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Goodman DM, Ritter CU, Chen E, Tong KKH, Riisom M, Söhnel T, Jamieson SMF, Anderson RF, Brothers PJ, Ware DC, Hartinger CG. Masking the Bioactivity of Hydroxamic Acids by Coordination to Cobalt: Towards Bioreductive Anticancer Agents. Chemistry 2024:e202401724. [PMID: 38853639 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The clinical use of many potent anticancer agents is limited by their non-selective toxicity to healthy tissue. One of these examples is vorinostat (SAHA), a pan histone deacetylase inhibitor, which shows high cytotoxicity with limited discrimination for cancerous over healthy cells. In an attempt to improve tumor selectivity, we exploited the properties of cobalt(III) as a redox-active metal center through stabilization with cyclen and cyclam tetraazamacrocycles, masking the anticancer activity of SAHA and other hydroxamic acid derivatives to allow for the complex to reach the hypoxic microenvironment of the tumor. Biological assays demonstrated the desired low in vitro anticancer activity of the complexes, suggesting effective masking of the activity of SAHA. Once in the tumor, the bioactive moiety may be released through the reduction of the CoIII center. Investigations revealed long-term stability of the complexes, with cyclic voltammetry and chemical reduction experiments supporting the design hypothesis of SAHA release through the reduction of the CoIII prodrug. The results highlight the potential for further developing this complex class as novel anticancer agents by masking the high cytotoxicity of a given drug, however, the cellular uptake needs to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Goodman
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Cornelia U Ritter
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Erin Chen
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kelvin K H Tong
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Mie Riisom
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Tilo Söhnel
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Stephen M F Jamieson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Robert F Anderson
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Penelope J Brothers
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - David C Ware
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Christian G Hartinger
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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2
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Riisom M, Morrow SJ, Herbert CD, Tremlett WDJ, Astin JW, Jamieson SMF, Hartinger CG. In vitro and in vivo accumulation of the anticancer Ru complexes [Ru II(cym)(HQ)Cl] and [Ru II(cym)(PCA)Cl]Cl. J Biol Inorg Chem 2023; 28:767-775. [PMID: 37962611 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-023-02026-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The cellular accumulation and the underlying mechanisms for the two ruthenium-based anticancer complexes [RuII(cym)(HQ)Cl] 1 (cym = η6-p-cymene, HQ = 8-hydroxyquinoline) and [RuII(cym)(PCA)Cl]Cl 2 (PCA = N-fluorophenyl-2-pyridinecarbothioamide) were investigated in HCT116 human colorectal carcinoma cells. The results showed that the cellular accumulation of both complexes increased over time and with higher concentrations, and that 2 accumulates in greater quantities in cells than 1. Inhibition studies of selected cellular accumulation mechanisms indicated that both 1 and 2 may be transported into the cells by both passive diffusion and active transporters, similar to cisplatin. Efflux experiments indicated that 1 and 2 are subjected to efflux through a mechanism that does not involve p-glycoprotein, as addition of verapamil did not make any difference. Exploring the influence of the Cu transporter by addition of CuCl2 resulted in a higher accumulation of 1 and 2 whilst the amount of Pt detected was slightly reduced when cells were treated with cisplatin. Complexes 1 and 2 were further explored in zebrafish where accumulation and distribution were determined with ICP-MS and LA-ICP-MS. The results correlated with the in vitro observations and zebrafish treated with 2 showed higher Ru contents than those treated with 1. The distribution studies suggested that both complexes mainly accumulated in the intestines of the zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Riisom
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Stuart J Morrow
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Caitlin D Herbert
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - William D J Tremlett
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan W Astin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Stephen M F Jamieson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Christian G Hartinger
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
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Riisom M, Jamieson SMF, Hartinger CG. Critical evaluation of cell lysis methods for metallodrug studies in cancer cells. Metallomics 2023; 15:mfad048. [PMID: 37596065 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfad048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular accumulation studies are a key step in metallodrug development but often variable results are obtained. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate different protocols for efficient and reproducible lysis of cancer cells in terms of protein content in lysates and in cell uptake studies of the Ru anticancer complex [chlorido(8-oxyquinolinato)(η6-p-cymene)ruthenium(II)] ([Ru(cym)(HQ)Cl]). The physical lysis methods osmosis and sonication were chosen for comparison with chemical lysis with the radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) buffer. Based on the protein content and the total Ru accumulated in the lysates, the latter determined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, RIPA buffer was the most efficient lysis method. Measurements of plastic adsorption blanks revealed that the higher Ru content determined in the RIPA buffer lysis samples may be due a higher amount of Ru extracted from the plastic incubation plates compared with osmosis and sonication. Overall, we found that the choice of lysis method needs to be matched to the information sought and we suggest the least disruptive osmosis method might be the best choice for labile drug-biomolecule adducts. Minimal differences were found for experiments aimed at measuring the overall cell uptake of the Ru complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Riisom
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Stephen M F Jamieson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Christian G Hartinger
