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Rethinasabapathy M, Ghoreishian SM, Hwang SK, Han YK, Roh C, Huh YS. Recent Progress in Functional Nanomaterials towards the Storage, Separation, and Removal of Tritium. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2301589. [PMID: 37435972 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Tritium is a sustainable next-generation prime fuel for generating nuclear energy through fusion reactions to fulfill the increasing global energy demand. Owing to the scarcity-high demand tradeoff, tritium must be bred inside a fusion reactor to ensure sustainability and must therefore be separated from its isotopes (protium and deuterium) in pure form, stored safely, and supplied on demand. Existing multistage isotope separation technologies exhibit low separation efficiency and require intensive energy inputs and large capital investments. Furthermore, tritium-contaminated heavy water constitutes a major fraction of nuclear waste, and accidents like the one at Fukushima Daiichi leave behind thousands of tons of diluted tritiated water, whose removal is beneficial from an environmental point of view. In this review, the recent progress and main research trends in hydrogen isotope storage and separation by focusing on the use of metal hydride (e.g., intermetallic, and high-entropy alloys), porous (e.g., zeolites and metal organic frameworks (MOFs)), and 2-D layered (e.g., graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), and MXenes) materials to separate and store tritium based on their diverse functionalities are discussed. Finally, the challenges and future directions for implementing tritium storage and separation are summarized in the reviewed materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muruganantham Rethinasabapathy
- NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Science and Bioengineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Seung-Kyu Hwang
- NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Science and Bioengineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kyu Han
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhyun Roh
- Decommissioning Technology Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Daejeon, 34057, Republic of Korea
- Nuclear Science and Technology, Quantum Energy Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Suk Huh
- NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Science and Bioengineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
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Bezverkhyy I, Boyer V, Cabaud C, Bellat JP. High Efficiency of Na- and Ca-Exchanged Chabazites in D 2/H 2 Separation by Quantum Sieving. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:52738-52744. [PMID: 36379718 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Quantum sieving is a promising approach for separation of hydrogen isotopes using porous solids as sorbents at cryogenic temperatures (<77 K). In the present work, we characterized the properties of two aluminum-rich chabazites: Na-CHA and Ca-CHA (Si/Al = 2.1). The single-gas D2 and H2 adsorption isotherms were measured, and the thermodynamic selectivities were determined through coadsorption experiments in the temperature range 38-77 K. We found that at 38 K, Na-CHA shows a selectivity of 25.8 at a loading of 10.6 mmol·g-1. At the same temperature, Ca-CHA has slightly lower selectivity (18.3), but its uptake (12.9 mmol·g-1) is higher than that for Na-CHA. Comparison with the literature shows that the obtained values of selectivity are among the highest reported so far. This property combined with robustness and availability on the industrial scale of Al-rich chabazites makes them very promising materials for separation of hydrogen isotopes by quantum sieving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Bezverkhyy
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, BP 47870, Dijon 21078 Cedex, France
| | - Victor Boyer
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, BP 47870, Dijon 21078 Cedex, France
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Bellat
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, BP 47870, Dijon 21078 Cedex, France
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A contemporary report on explications of flexible metal-organic frameworks with regards to structural simulation, dynamics and material applications. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.116041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zhang L, Wulf T, Baum F, Schmidt W, Heine T, Hirscher M. Chemical Affinity of Ag-Exchanged Zeolites for Efficient Hydrogen Isotope Separation. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:9413-9420. [PMID: 35700442 PMCID: PMC9241142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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We report an ion-exchanged
zeolite as an excellent candidate for
large-scale application in hydrogen isotope separation. Ag(I)-exchanged
zeolite Y has been synthesized through a standard ion-exchange procedure.
The D2/H2 separation performance has been systematically
investigated via thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). Undercoordinated
Ag+ in zeolite AgY acts as a strong adsorption site and
adorbs preferentially the heavier isotopologue even above liquid nitrogen
temperature. The highest D2/H2 selectivity of
10 is found at an exposure temperature of 90 K. Furthermore, the high
Al content of the zeolite structure leads to a high density of Ag
sites, resulting in a high gas uptake. In the framework, approximately
one-third of the total physisorbed hydrogen isotopes are adsorbed
on the Ag sites, corresponding to 3 mmol/g. A density functional theory
(DFT) calculation reveals that the isotopologue-selective adsorption
of hydrogen at Ag sites contributes to the outstanding hydrogen isotope
separation, which has been directly observed through cryogenic thermal
desorption spectroscopy. The overall performance of zeolite AgY, showing
good selectivity combined with high gas uptake, is very promising
for future technical applications. Silver-exchanged
zeolite Y was synthesized for efficient
and effective separation of hydrogen isotopes above liquid nitrogen
temperature via chemical affinity sieving. The highest D2/H2 selectivity of 10 is achieved at 90 K combined with
a high gas uptake, making zeolite AgY a promising candidate for large-scale
deuterium enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Toshiki Wulf
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Linnéstraße 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Forschungsstelle Leipzig, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Florian Baum
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schmidt
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Thomas Heine
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Forschungsstelle Leipzig, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.,Fakultät für Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, TU Dresden, Bergstraße 66c, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Hirscher
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Ju Z, El-Sayed ESM, Yuan D. Dynamic metal-organic frameworks for the separation of hydrogen isotopes. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:16617-16622. [PMID: 33179672 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02806a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reversible structural transformation upon exposure to external stimuli can lead to breathing effect or gate-opening phenomena for dynamic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which endow them with excellent gas separation performance. The separation of hydrogen isotopes remains a huge challenge due to their nearly identical physical and chemical properties. The unique feature of dynamic MOFs, especially structural transition triggered by isotopes or by temperature, maximally enhances kinetic quantum sieving and contributes to the highly selective separation of hydrogen isotopes. Herein, we present some examples for the separation of hydrogen isotopes based on dynamic frameworks, and we expect to attract increasing attention to this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanfeng Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fujian, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Radola B, Giraudet M, Bezverkhyy I, Simon JM, Salazar JM, Macaud M, Bellat JP. New force field for GCMC simulations of D 2/H 2 quantum sieving in pure silica zeolites. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:24561-24571. [PMID: 33094778 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03871g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We report a study on adsorption and coadsorption of H2 and D2 in FAU, MFI and CHA pure silica zeolites having different pore sizes and shapes. Adsorption capacities, selectivities, enthalpies and entropies are determined by combining experiments and GCMC simulations. We show that the force fields available in the literature cannot predict the adsorption equilibria below 77 K with sufficient accuracy. Here we propose a new force field adjusted by using our experimental data obtained for the pure silica MFI zeolite at 65 K and 77 K. With this new force field, it is possible to predict the adsorption and coadsorption equilibria on the three zeolite structures in a temperature range between 47 and 77 K with satisfactory precision. We corroborate that the step appearing on the single adsorption isotherms in CHA is the result of a molecular rearrangement of the adsorbed phase due to the apparition of a new adsorption site characterized by weaker interactions of H2 with the adsorbent. We conclude that the quantum sieving of H2 and D2 not only depends on the pore size but also on the pore shape, in particular, at high loading when the confinement effects become important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Radola
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon Cedex, BP 47870, France.
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