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Prigyai N, Bunchuay T, Ruengsuk A, Yoshinari N, Manissorn J, Pumirat P, Sapudom J, Kosiyachinda P, Thongnuek P. Photo-Controlled Reversible Uptake and Release of a Modified Sulfamethoxazole Antibiotic Drug from a Pillar[5]arene Cross-Linked Gelatin Hydrogel. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:8250-8265. [PMID: 38326106 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Pillararene cross-linked gelatin hydrogels were designed and synthesized to control the uptake and release of antibiotics using light. A suite of characterization techniques ranging from spectroscopy (FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR, and MAS NMR), X-ray crystallographic analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was employed to investigate the physicochemical properties of hydrogels. The azobenzene-modified sulfamethoxazole (Azo-SMX) antibiotic was noncovalently incorporated into the hydrogel via supramolecular host-guest interactions to afford the A-hydrogel. While in its ground state, the Azo-SMX guest has a trans configuration structure and forms a thermodynamically stable inclusion complex with the pillar[5]arene motif in the hydrogel matrix. When the A-hydrogel was exposed to 365 nm UV light, Azo-SMX underwent a photoisomerization reaction. This changed the structure of Azo-SMX from trans to cis, and the material was released into the environment. The Azo-SMX released from the hydrogel was effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Importantly, the A-hydrogel exhibited a striking difference in antibacterial activity when applied to bacterial colonies in the presence and absence of UV light, highlighting the switchable antibacterial activity of A-hydrogel aided by light. In addition, all hydrogels containing pillar[5]arenes have demonstrated biocompatibility and effectiveness as scaffolds for biological and medical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicha Prigyai
- Biomedical Materials and Devices for Revolutionary Integrative Systems Engineering (BMD-RISE), Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Thanthapatra Bunchuay
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Araya Ruengsuk
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Nobuto Yoshinari
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Juthathip Manissorn
- Biomedical Materials and Devices for Revolutionary Integrative Systems Engineering (BMD-RISE), Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pattarapon Pumirat
- Biomedical Materials and Devices for Revolutionary Integrative Systems Engineering (BMD-RISE), Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Jiranuwat Sapudom
- Laboratory for Immuno Bioengineering Research and Applications, Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Pahol Kosiyachinda
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Peerapat Thongnuek
- Biomedical Materials and Devices for Revolutionary Integrative Systems Engineering (BMD-RISE), Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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2
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Coady Z, Smith JN, Wilson KA, White NG. Stereoselective Single Step Cyclization to Give Belt-Functionalized Pillar[6]arenes. J Org Chem 2024; 89:1397-1406. [PMID: 38214497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Two macrocycles were synthesized through cyclization reactions of secondary benzylic alcohols, giving pillar[6]arenes with a methyl substituent at each belt position. These macrocycles form stereoselectively with only the rtctct isomer with alternating up and down orientations of the belt methyl groups definitively identified. Isolated yields were modest (7 and 9%), but the macrocycles are prepared in a single step from either a commercially available alcohol or a very readily prepared precursor. X-ray crystal structures of the macrocycles indicate they have a capsule-like structure, which is far from the conventional pillar shape. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the energy barrier required to obtain the pillar conformation is significantly higher for these belt-functionalized macrocycles than for conventional belt-unfunctionalized pillar[6]arenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeke Coady
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Jordan N Smith
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Katie A Wilson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Nicholas G White
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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3
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Todee B, Sanae P, Ruengsuk A, Janthakit P, Promarak V, Tantirungrotechai J, Sukwattanasinitt M, Limpanuparb T, Harding DJ, Bunchuay T. Switchable Metal-Ion Selectivity in Sulfur-Functionalised Pillar[5]arenes and Their Host-Guest Complexes. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202300913. [PMID: 37971488 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Nucleophilic substitution of pertosylated pillar[5]arene (P-OTs) with commercially available sulfur containing nucleophiles (KSCN, KSAc, and thiophenol), yields a series of sulfur-functionalised pillar[5]arenes. DLS results and SEM images imply that these pillararene macrocycles self-assemble in acetonitrile solution, while X-ray crystallographic evidence suggests solvent-dependent assembly in the solid state. The nature of the sulfur substituents decorating the rim of the pillararene controls binding affinities towards organic guest encapsulations within the cavity and dictates metal-ion binding properties through the formation of favorable S-M2+ coordination bonds outside the cavity, as determined by 1 H NMR and fluorescence spectroscopic experiments. Addition of a dinitrile guest containing a bis-triazole benzene spacer (btn) induced formation of pseudorotaxane host-guest complexes. Fluorescence emission signals from these discrete macrocycles were significantly attenuated in the presence of either Hg2+ or Cu2+ in solution. Analogous titrations utilizing the corresponding pseudorotaxanes alter the binding selectivity and improve fluorescence sensing sensitivity. In addition, preliminary liquid-liquid extraction studies indicate that the macrocycles facilitate the transfer of Cu2+ from the aqueous to the organic phase in comparison to extraction without pillar[5]arene ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bunyaporn Todee
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Sciense, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Patharaporn Sanae
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Sciense, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Araya Ruengsuk
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Sciense, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Pattarapapa Janthakit
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Vinich Promarak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Jonggol Tantirungrotechai
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Sciense, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Taweetham Limpanuparb
- Science Division, Mahidol University International College, Mahidol University, Salaya, 73170, Thailand
| | - David J Harding
