38836608 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), or its receptor, PD-1 have improved survival in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Assessment of PD-L1 expression requires tissue biopsy or fine needle aspiration that are currently used to identify patients most likely to respond to single agent anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. However, obtaining sufficient tissue to generate a PD-L1 tissue proportion score (TPS) ≥ 50% using immunohistochemistry remains a challenge that potentially may be overcome by liquid biopsies. This study utilized a mesoporous gold sensor (MGS) assay to examine the phosphorylation status of PD-L1 in plasma extracellular vesicles (EV pPD-L1) and PD-L1 levels in plasma from NSCLC patient samples and their association with tumor PD-L1 TPS. The 3-dimensional mesoporous network of the electrodes provides a large surface area, high signal-to-noise ratio, and a superior electro-conductive framework, thereby significantly improving the detection sensitivity of PD-L1 nanosensing. Test (n = 20) (Pearson's r = 0.99) and validation (n = 45) (Pearson's r = 0.99) cohorts show that EV pPD-L1 status correlates linearly with the tumor PD-L1 TPS assessed by immunohistochemistry irrespective of the tumor stage, with 64% of patients overall showing detectable EV pPD-L1 levels in plasma. In contrast to the EV pPD-L1 results, plasma PD-L1 levels did not correlate with the tumor PD-L1 TPS score or EV pPD-L1 levels. These data demonstrate that EV pPD-L1 levels may be used to select patients for appropriate PD-1 and PD-L1 ICI therapy regimens in early, locally advanced, and advanced NSCLC and should be tested further in randomized controlled trials. Most importantly, the assay used has a less than 24h turnaround time, facilitating adoption of the test into the routine diagnostic evaluation of patients prior to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik B Shanmugasundaram
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Emtiaz Ahmed
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Xinzhe Miao
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Arutha Kulasinghe
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - James A Fletcher
- Division of Cancer Services, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - James Monkman
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Paul Mainwaring
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mostafa Kamal Masud
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Hyeongyu Park
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Md Shahriar A Hossain
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Abu A I Sina
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Kenneth O'Byrne
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Alain Wuethrich
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Matt Trau
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Yarjoo S, Siampour H, Khalilipour M, Sajedi RH, Bagheri H, Moshaii A. Gold nanostructure-enhanced immunosensing: ultra-sensitive detection of VEGF tumor marker for early disease diagnosis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10450. [PMID: 38714678 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024] Open
Abstract
We present an advanced electrochemical immunosensor designed to detect the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) precisely. The sensor is constructed on a modified porous gold electrode through a fabrication process involving the deposition of silver and gold on an FTO substrate. Employing thermal annealing and a de-alloying process, the silver is eliminated from the electrode, producing a reproducible porous gold substrate. Utilizing a well-defined protocol, we immobilize the heavy-chain (VHH) antibody against VEGF on the gold substrate, facilitating VEGF detection through various electrochemical methods. Remarkably, this immunosensor performs well, featuring an impressive detection limit of 0.05 pg/mL and an extensive linear range from 0.1 pg/mL to 0.1 µg/mL. This emphasizes it's to measure biomarkers across a wide concentration spectrum precisely. The robust fabrication methodology in this research underscores its potential for widespread application, offering enhanced precision, reproducibility, and remarkable detection capabilities for the developed immunosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Yarjoo
- Department of Physics, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Siampour
- Department of Physics, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
- Biosensor Research Center (BRC), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box 81746-73461, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehrsa Khalilipour
- Department of Physics, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza H Sajedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal Ale Ahmad Highway, Tehran, 14115-154, Iran
| | - Hassan Bagheri
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Moshaii
- Department of Physics, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Sensor and Biosensor, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Sciences and Technologies, Tarbiat Modares University, P. O. Box 14115-336, Tehran, Iran.