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Pivarcsik T, Pósa V, Kovács H, May NV, Spengler G, Pósa SP, Tóth S, Nezafat Yazdi Z, Özvegy-Laczka C, Ugrai I, Szatmári I, Szakács G, Enyedy ÉA. Metal Complexes of a 5-Nitro-8-Hydroxyquinoline-Proline Hybrid with Enhanced Water Solubility Targeting Multidrug Resistant Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010593. [PMID: 36614037 PMCID: PMC9820345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer is one of the major obstacles of chemotherapy. We have recently identified a series of 8-hydroxyquinoline Mannich base derivatives with MDR-selective toxicity, however with limited solubility. In this work, a novel 5-nitro-8-hydroxyquinoline-proline hybrid and its Rh(η5-C5Me5) and Ru(η6-p-cymene) complexes with excellent aqueous solubility were developed, characterized, and tested against sensitive and MDR cells. Complex formation of the ligand with essential metal ions was also investigated using UV-visible, circular dichroism, 1H NMR (Zn(II)), and electron paramagnetic resonance (Cu(II)) spectroscopic methods. Formation of mono and bis complexes was found in all cases with versatile coordination modes, while tris complexes were also formed with Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions, revealing the metal binding affinity of the ligand at pH 7.4: Cu(II) > Zn(II) > Fe(II) > Fe(III). The ligand and its Rh(III) complex displayed enhanced cytotoxicity against the resistant MES-SA/Dx5 and Colo320 human cancer cell lines compared to their chemosensitive counterparts. Both organometallic complexes possess high stability in solution, however the Ru(II) complex has lower chloride ion affinity and slower ligand exchange processes, along with the readiness to lose the arene ring that is likely connected to its inactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Pivarcsik
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Vivien Pósa
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Hilda Kovács
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nóra V. May
- Centre for Structural Science, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Spengler
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szonja P. Pósa
- Drug Resistance Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Drug Research and Development, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Tóth
- Drug Resistance Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Drug Research and Development, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zeinab Nezafat Yazdi
- Drug Resistance Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csilla Özvegy-Laczka
- Drug Resistance Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imre Ugrai
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Stereochemistry Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Szatmári
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Stereochemistry Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergely Szakács
- Drug Resistance Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Éva A. Enyedy
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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Riisom M, Eade L, Tremlett WDJ, Hartinger CG. The aqueous stability and interactions of organoruthenium compounds with serum proteins, cell culture medium and human serum. Metallomics 2022; 14:6617999. [PMID: 35751650 PMCID: PMC9314723 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfac043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Metal complexes bind to a wide variety of biomolecules and the control of the reactivity is essential when designing anticancer metallodrugs with a specific mode of action in mind. In this study, we used the highly cytotoxic compound [RuII(cym)(8-HQ)Cl] (cym = η6-p-cymene, 8-HQ = 8-hydroxyquinoline), the more inert derivative [RuII(cym)(8-HQ)(PTA)](SO3CF3) (PTA = 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane), and [RuII(cym)(PCA)Cl]Cl (PCA = pyridinecarbothioamide) as a derivative with a different coordination environment about the Ru center and investigated their stability, interactions with proteins and behavior in medium (αMEM) and human serum by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). The developed method was found to be robust and provides a quick and low-cost technique to monitor the interactions of such complexes with biomolecules. Each complex was found to behave very differently, emphasizing the importance of the choice of ligands and demonstrating the applicability of the developed method. Additionally, the human serum albumin binding site preference of [RuII(cym)(8-HQ)Cl] was investigated through displacement studies, revealing that the compound was able to bind to both sites I and site II, and the type of adducts formed with transferrin was determined by mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Riisom
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Liam Eade
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - William D J Tremlett
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Christian G Hartinger
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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Identification of synthetic cannabinoid methyl 2-{[1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1 H-indol-3-yl] formamido}-3-methylbutanoate using modern mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. OPEN CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2021-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The samples of plant material suspected to contain new psychoactive substances are very often the subject of chemical-toxicological analyses. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (MS), liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-MS, and liquid chromatography-tandem MS were applied with the aim to identify synthetic cannabinoid, methyl 2-{[1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl] formamido}-3-methylbutanoate (MMB-CHMICA) without the analytical standard, which is very often the case when a new drug arrives. The structure of compound was also confirmed by one-dimensional and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and conformational analysis. After identification, methanolic extract of plant material containing MMB-CHMICA was successfully used for developing a multiple reaction monitoring method on liquid chromatography-tandem MS instrument. The optimization procedure is shown in detail. The complete fragmentation pattern and also the optimization of the extraction procedure of MMB-CHMICA from plant material were shown. The obtained data are useful for forensic, toxicological, and clinical purposes.
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Current and emerging mass spectrometry methods for the preclinical development of metal-based drugs: a critical appraisal. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:95-102. [PMID: 34642780 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03718-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This Trends article highlights the multiple ways in which the state-of-the-art molecular mass spectrometry can support the preclinical development of novel metal-based anticancer drugs. Examples from the recent literature-beyond routine characterization applications-are presented to illustrate what analytical and experimental design challenges are to be addressed to facilitate the translation of promising drug candidates to clinical practice.
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