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Thanthapatra Bunchuay
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Sciense, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
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4
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Wang Y, Tang R, Zhang Y, Dai Y, Zhou Q, Zhou Y, Yan CG, Lu B, Wang J, Yao Y. Pillar[5]arene-Derived Terpyridinepalladium(II) Complex: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application in Green Catalysis. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:7605-7610. [PMID: 37162421 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoparticle catalysts have attracted great interest because they possess high surface-to-volume ratios and exhibit a very large number of catalytically active sites per unit area. However, high surface-to-volume ratios will induce nanoparticle aggregates during the catalytic reactions, making them lose their catalytic activity. In this work, a monoterpyridine-unit-functionalized pillar[5]arene (TP5) was synthesized successfully, which can be used as anchoring sites for the controllable preparation of well-dispersed palladium nanoparticles [TP5/Pd(0) NPs]. The as-prepared TP5/Pd(0) NPs were fully characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction. Importantly, the ultrafine TP5/Pd(0) NPs are found to be excellent and reusable catalysts for the reduction of nitrophenols in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, P. R. China
| | - Ruowen Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, P. R. China
| | - Yu Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, P. R. China
| | - Qixiang Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, P. R. China
| | - Youjun Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P. R. China
| | - Chao-Guo Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P. R. China
| | - Bing Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, P. R. China
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, P. R. China
| | - Yong Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, P. R. China
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5
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Pananusorn P, Ruengsuk A, Docker A, Khamphaijun K, Sirivibulkovit K, Sukwattanasinitt M, Tantirungrotechai J, Saetear P, Limpanuparb T, Bunchuay T. Selective Extraction, Recovery, and Sensing of Hydroquinone Mediated by a Supramolecular Pillar[5]quinone Quinhydrone Charge-Transfer Complex. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:6810-6817. [PMID: 35094511 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Intermolecular interactions between an electron-rich aromatic hydroquinone (HQ) with its electron deficient counterpart, benzoquinone (BQ), result in the formation of a quinhydrone charge-transfer complex. Herein, we report a novel quinhydrone-type complex between pillar[5]quinone (P[5]Q) and HQ. Characterized by a suite of spectroscopic techniques including 1H NMR, UV-visible, and FTIR together with PXRD, SEM, BET, CV, and DFT modeling studies, the stability of the complex is determined to be due to an electron-proton transfer reaction coupled with a complementary donor-acceptor interaction. The selectivity of P[5]Q toward HQ over other dihydroxybenzene isomers allows for not only the naked-eye detection of HQ but also its selective liquid-liquid extraction and recovery from aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puttipong Pananusorn
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Araya Ruengsuk
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Andrew Docker
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Korawit Khamphaijun
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Kitima Sirivibulkovit
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Jonggol Tantirungrotechai
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Phoonthawee Saetear
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Taweetham Limpanuparb
- Science Division, Mahidol University International College, Mahidol University, Salaya 73170, Thailand
| | - Thanthapatra Bunchuay
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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6
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Shi B, Chai Y, Qin P, Zhao XX, Li W, Zhang YM, Wei TB, Lin Q, Yao H, Qu WJ. Detection of aliphatic aldehydes by a pillar[5]arene-based fluorescent supramolecular polymer with vaporchromic behavior. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202101421. [PMID: 35037734 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The detection of volatile aliphatic aldehydes is of significance because of their chemical toxicity, physical volatility and widespread applications in chemical industrial processes. In this work, the direct detection of aliphatic aldehydes is tackled using a fluorescent supramolecular polymer with vaporchromic behavior which is contructed by pillar[5]arene-based host-guest intereactions. Thin films with strong orange-yellow fluorescence are prepared by coating the linear supramolecular polymer on glass sheets. When the thin films are exposed to aliphatic aldehydes with different carbon chain lengths, they can selectivly sensing n -butyraldehyde ( C 4 ) and caprylicaldehyde ( C 8 ), accompanied by fluorescence quenching, indicating that the supramolecular polymer is a highly selective vapochromic response material for aliphatic aldehydes with long alkyl chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Shi
- Northwest Normal University, college of chemistry and chemical engineering, 967 Anning East Road, 730070, Lanzhou, CHINA
| | - Yongping Chai
- Northwest Normal University, college of chemistry and chemical engineering, CHINA
| | - Peng Qin
- Northwest Normal University, college of chemistry and chemical engineering, CHINA
| | - Xing-Xing Zhao
- Northwest Normal University, college of chemistry and chemical engineering, CHINA
| | - Weichun Li
- Northwest Normal University, college of chemistry and chemical engineering, CHINA
| | - You-Ming Zhang
- Northwest Normal University, college of chemistry and chemical engineering, CHINA
| | - Tai-Bao Wei
- Northwest Normal University, college of chemistry and chemical engineering, CHINA
| | - Qi Lin
- Northwest Normal University, college of chemistry and chemical engineering, CHINA
| | - Hong Yao
- Northwest Normal University, college of chemistry and chemical engineering, CHINA
| | - Wen-Juan Qu
- Northwest Normal University, college of chemistry and chemical engineering, CHINA
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7
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Khamphaijun K, Namnouad P, Docker A, Ruengsuk A, Tantirungrotechai J, Díaz-Torres R, Harding DJ, Bunchuay T. Neutral Isocyanide-Templated Assembly of Pillar[5]arene [2] and [3]Pseudorotaxanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7253-7256. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02255a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Unprecedented pillar[5]arene–isocyanide pseudorotaxane inclusion complexes are reported. Extensive 1H-NMR experiments reveal remarkably strong binding affinities of alkyl diisocyanide guests (Ka >105 M-1 in CDCl3) by pillar[5]arenes. Characterised by multinuclear 1H...
