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Watanabe K, Pati NN, Inokuma Y. Contracted porphyrins and calixpyrroles: synthetic challenges and ring-contraction effects. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6994-7009. [PMID: 38756809 PMCID: PMC11095365 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02028f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Ring-contracted porphyrin analogues, such as subporphyrins and calix[3]pyrroles, have recently attracted considerable attention not only as challenging synthetic targets but also as functional macrocyclic compounds. Although canonical porphyrins and calix[4]pyrrole are selectively generated via acid-catalyzed condensation reactions of pyrrole monomers, their tripyrrolic analogues are always missing under similar conditions. Recent progress in synthesis has shown that strain-controlled approaches using boron(iii)-templating, core-modification, or ring tightening provide access to various contracted porphyrins. The tripyrrolic macrocycles are a new class of functional macrocycles exhibiting unique ring-contraction effects, including strong boron chelation and strain-induced ring expansion. This Perspective reviews recent advances in synthetic strategies and the novel ring-contraction effects of subporphyrins, triphyrins(2.1.1), calix[3]pyrroles, and their analogous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Watanabe
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University Kita 13, Nishi 8 Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
| | - Narendra Nath Pati
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido 001-0021 Japan
| | - Yasuhide Inokuma
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University Kita 13, Nishi 8 Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido 001-0021 Japan
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Inaba Y, Kakibayashi Y, Ide Y, Pirillo J, Hijikata Y, Yoneda T, Inokuma Y. Strain‐Induced Ring Expansion Reactions of Calix[3]pyrrole‐Related Macrocycles. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200056. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Inaba
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering Hokkaido University Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
| | - Yu Kakibayashi
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering Hokkaido University Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
| | - Yuki Ide
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) Hokkaido University Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido 001-0021 Japan
| | - Jenny Pirillo
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) Hokkaido University Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido 001-0021 Japan
| | - Yuh Hijikata
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) Hokkaido University Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido 001-0021 Japan
| | - Tomoki Yoneda
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering Hokkaido University Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
| | - Yasuhide Inokuma
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering Hokkaido University Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) Hokkaido University Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido 001-0021 Japan
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Ruppert H, Sigmund LM, Greb L. Calix[4]pyrroles as ligands: recent progress with a focus on the emerging p-block element chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11751-11763. [PMID: 34661225 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05120b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Calix[4]pyrroles are readily synthesized in one step from pyrroles and ketones. For several decades, these macrocycles have been exploited as powerful anion receptors or ligands for transition and rare-earth metals. In contrast, calix[4]pyrrolates as ligands for p-block elements were established only in 2018. The present feature article reviews these developments, together with the recent progress on s-, d-, and f-block element complexes of the calix[4]pyrroles. Particular focus is given on the calix[4]pyrrolato aluminate and the corresponding silane, both featuring square planar-coordinated p-block elements in their highest oxidation states. These unique "anti-van't-Hoff-Le-Bel" structures introduce valuable characteristics into main-group element chemistry, such as agostic interactions or ligand-to-metal charge transfer absorptions. The most vital reactivities are highlighted, which rely on properties ranging from amphoterism, redox-activity, and a small HOMO-LUMO gap up to the ability to provide a platform for additional external stimuli. Overall, these developments underscore the beneficial impact of structural constraint of p-block elements and element-ligand cooperativity to enhance the functionality of the most abundant elements in their native oxidation states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Ruppert
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Lukas M Sigmund
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Inaba Y, Nomata Y, Ide Y, Pirillo J, Hijikata Y, Yoneda T, Osuka A, Sessler JL, Inokuma Y. Calix[3]pyrrole: A Missing Link in Porphyrin-Related Chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:12355-12360. [PMID: 34320322 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A long-standing question in porphyrin chemistry is why pyrrole monomers selectively form tetrapyrrolic macrocycles, whereas the corresponding tripyrrolic macrocycles are never observed. Calix[3]pyrrole, a tripyrrolic porphyrinogen-like macrocycle bearing three sp3-carbon linkages, is a missing link molecule that might hold the key to this enigma; however, it has remained elusive. Here we report the synthesis and strain-induced transformations of calix[3]pyrrole and its furan analogue, calix[3]furan. These macrocycles are readily accessed from cyclic oligoketones. Crystallographic and theoretical analyses reveal that these three-subunit systems possess the largest strain energy among known calix[n]-type macrocycles. The ring-strain triggers transformation of calix[3]pyrrole into first calix[6]pyrrole and then calix[4]pyrrole under porphyrin cyclization conditions. The present results help explain the absence of naturally occurring three-pyrrole macrocycles and the fact that they are not observed as products or intermediate during classic porphyrin syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Inaba