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Ahmed E, Masud MK, Komatineni P, Dey S, Lobb R, Hossain MSA, Möller A, Yamauchi Y, Sina AAI, Trau M. A mesoporous gold biosensor to investigate immune checkpoint protein heterogeneity in single lung cancer cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 249:115984. [PMID: 38219464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint proteins (ICPs) play a major role in a patient's immune response against cancer. Tumour cells usually express those proteins to communicate with immune cells as a process of escaping the anti-cancer immune response. Detecting the major functional immune checkpoint proteins present on cancer cells (such as circulating tumor cells or CTCs) and examining the heterogeneity in their expression at the single-cell level could play a crucial role in both cancer diagnosis and the monitoring of therapy. In this study, we develop a mesoporous gold biosensor to precisely assess ICP heterogeneity in individual cancer cells within a lung cancer model. The platform utilizes a nanostructured mesoporous gold surface to capture CTCs and a Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) readout to identify and monitor the expression of key ICP proteins (PD-L1, B7H4, CD276, CD80) in lung cancer cells. The homogeneous and abundant pores in mesoporous 3D gold nanostructures enable increased antibody loading on-chip and an enhanced SERS signal, which are key to our single cell capture, and accurate analysis of ICPs in cancer cells with high sensitivity. Our lung cancer cell line model data showed that our method can detect single cells and analyse the expression of four lung cancer associated ICPs on individual cell surfaces during treatment. To show the potential of our mesoporous gold biosensor in analysing clinical samples, we tested 9 longitudinal Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) samples from lung cancer patient before and after therapy. Our mesoporous biosensor successfully captured single CTCs and found that the expression of ICPs in CTCs is highly heterogeneous in both pre-treatment and treated PBMC samples isolated from lung cancer patient blood. We suggest that our findings will help clinicians in selecting the most appropriate therapy for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emtiaz Ahmed
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Mostafa Kamal Masud
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Prathyusha Komatineni
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Shuvashis Dey
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Richard Lobb
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Md Shahriar A Hossain
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia; School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology (EAIT), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Andreas Möller
- Tumour Microenvironment Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, 4006, Australia; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia; Department of Materials Process Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Abu Ali Ibn Sina
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Matt Trau
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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Durairaj S, Guo Q, Wang Q, Chen A. Sensitive electrochemical detection of metabisulphite in gastrointestinal fluids. Analyst 2022; 147:5508-5517. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an01352e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical detection of metabisulphite in simulated gastrointestinal fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Durairaj
- Electrochemical Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Qian Guo
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 90 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Qi Wang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 90 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Aicheng Chen
- Electrochemical Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada
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Qian L, Elmahdy R, Raj Thiruppathi A, Chen A. An ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor for the detection of acetaminophen via a three-dimensional hierarchical nanoporous gold wire electrode. Analyst 2021; 146:4525-4534. [PMID: 34137402 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00755f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen is one of the most commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs worldwide. However, due to the increasing popularity of this drug, overdosing and the contamination of ambient waterways have emerged as major issues. Here, we report on a reliable, ultrasensitive, and easy-to-use sensor for the electrochemical detection of acetaminophen. This sensor employs a gold wire electrode with a unique three-dimensional hierachical nanoporous structure, fabricated using a dissolution, disproportion and deposition procedure. In consideration of optimal sensitivity and reproducibility, the most suitable nanoporous gold electrode was employed for the detection of acetamiophen among a set of nanoporous electrodes made under different reaction times. It was found that the pore size, film thickness, and electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) played major roles in the fouling resistance of the developed sensor. The ECSA of the selected sensor was increased by 15.8 times after the post-treatment. The 3D nanoporous electrode demonstrated excellent performance for the detection of acetaminophen with a low detection limit of 3.37 nM, and a strong anti-interference capability. The developed nanoporous Au electrode proved effective for the detection of acetaminophen in real sheep serum, which confirmed its promising application for medical diagnostics and pollutant surveilliance in source waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanting Qian
- Electrochemical Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2 W1, Canada.
| | - Reem Elmahdy
- Electrochemical Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2 W1, Canada.
| | - Antony Raj Thiruppathi
- Electrochemical Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2 W1, Canada.
| | - Aicheng Chen
- Electrochemical Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2 W1, Canada.
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Grochowska K, Nedyalkov N, Karczewski J, Haryński Ł, Śliwiński G, Siuzdak K. Anodic titania nanotubes decorated with gold nanoparticles produced by laser-induced dewetting of thin metallic films. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20506. [PMID: 33239673 PMCID: PMC7688952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77710-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we combine titania layers with gold species in a laser-supported process and report a substantial change of properties of the resulting heterostructures depending on the major processing parameters. Electrodes were fabricated via an anodisation process complemented with calcination to ensure a crystalline phase, and followed by magnetron sputtering of metallic films. The obtained TiO2 nanotubes with deposited thin (5, 10 nm) Au films were treated with a UV laser (355 nm) to form Au nanoparticles on top of the nanotubes. It was proven that selected laser working parameters ensure not only the formation of Au nanoparticles, but also simultaneously provide preservation of the initial tubular architecture, while above-threshold laser fluences result in partial destruction (melting) of the top layer of the nanotubes. For almost all of the samples, the crystalline phase of the nanotubes observed in Raman spectra was maintained independently of the laser processing parameters. Enhanced photoresponse up to ca 6 mA/cm2 was demonstrated by photoelectrochemical measurements on samples obtained by laser annealing of the 10 nm Au coating on a titania support. Moreover, a Mott-Schottky analysis indicated the dramatically increased (two orders of magnitude) concentration of donor density in the case of a laser-treated Au-TiO2 heterojunction compared to reference electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Grochowska
- Centre of Plasma and Laser Engineering, The Szewalski Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, 14 Fiszera St., 80-231, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Nikolay Nedyalkov
- Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tsarigradsko Shose Blvd., 1784, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jakub Karczewski
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Łukasz Haryński
- Centre of Plasma and Laser Engineering, The Szewalski Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, 14 Fiszera St., 80-231, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Gerard Śliwiński
- Centre of Plasma and Laser Engineering, The Szewalski Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, 14 Fiszera St., 80-231, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Siuzdak
- Centre of Plasma and Laser Engineering, The Szewalski Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, 14 Fiszera St., 80-231, Gdańsk, Poland
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