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8
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Zuilhof H, Sue ACH, Escorihuela J. On the Stability and Formation of Pillar[ n]arenes: a DFT Study. J Org Chem 2021; 86:14956-14963. [PMID: 34677050 PMCID: PMC8576824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The increased use of both pillar[5]arenes and pillar[6]arenes, stimulated by increasingly efficient syntheses of both, has brought forward the question as to what drives the intermediates in this Friedel-Crafts ring formation to form a pillar[5]arene, a pillar[6]arene, or any other sized macrocycle. This study sets out to answer this question by studying both the thermodynamics and kinetics involved in the absence and presence of templating solvents using high-end wB97XD/6-311G(2p,2d) DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zuilhof
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen 6703 WE, The
Netherlands
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrew C.-H. Sue
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen
University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jorge Escorihuela
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Universitat
de València, Avda.
Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot 46100, València, Spain
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9
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Della Sala P, Del Regno R, Di Marino L, Calabrese C, Palo C, Talotta C, Geremia S, Hickey N, Capobianco A, Neri P, Gaeta C. An intramolecularly self-templated synthesis of macrocycles: self-filling effects on the formation of prismarenes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9952-9961. [PMID: 34349965 PMCID: PMC8317625 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02199k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethyl- and propyl-prism[6]arenes are obtained in high yields and in short reaction times, independent of the nature and size of the solvent, in the cyclization of 2,6-dialkoxynaphthalene with paraformaldehyde. PrS[6]Et or PrS[6]nPr adopt, both in solution and in the solid state, a folded cuboid-shaped conformation, in which four inward oriented alkyl chains fill the cavity of the macrocycle. On these bases, we proposed that the cyclization of PrS[6]Et or PrS[6]nPr occurs through an intramolecular thermodynamic self-templating effect. In other words, the self-filling of the internal cavity of PrS[6]Et or PrS[6]nPr stabilizes their cuboid structure, driving the equilibrium toward their formation. Molecular recognition studies, both in solution and in the solid state, show that the introduction of guests into the macrocycle cavity forces the cuboid scaffold to open, through an induced-fit mechanism. An analogous conformational change from a closed to an open state occurs during the endo-cavity complexation process of the pentamer, PrS[5]. These results represent a rare example of a thermodynamically controlled cyclization process driven through an intramolecular self-template effect, which could be exploited in the synthesis of novel macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Della Sala
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, "A. Zambelli" Università di Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II I-84084 Fisciano Italy
| | - Rocco Del Regno
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, "A. Zambelli" Università di Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II I-84084 Fisciano Italy
| | - Luca Di Marino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, "A. Zambelli" Università di Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II I-84084 Fisciano Italy
| | - Carmela Calabrese
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, "A. Zambelli" Università di Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II I-84084 Fisciano Italy
| | - Carmine Palo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, "A. Zambelli" Università di Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II I-84084 Fisciano Italy
| | - Carmen Talotta
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, "A. Zambelli" Università di Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II I-84084 Fisciano Italy
| | - Silvano Geremia
- Centro di Eccellenza in Biocristallografia, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche Università di Trieste Via L. Giorgieri 1 I-34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Neal Hickey
- Centro di Eccellenza in Biocristallografia, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche Università di Trieste Via L. Giorgieri 1 I-34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Amedeo Capobianco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, "A. Zambelli" Università di Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II I-84084 Fisciano Italy
| | - Placido Neri
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, "A. Zambelli" Università di Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II I-84084 Fisciano Italy
| | - Carmine Gaeta
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, "A. Zambelli" Università di Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II I-84084 Fisciano Italy
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