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yu Nomata
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yuki Ide
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Jenny Pirillo
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yuh Hijikata
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yoneda
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Yasuhide Inokuma
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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Sharma PR, Pandey S, Malik A, Choudhary G, Soni VK, Sharma RK. Calix[4]amido crown functionalized visible sensors for cyanide and iodide anions. RSC Adv 2021; 11:26644-26654. [PMID: 35480007 PMCID: PMC9037394 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03608d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study comprises the design and development of calix[4] arene-amido-based ionophores by varying structural stringency and steric hindrance at the lower rim to probe the anion sensing properties. The ionophores are prepared, purified, and characterized using various analytical techniques. The molecular structure of the most active ionophore I is established by single-crystal X-ray characterisation. Out of various anions investigated, iodide and cyanide show the highest sensitivity towards the ionophores investigated. Both anions are sensitive enough to give a visibly distinct color change. The binding properties of the ionophores are established with 1H & 127I NMR, fluorescence, and UV-vis spectroscopy, revealing that three ionophores strongly interact with CN- and I-. The binding constants are calculated via Benesi-Hildebrand plots using absorption data. The time-dependent 1H NMR revealed strong hydrogen bonding between the OH and NH groups of the ionophore and cyanide anion. The 127I NMR shows the highest 27.6 ppm shift after 6 h for ionophore I. The crystal structure revealed hydrogen bonding of N-H protons of the amide pendulum and phenolic oxygen of the calix rim. The Job's plot depicted the possibility of a 1 : 1 complex of ionophores with both anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragati R Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Sustainable Materials and Catalysis Research Laboratory (SMCRL), Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur NH 65, Karwar Jodhpur 342037 India
| | - Shubham Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Sustainable Materials and Catalysis Research Laboratory (SMCRL), Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur NH 65, Karwar Jodhpur 342037 India
| | - Apoorva Malik
- Department of Chemistry, Sustainable Materials and Catalysis Research Laboratory (SMCRL), Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur NH 65, Karwar Jodhpur 342037 India
| | - Ganpat Choudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Sustainable Materials and Catalysis Research Laboratory (SMCRL), Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur NH 65, Karwar Jodhpur 342037 India
| | - Vineet K Soni
- Department of Chemistry, Sustainable Materials and Catalysis Research Laboratory (SMCRL), Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur NH 65, Karwar Jodhpur 342037 India
| | - Rakesh K Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Sustainable Materials and Catalysis Research Laboratory (SMCRL), Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur NH 65, Karwar Jodhpur 342037 India
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Kumar BS, Chandra B, Jovan Jose KV, Panda PK. 1,2-Phenylene-Incorporated Smallest Expanded Calix[4]pyrrole via One-Step Synthesis of Tetrapyrrane: A Fluorescent Host for Fluoride Ion. J Org Chem 2021; 86:10536-10543. [PMID: 34319103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of tetrapyrrane 8 from acetone and pyrrole via one-step condensation was achieved for the first time along with a much-improved yield of the tripyrrane 9. Diborylation of the tetrapyrrane and subsequent "1 + 1" cyclocoupling with 1,2-diiodobenzene following the Suzuki protocol generated novel o-phenylene incorporated macrocycle belonging to the smallest meso-expanded calix[4]pyrrole family. The latter macrocycle displays exclusive turn-on fluorescence sensing of fluoride ion upon complexation via a unique partial cone conformation supported by DFT analysis in acetonitrile solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sathish Kumar
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Brijesh Chandra
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - K V Jovan Jose
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Pradeepta K Panda
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
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Abstract
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A macrocyclic motif
composed of carbazole and pyridine subunits
linked by a carbonyl bridge (C=O) forms a skeleton with a peripheral
reactivity that leads to a pinacol-like coupling activated by BBr3, eventually entrapping a substantially elongated C–C
bond. Slightly modified conditions lead to the efficient transformation
of the C=O unit to a CH2 linker that, after exposure
to air, gives a dimeric molecule with multiple bonds between two macrocyclic
units, as documented in spectroscopy and X-ray analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kijewska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Miłosz Siczek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Miłosz Pawlicki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383 Wrocław, Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30387 Kraków, Poland
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Mostovaya O, Padnya P, Shurpik D, Shiabiev I, Stoikov I. Novel lactide derivatives of p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene: Directed synthesis and molecular recognition of catecholamines. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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