1
|
Zhang Z, Chen P, Sun Y. Enzyme-Instructed Aggregation/Dispersion of Fluorophores for Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging In Vivo. Molecules 2023; 28:5360. [PMID: 37513233 PMCID: PMC10385274 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence is a noninvasive, highly sensitive, and high-resolution modality with great potential for in vivo imaging. Compared with "Always-On" probes, activatable NIR fluorescent probes with "Turn-Off/On" or "Ratiometric" fluorescent signals at target sites exhibit better signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), wherein enzymes are one of the ideal triggers for probe activation, which play vital roles in a variety of biological processes. In this review, we provide an overview of enzyme-activatable NIR fluorescent probes and concentrate on the design strategies and sensing mechanisms. We focus on the aggregation/dispersion state of fluorophores after the interaction of probes and enzymes and finally discuss the current challenges and provide some perspective ideas for the construction of enzyme-activatable NIR fluorescent probes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Zhang
- Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science & Technology, Xianning 437000, China
| | - Peiyao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Yao Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zmudzinski M, Malon O, Poręba M, Drąg M. Imaging of proteases using activity-based probes. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2023; 74:102299. [PMID: 37031620 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.102299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Proteases (proteolytic enzymes) are proteins that catalyze one of the most important biochemical reactions, namely the hydrolysis of the peptide bond in peptide and protein substrates. Therefore these molecular biocatalysts participate in virtually all living processes. The proper balance between intact and processed protease substrates enables to maintenance of homeostasis from a single-cell level to the whole living system. However, when the proteolytic activity is altered, this delicate balance is disturbed, which might lead to the development of a plethora of diseases. Given this, monitoring proteolytic activity is indispensable to understanding how proteases operate in disease lesions and how their altered catalytic activity might be harnessed for a better diagnosis and treatment. In this manuscript, we provide a critical review of the recent development of protease chemical probes which are small molecules that detect proteolytic activity by interacting with protease active site, individual proteases as well as complex proteolytic networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Zmudzinski
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Oliwia Malon
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Poręba
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Marcin Drąg
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rodriguez-Rios M, Megia-Fernandez A, Norman DJ, Bradley M. Peptide probes for proteases - innovations and applications for monitoring proteolytic activity. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2081-2120. [PMID: 35188510 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00798j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are excellent biomarkers for a variety of diseases, offer multiple opportunities for diagnostic applications and are valuable targets for therapy. From a chemistry-based perspective this review discusses and critiques the most recent advances in the field of substrate-based probes for the detection and analysis of proteolytic activity both in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rodriguez-Rios
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Alicia Megia-Fernandez
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Daniel J Norman
- Technical University of Munich, Trogerstrasse, 30, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Mark Bradley
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Walter ERH, Cooper SM, Boyle JJ, Long NJ. Enzyme-activated probes in optical imaging: a focus on atherosclerosis. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:14486-14497. [PMID: 34605500 PMCID: PMC8546924 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02198b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme-activated probes enable complex biological processes to be studied in real-time. A wide range of enzymes are modulated in diseases, including cancer, inflammatory diseases and cardiovascular disease, and have the potential to act as vital diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers to monitor and report on disease progression. In this perspective article, we discuss suitable design characteristics of enzyme-activated fluorescent probes for ex vivo and in vivo optical imaging applications. With a particular focus on atherosclerosis imaging, we highlight recent approaches to report on the activity of cathepsins (K and B), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9), thrombin, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and myeloperoxidase (MPO).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward R H Walter
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK.
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Saul M Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK.
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Joseph J Boyle
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Nicholas J Long
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Megia-Fernandez A, Marshall A, Akram AR, Mills B, Chankeshwara SV, Scholefield E, Miele A, McGorum BC, Michaels C, Knighton N, Vercauteren T, Lacombe F, Dentan V, Bruce AM, Mair J, Hitchcock R, Hirani N, Haslett C, Bradley M, Dhaliwal K. Optical Detection of Distal Lung Enzyme Activity in Human Inflammatory Lung Disease. BME FRONTIERS 2021; 2021:9834163. [PMID: 37851586 PMCID: PMC10530652 DOI: 10.34133/2021/9834163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective and Impact Statement. There is a need to develop platforms delineating inflammatory biology of the distal human lung. We describe a platform technology approach to detect in situ enzyme activity and observe drug inhibition in the distal human lung using a combination of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) optical reporters, fibered confocal fluorescence microscopy (FCFM), and a bespoke delivery device. Introduction. The development of new therapeutic agents is hindered by the lack of in vivo in situ experimental methodologies that can rapidly evaluate the biological activity or drug-target engagement in patients. Methods. We optimised a novel highly quenched optical molecular reporter of enzyme activity (FIB One) and developed a translational pathway for in-human assessment. Results. We demonstrate the specificity for matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) 2, 9, and 13 and probe dequenching within physiological levels of MMPs and feasibility of imaging within whole lung models in preclinical settings. Subsequently, in a first-in-human exploratory experimental medicine study of patients with fibroproliferative lung disease, we demonstrate, through FCFM, the MMP activity in the alveolar space measured through FIB One fluorescence increase (with pharmacological inhibition). Conclusion. This translational in situ approach enables a new methodology to demonstrate active drug target effects of the distal lung and consequently may inform therapeutic drug development pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Megia-Fernandez
- EaStCHEM, The University of Edinburgh School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, UK, EH9 3FJ
| | - Adam Marshall
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK, EH16 4TJ
| | - Ahsan R. Akram
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK, EH16 4TJ
| | - Bethany Mills
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK, EH16 4TJ
| | - Sunay V. Chankeshwara
- EaStCHEM, The University of Edinburgh School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, UK, EH9 3FJ
| | - Emma Scholefield
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK, EH16 4TJ
| | - Amy Miele
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK, EH16 4TJ
| | - Bruce C. McGorum
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK, EH25 9RG
| | - Chesney Michaels
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK, EH16 4TJ
| | - Nathan Knighton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, 36 S Wasatch Dr, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Tom Vercauteren
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK, SE1 7EH
| | | | | | - Annya M. Bruce
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK, EH16 4TJ
| | - Joanne Mair
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK, EH16 4TJ
| | - Robert Hitchcock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, 36 S Wasatch Dr, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Nik Hirani
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK, EH16 4TJ
| | - Chris Haslett
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK, EH16 4TJ
| | - Mark Bradley
- EaStCHEM, The University of Edinburgh School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, UK, EH9 3FJ
| | - Kevin Dhaliwal
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK, EH16 4TJ
| |
Collapse
|